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Origin Of Modern Humans, 1989.
Examines history & development of Homo Sapiens. Discusses Neanderthals, physical changes, Noah's Ark theory, DNA and gene flow.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" Four hundred thousand to two hundred thousand years ago, Homo erectus disappeared from the face of the earth and in his place was left archaic Homo sapiens, also known as Homo sapien neandertalensis or Neandertal man. Neandertal man had spread throughout Europe, the Near East, and Asia before one hundred thousand years ago. Then, quite suddenly, anatomically modern humans appeared throughout the Old World, replacing Neandertal man completely by about thirty-five thousand years ago (Fagan, 1989).
The question that arises is whether Neandertal man evolved to become modern man, or if modern humans migrated into the areas that were inhabited by the Neandertals and eventually replaced (...)"
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Paleolithic Art, 1974.
This paper discusses Paleolithic Art, the insights it offers of the earliest cultures, and emphasizes the painting, drawing and sculpture.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will examine paleolithic art, and the insights it affords to man's earliest cultures, and to the basics of his own today.There is much to be learned from paleolithic art.There is an interesting history to the discovery of the cave paintings. Don Marcelino de Santinola discovered them. His findings were denied and judged false.... "
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Carbon 14 Dating Process, 1972.
This paper discusses the process of carbon 14 dating, its accuracy and usefulness.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"One of the common problems faced by historians, geologists, archaeologists and anthropologists is the estimation of the age of particular specimens. Historians are interested in such things as the age of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Anthropologists are interested in the age of jaw bones which were found at Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika. Archaeologists are interested in the date of Ptolemy's sarcophagus. And geologists are interested in the age of the Earth. The answers for a long time evaded people. The best that geologists could do was come up with som sort of ordinal distinction: for example, they knew that the origin of the earth was an older event than the origin of the first rock and that the first rock was older than were the Rocky Mountains. Likewise, anthropologists could determine that Neanderthal man preceded Cro-Magnon, but still the exact age of these events ... "
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The Ancient Greek Amphitheatre, 2002.
A discussion of the evolution of the Ancient Greek Amphitheatre.
2,071 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the architectural form and cultural function of the amphitheatre from its modest beginning in ancient Greece through to the Roman influenced theatre of today. It examines how, although some aspects of their design and function are debatable because so little of their physical structure exists today, Greek theaters can be chronologically classified into three categories: The early Athenian, Hellenistic and Graeco-Roman. It discusses how all of these theaters could be divided into essentially three parts: the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra and the skene (or scene building) and how these standards developed over time.
From the Paper
"In its simplest form the orchestra of a theater is simply a circular plot of land designated as a place for dance and this idea defines the orchestra employed during this time. It was circular in shape with a diameter of about 66 feet and was believed to be a locus for supernatural powers. An altar (or thymele), described as "a short drum of marble decorated with low-relief carvings of garlands and satyrs, or other Greek icons? was usually erected in the epicenter of the orchestra. It was primarily used prior to performances for sacrifices in honor of the god Dionysus, however plays with religious content often incorporated the altar into the performance. A level surface area, raised one foot from the orchestra and situated below the skene, termed the proscenium, served as the area in which the majority of the dramatic action transpired."
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The Pyramids, 2001.
This paper discusses the purpose, structure and design of the ancient pyramids.
2,048 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ancient Egypt was one of these first civilizations and how the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt were the first real kings in the world and because they were so powerful, they had the ability to build such astonishing structures such as the great pyramids. It discusses how the Egyptian pyramids are the oldest stone buildings in the world, standing for nearly 5,000 years and how their size, strength and age is the reason pyramids fascinate people to this day. It describes how the Egyptian pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs and were said to be the pharaoh?s ?Castle of Eternity? in order to preserve their bodies for the next life. It examines the architecture, the design, the materials and the strict criteria to which they had to conform as well as the logisitics of how they were built at the time.
From the Paper
"The base of the pyramid had to be a perfect square. This meant that all four sides had to be perfectly even in length. All four angles would have to be perfect right angles. This would prove to be difficult for the large distances that had to be measured. Each side of the Great Pyramid is measured at 755 feet in length. The Egyptians didn?t have measuring tapes like we have today. They made these measurements with cords of palm-fiber or flax-fiber, which tended to stretch when used to measure such distances. After this the base would finally be ready for the start of construction. While the base was being prepared and measured stone was already being quarried and brought down the river to be placed near the proposed sight for the pyramid (Pace, Mildred)."
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Ancient Afterlife: Perceptions and Rituals, 2002.
This paper describes the afterlife rituals and the perceptions during life as to what the afterlife will be for Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece.
2,039 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an examination as to how these people imagined the afterlife through daily prayers and customs. For each civilization, the writer presents rituals, festivals and writings from the time in order to help the reader understand the type of lifestyle each civilization lead. In addition there are detailed descriptions of the burial processes and practices for perserving their dead.
From the Paper
"In Egypt, death was just a right of passage to the next domain, however in order to die properly, the right spells and incantations must have been performed. As shown in The Book of the Dead, written around 2400 B.C. there were very serious rituals that must be performed in order to pass on properly. These spells and incantations reflected how much the Egyptians expected from their society. For example when an Egyptian dies they must face the gods and must repeat lines from the spell ?The Protestation of Guiltlessness?. A few lines from this poem are as follows: ?I have not committed evil against men; I am pure! My purity is the purity of the great benu-bird?; I have not told lies; I have not trespassed? (as on another?s land). These are just a few of the many lines that tell of a persons character in hopes of being accepted into their afterlife. The Egyptians were well known for having a mixture of human and animal characteristic in their gods. For example Seth (desert god) was depicted with a doglike body, long neck, upright tail, and squared ears. The vulture goddess Nekhbet was tutelary goddess of Upper Egypt, while her counterpart in Lower Egypt was cobra goddess Wadjet (Nagle, 28)."
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The Dead Sea Scrolls, 2002.
Where, and by whom were the Dead Sea Scrolls written.
1,893 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper examines arguments about the origins of the Dead Seas Scrolls. It asks whether or not the the scribes were Essene in origin and if the site of Qumran was where the scrolls were written.
From the Paper
"The Dead Sea Scrolls, after more than fifty years of intense investigative research, remain a much-debated enigma among theologians and manuscript scholars. The most argued points of contention include who produced the works and where the manuscripts originated. Scholars have also raised speculation as to the extent in which the documents connect with both Jewish and early Christian doctrines. Due to the overwhelming amount of material involved, this paper will focus examination on the prevalent arguments regarding the origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls."
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What Copan has Shown the World, 2002.
This paper discusses the discoveries at the Mayan village of Copan and what researchers have learned about ancient Mayan life.
1,771 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the explorations and discoveries made at Copan in Honduras. Long thought of as the greatest example of ancient Mayan culture, Copan has been a wellspring of discoveries for archaeologists. The paper shows that not only did archaeologists find the longest line of Mayan text on the Hieroglyphic Stairway, but they also found a temple buried under a newer temple that is still completely intact. Several tombs were discovered, telling the lineage of the Copanecan dynasty.
From the Paper
"The fascination with the Mayan civilization seems to grow greater as time goes on. Their ancient civilization seems far more advanced than what we today would expect of a people of that primitive time in history. Although there are many Mayan sites and cities spread throughout Central America, one of the most exciting cities to explore and discover the nature of the Mayan civilization is Copan. Copan serves as a great resource of Mayan information to both the scholar and the everyday fan of Mayan life."
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The Ka in Egyptian Funerary Art, 2002.
An analysis of the Egyptian view of death, through funerary art.
1,169 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the theme of Egyptian funerary art, illustrating its purpose to link the living world with the after life. The paper describes the Ka, the central life force which sustains one and which needs to be taken care of after death. The wall art and the statues found in Egyptian tombs provides knowledge of the Egyptian religious beliefs.
From the Paper
"Religion attempts to answer several basic questions: who are we, where did we come from, and where are we going. Nothing serves a better example of man?s attempt to answer these questions than Egyptian funerary art. The theme of Egyptian art is not to portray the living, except to provide guidance for the dead, but was meant to help link the living world with the after life."
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Forensic Radiology, 2000.
The uses of x-rays in medico-legal contexts. Includes physical abuse, examples, neuroimaging, interpretation, identifying human remains and archaeology.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 19 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the emerging field of forensic radiology. The plan of the research will be to set forth a working definition of the discipline of forensic pathology and then to discuss the ways in which the discipline is developing, not only on account of methods employed in recent years to exploit the technical capabilities of x-ray technology but also (and more crucially) on account of the enlarged range of medical and legal applications implied by improved technical capabilities.
What must be understood first about forensic radiology is that as of late 1998 it is not a term in wide and common use in the professional literature. To be sure, forensic medicine has long been a part of scientific discourse, associated in both the popular culture and in scientific, professional, and law-..."
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Dead Sea Scrolls, 2000.
Their historical background, discovery, controversies and significance for Judaism and Christianity.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The Dead Sea Scrolls
Introduction
What started out as an exploration of some ancient scrolls discovered in the Dead Sea region has become a career for some people, a controversy regarding control of the material, and a matter leading to interpretation and reinterpretation of central issues in Christianity. The intent in the following pages is to examine the story of the Dead Sea Scrolls, describe the controversies, and set forth current findings.
Background/History
It appears as though the documents which we call the Dead Sea Scrolls were hidden away in cave in what is now Jordan during the period between approximately 2 B.C.E. and 70 C.E. These..."
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Noah's Ark, 2000.
An examination of archaeological evidence associated with the story of Noah's Ark in Genesis, in context of story as myth or fact.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This research will examine archaeological evidence associated with the story of Noah's Ark told in Genesis. The Genesis story of Noah's Ark, which describes a great flood that destroys all life and civilization except for an extended family and the extended family of livestock in its care, is premised on the idea that the family patriarch, Noah, received instructions from God to build a gigantic boat, or ark
From the Paper
"Overview
This research will examine archaeological evidence associated with the story of Noah's Ark told in Genesis. The Genesis story of Noah's Ark, which describes a great flood that destroys all life and civilization except for an extended family and the extended family of livestock in its care, is premised on the idea that the family patriarch, Noah, received instructions from God to build a gigantic boat, or ark. The ark serves as home and haven, allowing Noah, family, and animals to ride out the 40-day rain and the long-term flood that follows. When the waters recede sufficiently, Noah and family return the animals to the world and then reestablish a human presence in the world. No tangible record of Noah and the flood exists except in Biblical text. However, Noah and the flood narrative have been identified..."
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Egyptian and Etruscan Tomb Paintings, 2000.
An examination and comparison of cultural functions, styles, themes and subjects, historical significance, depiction of social realities and views on religion and death.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Although tomb paintings are the major source of information about life in ancient Egypt and the principal source of such information about ancient Etruria, the types of data they provide differ somewhat. For nearly 3,000 years Egyptian tombs were the resting places of the semi-divine pharaohs and members of their families and entourages. Depictions of life in the tomb paintings provide an enormous number of details of Egyptian life. Even though the activities depicted were the usually ritualistic behavior of divine beings rather than ordinary life, the position of the pharaohs as the guarantors of the continuity of the state, and of the very cycle of life itself, meant that everything fell within their sphere of influence. All manner of activities were, therefore, depicted in their tombs--whether they were part of the elaborate funerary processes or simply facets of the pharaohs'..."
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Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann, 1999.
Examines the life, career, major works and contributions of this 20th Century German Christian archaeologist.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
"Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann was an archaeologist and art historian whose primary interest was the study of early Christianity. Deichmann's many publications cover various topics in early Christian and Byzantine archaeology, including sarcophagi, mosaics, architecture, and painting.
From the Paper
"Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann was an archaeologist and art historian whose primary interest was the study of early Christianity. Deichmann's many publications cover various topics in early Christian and Byzantine archaeology, including sarcophagi, mosaics, architecture, and painting. His studies also encompassed facets of early Christian art and architecture throughout the late Roman and Byzantine empires--ranging from Nubia and northern Syria to Rome, Venice, Constantinople, and, especially, Ravenna. Deichmann was--at different times in his career--a studious cataloguer of primary data, an accomplished interpreter of historical and iconographic meanings, and an important explicator of scholarly and scientific method in the field of early Christian archaeology.
Deichmann was born in the German city of Jena in December ..."
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Ancient City Of Amarna, 1999.
Examines creation, history, geography, sociopolitical and economic factors, land use, design and urbanism theories related to this royal city built in the mid-14th Century B.C.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 11 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
"The site of the city of Akhenaten, the only virtually complete ancient town to have survived from ancient Egypt, lies 160 miles south of Cairo, midway between the modern towns of Minya and Asyut (Weigall 92).
From the Paper
"The site of the city of Akhenaten, the only virtually complete ancient town to have survived from ancient Egypt, lies 160 miles south of Cairo, midway between the modern towns of Minya and Asyut (Weigall 92). It is only at el-Amarna that a comprehensive range of official and residential buildings have been preserved, comprising the essential elements of an Egyptian royal city of the mid-fourteenth century BCE. This paper will look at how urbanism theories apply to the city of Amarna.
INTRODUCTION
The city of Amarna (or "Horizon of the Sun Disk") is located on the eastern side of the Nile in Middle Egypt, half way between Cairo and Luxor. The ancient city is formed by a bay of cliffs to the east and the Nile to the west, taking the shape of an archer's bow, with the Nile as the string and the city couched ..."
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Art In Ancient Egypt, 1999.
Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C
From the Paper
"Artistic expression in any given age always develops from works, styles, and themes produced in earlier eras. The further back into history we go, the more difficult it may be to ascertain the source of a given culture and the art it produces. The wonders of Egypt have long fascinated archaeologists, historians, and art experts. This art did not develop out of whole cloth but instead had antecedents which can be discerned elsewhere on the continent of Africa, specifically the rock art of Africa which can be seen as a precursor of the Egyptian civilization that would develop to the north.
The earliest settlers in the Nile Valley reached the area some time around 4000 B.C., emerging from the neolithic culture of the Tasian villages of Upper Egypt and those of Merimdeh on the western edge of the Delta and on the shore of the lake in the ..."
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Egyptian Pyramids, 1999.
Archaeological analysis of religious, symbolic & sociocultural significance of pyramids & funeral rituals for Old Kingdom Egypt, 2658 B.C. to 2135 B.C.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"The overwhelming majority of archaeological data about life in ancient Egypt comes not from the remains of daily living quarters, but from the burial chambers of the dead, and associated objects, such as writings on burial chamber walls and the preserved corpses found within. This provenance is rather appropriate as, from what scholars can ascertain, life in ancient Egypt was all but completely focused on preparation for death and the afterlife. This paper will discuss how the religious, symbolic, and sociocultural role of pyramids and funeral rituals were of importance to Old Kingdom Egypt, and to the civilization?s conception of immortality.
Immortality was the most important goal in one?s life, especially the immortality of the king or pharaoh. The well-being of all his people depended upon the careful administration of funeral.."
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Mesopotamia, 1999.
Origins & evolution of ancient Near Eastern civilization, focusing on the impact of war. Looks at the agriculture, population, sociopolitical structure and culture.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
" War is a devastating experience for any civilization, but it is also often an engine for change, a spur to the development of new technology, the source of stories and legends, an economic drain and an economic spur often at the same time, and generally a force that can be creative a well as destructive. War was very much a part of the life of ancient mesopotamia, a region whose geography encouraged invasion so that the leadership of the Mesopotamian region had to think constantly about defense and its ramifications. The social life, economy, religion, literature, and politics of Mesopotamia were shaped by the warfare and the demands it made on the people for centuries.
This experience is reflective of that of many civilizations throughout the ancient world. Civilization developed following a pattern based on the ability of the human population to learn to.."
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