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Theory, Our Daily Lives and Communication, 2007.
This paper discusses how theories are valuable tools which enable us to learn more about ourselves and why communication dissonances occur.
1,834 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper explains why theory is important and then formulates three universal laws derived from common communication theories. The paper discusses how people will communicate most often with those whom they share basic values, that the things which mean the most to us and which comprise the most intimate aspects of our self-conception are often the things which we reveal last and that men and women truly are different and that allowances must be made for this fact. The paper shows how if these universal laws are followed, many characteristics of human interaction will become more understandable.
From the Paper
"The first "truth" which will be put forward by this writer is the universal law that human beings communicate predominantly with those whose values and beliefs coincide with their own. Not to be overlooked, the "flip-side" of this theory is that people will act evasively or communicate in almost defensive manner when compelled to interact with those with whom they disagree. This law is derived from the concept of "selective exposure" which is a sub-component of the broad theory of cognitive dissonance (both items will be discussed in greater detail shortly). Moving right along, the second universal law put forward by this writer is that the manner by which people communicate will become more defensive the closer any conversation or exchange comes to their most deeply-held fantasies or fears. Simply stated, this law is derived from the "onion" metaphor colorfully described by Altman and Taylor and it is part of the sometimes under-appreciated Social Penetration theory that offers a fascinating glimpse into how human beings reveal aspects of themselves. Finally, the last universal law is that men and women really do communicate differently and process information differently - and this explains why so many relationships fall apart despite the best efforts. This insight is gleaned from the Genderlect theory of communication advanced by Deborah Tannen and it goes a very long way towards explaining why so much tension between men and women exists in contemporary western society."
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Gender Roles, 2007.
A summary of various articles pertaining to the issue of gender roles.
1,722 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper presents and analyzes various articles pertaining to the issue of gender roles. It describes the research question of each article, presents the writer's finding and discusses their conclusions. The paper presents articles that research gender issues and roles from differing perspectives, such as the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC), stress in the workplace and the biological make up of men and women.
Table of Contents:
Irwin
Artis and Pavalko
Miller
Stewart and McDermott
Choi
DeLunas and Kesic
Wentworth and Chell
Mellor
Sabattini and Leaper
Barnett
From the Paper
"The researcher stipulates that this societal belief has dominated political, as well as social organizations. This belief has further led many women to believe that in order to reduce stress they must leave the workforce. Yet, Barnett concludes that the evidence indicates that employment is generally not the primary cause of stress for women, the home life is. In light of these conclusions, Barnett suggests that psychiatrists take a new approach to assisting patients that appear to be overcome by stress."
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Gay Rights and Civil Rights, 2007.
This paper compares and contrasts gay rights with civil rights.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses whether homosexuals should receive rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. The writer questions whether gays should receive rights compared to civil rights. The writer argues that while it is true that gays and minorities are often mistreated, the difference is in the ability to make a decision. The writer maintains that gay rights are different than civil rights because homosexuals make the decision to be gays and even the Bible shows that it is wrong, but African-Americans are born "black" and the Bill of Rights guarantee rights to "all men". The writer then points out that the Civil Rights Act was passed to guarantee that all African-Americans be treated equally with other Americans. The writer argues that comparing gay rights with civil rights shows that gays make a decision to date or love another person of the same sex, while African-Americans are born with their skin color and they should be given the same rights as any American.
From the Paper
"Before determining whether gays should have rights it is important to look at the definition of homosexuals. The definition of homosexuals will show that it is defined as a sexual orientation with romantic love and sexual desire of the same sex or gender. When a person falls in love with another person, a decision must be made to love the person. Homosexuality is a decision. The gay person decides to fall in love with another person of his or her same gender. This is the same as if a person decides to never date a person or if a person decides to fall in love with another person of a difference sex. Since it is a decision, people should not receive certain rights because they make a decision. Many homosexuals and minorities are rejected jobs and other freedoms so many people believe they should have rights as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. However, it is important to remember that homosexuals decide whether they want to have a love life with a member of the same sex."
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Sexual Harassment Policies, 2007.
This paper discusses sexual harassment policies in Canada and evaluates strategies of change.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that with the rise of the modern feminist movement in the late 1960s and 1970s, what had previously been considered tolerable, if not acceptable, behavior in the workplace began to be called into question - especially as it pertained to the matter of sexual harassment. With this in mind, this paper looks at the important issue of sexual harassment and examines what strategies have been pursued and continue to be pursued with regards to addressing this issue. The focus falls primarily upon Canadian organizations charged with protecting the interests of women in the workforce. The writer details why sexual harassment is such an important topic and discusses in brief four Canadian organizations ostensibly committed to fighting sexual harassment in the workplace and looks at the strategies they pursue towards this end. Finally, the paper concludes with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies apparently put forward by the above-mentioned organizations and notes what can be done differently to achieve the final aims of those preoccupied with bringing sexual harassment to an end.
From the Paper
"The first women's organization worthy of discussion is the Alberta Women Entrepreneurs organization - or the Alberta Women's Enterprise Initiative Association as it has historically also been called. A review of the organization's professional website reveals very little about the policies the AWE pursues in order to combat sexual harassment. For example, the home page contains links to popular events the organization puts on regularly with the goal of educating women about what skills and attitudes they need to be successful in an alleged "man's" world, but a careful review of the site does not reveal any specific policy initiatives vis-a-vis sexual harassment. Presumably, because the organization pursues an educational function above all else, at least some of the many events it stages each year discuss what women need to look for when they believe themselves to be the victims of sexual harassment . ."
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Labor Choices of Immigrant Women, 2007.
This paper explores women immigrants and labor choices in the USA and Sweden.
1,769 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the theory of Naila Kabeer who researched Bangladeshi women home workers and maintained that these women did not exercise their own preference in their work choice. Kabeer explains that they were influenced by male domination, which in turn was impacted by societal discrimination. The paper shows that the patterns of employment and labor of immigrant women in the USA and in Sweden lend corroboration to this theory. The paper demonstrates how immigrant women face multiple levels of discrimination, most notably sexist and racist prejudice.
From the Paper
"As noted above, Kabeer has pointed out that most Bangladeshi woman in London work in the clothing industry from home, while their husbands mainly work in the clothing industry in sweatshops and factories. Kabeer researched the reason for this, and found that the Bangladeshi women's "choice" to work at home is only partly their own preference, and that it is greatly influenced by male domination and other factors. She situates this domination within the context of the racist situation in which the entire family lives."
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Pornography, 2007.
An analysis of possible solutions to the negative effects of pornography on society.
814 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of pornography on society and discusses whether pornography should be banned. It argues that pornography should not be banned, however, it should be closely monitored and restricted. It also discusses the possible benefits to society, women and workers within the adult film industry, of introducing these measures.
From the Paper
"Finally, pornography is something which must be - at the very least - closely monitored inasmuch as it reverses the long-standing efforts of feminists to gain for women a measure of dignity and respect - dignity and respect, it need hardly be said, which will see them valued for things other than their physical appearance. In her discussion of the matter, Susan Brownmiller writes that pornography - presumably of the magazine variety - portrays women as commodities, like "cuts of meat" at the local supermarket. Obviously, in light of women's steady march towards academic ascendancy in American universities, this image is as untrue as it is unflattering and it harms millions of American women who are told to see themselves as a "cut of meat"."
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Human Sexuality, 2007.
This paper discusses the philosophy of human sexuality.
2,253 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the study of human sexuality and gender roles is a discipline complicated by a vast range of biases and prejudices. The writer notes that it may be arguable, with some justification, that it is impossible to approach this study from an unbiased perspective given our common humanity that the degree to which each of us is implicated in social relationships and influenced by our hormonal and physiological conditions. Within this context, this essay explores the questions of how sexuality and gender roles are constructed and the issues associated with medical interventions with regard to determining sexuality and gender roles. This essay argues the thesis that while sex is generally biologically determined, sexual orientation and gender roles are often - though not necessarily exclusively - socially constructed. Given this perspective, it is argued that medical interventions in these areas become highly problematic given the likelihood that they will be based upon not necessarily the patient's best interests, but the social preoccupations and biases of the medical intervenor.
From the Paper
"Thus, the numbers of truly inter-sexed infants may be assumed to be so small as to be statistically insignificant. While Kessler argues convincingly that physicians' socially constructed biases with respect to sexual orientation influence their interventions in inter-sexed infants, the fact remains that the numbers of such cases are so small as to not affect the overall conclusion that humanity is - in the vast majority - determined biologically by sex into male and female."
"Beyond this, however, evidence suggests that sexual orientation and gender roles may be significantly influenced by social construction to the point that the latter may often be the dominant factor in determining these roles."
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Social Construction of Sexuality, 2007.
A comparative analysis of the views of Sigmund Freud and Adrienne Rich on the social construction of sexuality.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Sigmund Freud and Adrienne Rich approach the issue of the social construction of sexual orientation from radically different perspectives and with different objectives. It argues, through a critical analysis of the writings of both thinkers, that while Freud represents heterosexual orientation as natural he is clearly conflicted on the issue of social construction while, in contrast, Rich focuses almost entirely upon how heterosexuality is socially determined, while suggesting that - outside of this oppressive social determination - sexual orientation is natural.
From the Paper
"In sharp contrast to Freud, Adrienne Rich represents heterosexuality as being social constructed by oppressive social forces, overriding innate or biologically determined sexual orientation that may be either homosexual or heterosexual. It should be noted that Rich is primarily focused upon a critique of the "bias" of "compulsory heterosexuality" in our society. While she attacks the view that women are "innately sexually-oriented" towards men (Rich 63), she acknowledges that there are women who are "self-described" as heterosexual as well as homosexual (Rich 90). Thus, although her focus is on the social construct of "compulsory heterosexuality" it appears that Rich considers there to be an underlying innate sexual orientation that the social construction is built upon and oppresses."
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Marriage Roles, 2007.
This paper discusses traditional versus non-traditional roles in marriage.
1,198 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that traditional roles in marriage have been considered by some to be the foundation of American society. The writer points out that marriages between men and women have been accepted and expected since the country was founded and the gender roles that have been played in these relationships remained generally unchanged until the last few decades. The writer then notes that within the country people now argue about whether or not traditional roles in marriage are superior to non-traditional roles. The writer maintains that what is apparent is that there is an attempt being made to control how people live and who they will ultimately marry. The writer discusses that the struggle for control over people can be correlated to the control over women that has existed in traditional marriages throughout history. Traditional roles are no longer about happiness as much as they are about one partner dominating another. However, in non-traditional marriages individuals are discovering that they have the ability to build a life that is based on their mutual goals and these people are genuinely happy. The writer argues that since happiness would appear to be the primary reason for people to get married, it is evident that non-traditional roles are more preferential than traditional roles when it comes to marriage.
From the Paper
"With the rise of industrialization and urbanization traditional gender roles in marriage were established for many years. Traditional gender roles in marriage have focused on the woman being the primary caregiver and the man being the breadwinner. For women this meant that they were tasked with maintaining every aspect of the home, to include the upkeep of the residence, ensuring that the bills were paid, preparing the meals and cleaning. These roles also tasked the women with the responsibility of caring for children and ensuring that their educational needs were met. It further meant that the woman was responsible for attending to all of her husband's needs and providing a home in which he could be happy. For men the traditional role in marriage related more to employment and the ability to provide a sufficient income. While males were expected to fulfill a role as father and husband, these duties were expected to occur when the male had excess time away from his job."
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The Gender Wage Gap, 2007.
An analysis of the gender wage gap in Canada according to the theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber.
2,149 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes what appears to be ensuring the continuation of the gender wage gap in Canada. It specifically analyzes the theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber in order to determine the differences between the genders and thus the reasons for the gender wage gap. The paper concludes that neither Marx nor Weber provide acceptable explanations for today's culture.
From the Paper
"Weber's theories also do not offer a blueprint for us to follow today. Weber saw the differences between men and women as natural, and would not have any problem with the gender wage gap. In fact, he would no doubt see it as normal and natural. Indeed, it follows from Weber's theories that - as sex differences are natural - so too are differences in type of work, and pay. Thus, the implication of accepting Weber's theories would be to simply accept the gender wage gap as reflecting the natural differences between men and women. It is argued that this is not at all acceptable today. Moreover, Weber would not have foreseen that men would play increasingly large roles in the lives of their children. If he were around today, he would find the idea of single fathers unbelievable, and also he would find the idea of working mothers (working in the paid work force) unbelievable."
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Polygamy, 2007.
This paper provides a review of academic and popular literature on polygamy.
1,237 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the subject of polygamy. The writer looks at its origins and then offers reflections on polygamy in contemporary and social literature. The writer notes that he chose this subject for reflection because he knows relatively little about it. Further, the writer points out that it is a subject of heated debate and much interest in many communities.
Outline:
Polygamy
Overview of Polygamy
Academic Information on Polygamy
Popular Sentiment on Polygamy
Comparison of Formal vs. Popular Literature on Polygamy
From the Paper
"This section explores whether the articles are essentialist or constructionist regarding ideas on sexuality. Ideas on gender, desire and sexual identity presented in popular media are often more liberal and open-minded than those expressed in more formal publications and reviews. Much of the literature reviewed from academic or formal journals and reports reveals the sentiment that polygamy is something unnatural and against traditional "American" culture. Academic literature argues that Polygamy is more constructionist in nature."
"This opposes popular opinion, largely supported by the gay movement, suggesting polygamy is more essentialist in nature. Popular media often satirizes theories of polygamy, supporting the idea that polygamy is no different than any other non-mainstream American ideal or religious ideal."
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Murders in Ciudad Juarez, 2007.
This paper discusses serial sexual femicide in Ciudad Juarez.
2,398 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the unsolved, heinous killings that have taken place in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. The paper points out that the numbers of dead and missing vary dramatically, and change frequently, but it is known that over the past sixteen or so years, hundreds of young women have been murdered, raped, dragged to remote desert graves and in many cases mutilated in and around Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, just across a bridge from El Paso, Texas. The writer notes that the killings fall under three categories: they are ethnic because the women are all Latino; they are of a "class" nature because the great majority of women are working class individuals; and third, they are of a sexual / gender nature because all the victims are women.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Reasons Behind Male Resentment of Women in Mexico
Mexican Attitudes Encourage Violence against Women
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In other words, there is a bitter irony that Camacho wishes to address. Many of the products manufactured in the maquiladora factories are technology devices (cell phones, computer-related technologies) that a substantial portion of the economically deprived female workers will not be able to afford. Hence, these women are only pawns in the globalization game; they are not really participants in the more affluent global society, members of which feel a strong need to be able to download music and movies onto their cell phones, and carry Blackberry technologies so they can instantly receive and send emails, documents and photos wherever they are. Indeed, the poor women who labor in the maquiladoras are not part of any "civil society" - let alone a global civil society - because any sense of civility they may have experienced by earning a paltry $55 a week has dissolved in the river of ongoing fear generated by the mindless bludgeoning of so many young women in Juarez."
"Moreover, if these young women ever did enjoy a sense of Mexican citizenship, their bargain-basement participation in globalization has probably stripped them of that emotion."
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Same-Sex Marriage, 2007.
This paper looks at both sides of the controversial argument regarding same-sex marriage.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the question of whether same-sex marriage should be allowed or not has generated considerable argument between those who support the idea and offer their reasons, and those who oppose the idea and offer theirs. This essay offers a consideration of each side and their basic arguments. The writer argues that the claim that allowing same-sex marriage destroys the institution of marriage and the family is not supported by the facts, so same-sex marriage in some form should be allowed. The writer discusses that weighing the two sets of arguments suggests that most of the reasons why opponents say they oppose same-sex marriage are not valid, while the real reason would appear to be aversion to homosexual activity in any guise. The writer concludes that these people often see homosexuality as a choice rather than a condition, while more and more evidence suggests it is inherent and not a choice at all.
Outline:
Pro
Con
Personal View
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A basic aspect of the argument for gay marriage is a call for fairness, noting that married couples benefit from a variety of rights and privileges that are denied to unmarried persons, such as the right to inheritance, to insurance benefits, for one partner to visit the other in a hospital, and so on."
"Thomas B. Stoddard argues that gay people should seek the right to marry. He discusses the institution of marriage and finds it wanting, but in spite of these he believes that gay couples should seek their right to make this choice."
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Minority American Women, 2007.
This paper discuses the lives of minority American women from Chinese, Mexican and African-American backgrounds as expressed by three authors: Judy Yung, Vicki Ruiz and Jacqueline Jones.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the lives and experiences of Chinese, Mexican and African-American women are similar because they all faced severe hardship, discrimination, and degrading social conditions; however, due to their ethic identities and cultural roots, their experiences are dramatically dissimilar. The author points out that Vicki Ruiz, in her book "Out of the Shadows", takes readers through the immigration eras, beginning with Spanish-speaking women moving north out of Mexico centuries before the Euro-Americans arrived and that Judy Yung, in her book "Unbound Feet", writes about the history of Chinese women coming to San Francisco in the late 1800s. The paper relates that Jacqueline Jones, in her book, "Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow" writes about the early twentieth century when black urban women participated in boycotts against segregated public facilities and resisted racist customs.
From the Paper
"But what was it like for a Mexican woman migrating into the U.S. in the early 20th Century? Ruiz writes that first of all getting across the border was challenging, particularly during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1921) when "starvation was not unknown and danger a constant companion ." Women were raped and kidnapped by soldiers and "marauders" while on their way north; it was back-breaking work once Mexicans arrived in the southwest, as many were paid twelve cents per day in the fields. Twenty-one percent of Mexican women in early 20th Century America worked in the fields."
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Male Prostitution in "Sweet Bird of Youth", 2007.
An analysis of the theme of male prostitution in Tennessee Williams' "Sweet Bird of Youth".
2,379 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that male prostitution has two contradictory meanings in Tennessee Williams' play: It symbolizes corruption on the one hand, but at the same time, it symbolizes "love-making" as opposed to hatred and intolerance. The paper looks at how Williams makes prostitution a token of corruption and how he advocates that this pagan state is actually the natural condition of man. The paper also discusses how the castration of the character of Chance can be interpreted both as a just punishment for prostitution as well as a crime against the natural state of man, in which the primitive instincts reign.
From the Paper
"At a first glance, William seems to imply merely that "guilt is universal", as he says in the forward to the play, and that all men are equally sinful and corrupted. It is very difficult to say if the scale tips in the play in favor of sexual freedom or in favor of abstention. The two extreme poles of interpretation, that is prostitution as corruption or as a mere token of love making, are caught in the mixed symbolism of the play, which is partially Christian and partially pagan. (Mitchell, 209) Thus, in the first place, the male prostitute Chance Wayne is a corrupted and egotistical man, who deceives himself with his two impossible dreams: to be a Hollywood film star and to marry the ideal Southern belle, appropriately named Heavenly. "
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The Family Man, 2007.
A review of "Family Man: Fatherhood, Housework and Gender Equity", written by sociologist Scott Coltrane.
1,142 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the book "Family Man: Fatherhood, Housework and Gender Equity," written in 1996 by sociologist Scott Coltrane. The paper describes Coltrane's view that men have become more involved with the household responsibilities over the past several decades. The paper also briefly describes Coltrane's ten general trends that he discusses in his book.
From the Paper
"Coltrane spends a great deal of his book giving evidence about how men are helping out more around the house and with the children. However, in the last chapter, he hedges by saying that changes are occurring slowly and the division of labor depends on the mindset of the couple--traditional and conservative versus more liberal and open minded. "Yet overall men still do considerably less than their wives around the house," admits Coltrane. Factors such as long-term gender roles, greater importance on the man's role over the woman's, and women who feel guilty about handing over the broom, will take longer to change (p. 230)."
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Erectile Dysfunction (ED), 2007.
This paper is a research proposal to study the treatments of erectile dysfunction (ED), the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the inability to perform in a typical manner during sexual intimacies takes its toll on the emotional well being of any relationship and therefore on the quality of life of patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). The author points out that there are now many treatment options, including medications such as sildenafil (Viagra), which have shown promise of improving the lives of many, but not all, people suffering from ED. The paper states that the proposed research will compare, using both quantitative and qualitative data, three non-invasive treatment options: medication, individual therapy and relationship counseling.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Methodology
Analysis
From the Paper
"The high rates of probability for partial or complete ED is demonstrative of the need to analyze the problem in a comprehensive manner, especially considering that there are likely many individuals in the population who are excluded for medical reasons from taking oral medications to help resolve or treat the problem of ED as it is also often likely to be associated with medical care for other, more life threatening diseases. ED can be caused by medications used to treat high blood pressure and other high risk medical diagnoses as well as by chronic medical conditions such as diabetes."
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"Why Black Sexual Politics?", 2007.
A review of Patricia Hill Collins' essay "Why Black Sexual Politics?".
836 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, in her essay, "Why Black Sexual Politics", Patricia Hill Colins analyzes portrayals of black sexuality in the white-dominated media and in a white-dominated culture. The paper discusses how Collins argues that black bodies and black sexuality have been appropriated and manipulated by the dominant culture to perpetuate cycles of oppression and how this oppression does not end with racism but extends through to gender-based oppression, heterosexism, and class inequities.
From the Paper
"Collins shows how and why black sexuality continues to be presented as deviant, as wild, animalistic, primitive, and savage. When racism was overt, black sexuality was directly associated with animal perversion. Racism has gone underground in a sense; racism is now color-blind but continues to dictate ways black sexuality is portrayed in the mainstream media. Collins uses Beyonce, Destiny's Child, and Jennifer Lopez of icons of the new black sexuality and therefore, of the new racism. These artists and others like them have profited from the myth of black sexuality, capitalizing ironically on the new racism. Black sexuality is, however, an "invented discourse," notes Collins (p. 28). White media moguls and politicians have invented and wielded the discourse to maintain a position of domination and authority in society."
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