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Fall Prevention in the Elderly, 2008.
A literature review discussing the use of restraints to prevent falls in elderly patients in nursing homes.
1,209 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the use of physical or chemical restraints as a preventive measure against falls in elderly patients. It analyzes the literature which implies that restraints do not decrease the incidence of falls and questions whether restraints should still be used to prevent falls in elderly patients in nursing homes. The paper then provides some recommendations to the problem.
Table of Contents:
Problem
Background of the Problem
Scope
Evidence Based on Literature
Recommendations
Strategies for Integration
From the Paper
"A decrease in mental status, with or without psychoactive drug use, and a perceived risk for falls was associated with subsequent restraint use, reiterating the need for patient assessment and treating the underlying condition rather than relying on restraints. Pharmacological assessment of psychotropic drugs, cardiovascular and neurological assessment of nursing home residents should be carried out in at-risk patients for falls (Lyons, 2004, Recommendation A). At-risk patients with a pertinent history for the above should be reviewed and acted upon accordingly and avoidance of restraint use due to the increased risk of falls and injuries (Lyons, 2004; Park, Hsiao-Chen Tang & Ledford, 2005, Recommendation A)."
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Short-Term Memory and Aging, 2008.
A discussion of the possible causes for short-term memory loss in old age.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses short-term memory loss among the elderly. The paper points out that the habit of viewing difficulties of short-term memory loss as normal in aging is countered by knowledge of the phenomenon as a frequent indication of changes in other memory functions. The paper mentions current models, which address short-term memory in relation to brain connectivity, such that impaired short-term memory may be read as a sign for other alterations in memory or brain function that are more significant. The paper looks into a variety of causes in order to gain a better conceptualization of a condition that is a frequent symptom, rather than a disorder all its own. The paper concludes that symptoms involving cognition and memory indicate something, and are not reducible to old models of steady decline, especially mental decline, in old age.
From the Paper
"An aging North American population and much research attention given to Alzheimer's and dementia have produced considerable knowledge of help in understanding other conditions of brain function including mental and nervous disorder. Grady, Furey Et Al (2001) examined altered brain connectivity and the decline of short-term memory of a sample of Alzheimer's patients and a normal control group. Alzheimer's disorder is increasing defined as a syndrome of dysfunctional connectivity within the brain whose most apparent indication is often much impaired short-term memory. Given the technology available to neurologists and neuro-psychiatrists of today, much more is understood of what happens to the memory of the Alzheimer's patient in addition to knowledge allowing us to know more of the normal or aging person who does not present the condition. Delays in cognitive processing due to Alzheimer's changes affect other aspects of memory. For instance, impairment in the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of means the patient cannot recognize a once familiar face, or the face of a caregiver or other individual that is seen daily."
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Plan of Care for an Elderly Patient, 2008.
An assessment of an elderly patient suffering from constipation, incontinence, and urinary tract infection, and a proposed plan of care.
740 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This case study analyzes the health problems of an elderly patient that mainly involve constipation, incontinence, and urinary tract infection. The paper points out that these problems are very common among people over 65 years of age. The study proposes that the patient be provided with a program of good nutrition and health teaching by qualified nursing staff. The program will also require regular check-ups. The paper concludes that the successful implementation of this program should help to eliminate the patient's problems.
Outline:
Introduction
Analysis of Data
Assessment
Plan of Care
Nursing Orders
Implementation
Evaluation
From the Paper
"For older adults, if the food plan is going to meet nutritional needs, it must account for changes related to aging (Collis, 2002). Joan must receive enough calories per day to meet her needs for protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins. Because of the presence of the pressure sore, Joan needs protein to allow the sore to heal. Protein also is needed to build and maintain muscle and tissues (Collins, 2002). Because of such serious problems with constipation, Joan most especially needs a high amount of fibre in her diet. She can obtain fibre from such foods as bran products, raw fruits, prunes, and whole grain breads and cereals (Kozier, et. al., 2000)."
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Quality of Life Nursing Care, 2008.
This paper discusses quality of life issues that support Canadian patients with terminal disease through a review of five articles on the topic.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, even with intervention and assessment, and to some degree intra-observer variation, quality of life may not be enough to define a patient's contentment with life when faced with end of life issues. The author points out that life-changing events and end of life issues can be so sudden that a patient and her family may find control over their lives involuntarily wrenched from them. The paper cites that the transcendence theory can be a powerful motivator to achieve health care objectives for helping bereaved patients, their families and their nurses "move on" to understanding how suffering and changes can affect new individual insights. The author relates that, in caring for the older adult, it is sometimes more understood than appreciated that they may have more complaints to attend to, more symptoms that they complain of and may even be difficult to approach. The paper then independently reviews five different articles on this topic.
From the Paper
"The second article tells of the triumph of the human spirit over seemingly impossible odds (McLean, 2006). In spite of his diagnosis of terminal colon cancer, firefighter lieutenant Mark Johnston underwent surgery in spite of the bleakness of his condition. What was remarkable was the camaraderie of his fellow firefighters, who would do what seemingly meant little more than keeping vigils with him. When Mark went into relapse after rejoining his team a year after, a testament to his spirit, he dispelled the prevailing myth of the palliative care unit's reputation for admitting patients that do not get discharged. In spite of this, Mark sought admission hesitantly at first, but with the constant show of support by family and friends during his times of greatest need and pain, he was able to eventually - and dramatically - return home."
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A Nutritional Health Treatment Assessment, 2008.
A case study which assesses a particular elderly patient's health problems and suggest an appropriate plan of care involving better nutrition.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This case study analyzes the health condition of elderly patient Joan, suffering from severe pain when having a bowel movement. In this study, nutrition forms the main element in the plan of care. Following a close analysis, the study concludes that all of Joan's problems are related to inadequate nutrition and therefore can be managed best by a program of nutrition.
Outline:
Analysis of Data
Nursing Diagnoses
Plan of Care
Implementation
Evaluation
From the Paper
"Joan needs social support. Her son should be encouraged to eat meals with her whenever he can. He is the best one to encourage her to eat, and staff can reinforce that encouragement. Nurses will push fluids as hot fluids, fruit juice, and prune juice. The dietician needs to be informed of the problem with constipation and the pressure sore. Joan's diet will provide her with adequate nutrition and will be high in fiber. For the first period, Joan's diet and fluid intake should be monitored to make sure that she is receiving the nutrients she needs. Nurses will provide Joan will the needed health teaching about the need for proper nutrition, fluids, and information to eliminate her urinary tract infections. Joan's son can also remind his mother of this information."
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The Sociology of Aging, 2008.
This paper discusses how an aging America creates economic, labor market, health and demographic trends that have serious long-term implications.
2,083 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the steady aging of the American population (certainly among the native-born) and looks at what this means for the social and economic future of the United States. In particular, the paper looks at the various economic, labor market, health and demographic trends gripping America and at how they are all coming together at a significant point in U.S. history. More than that, the paper argues that the United States faces possible economic contraction, run-away social costs, social fragmentation, and a general decline in vigor and/or productivity unless it finds a way to implement policy changes that will nudge the nation towards a brighter future.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"Other economic trends can be easily associated with an aging population. For one thing, it is axiomatic that older investors tend to be much more interested in investments that offer long-term security and reliable returns. Conversely, younger investors who have many more years in the workforce ahead of them - and who have the time necessary to "rebound" from a bad investment - may be more willing to put their money into high-risk, high-reward ventures. Suffice it to say, part of the vitality of the American economy resides in the willingness of people to "take a chance" and finance a fledgling company that has an uncertain future. As the population grows older, however, the interest in participating in venture capitalism and/or engaging in entrepreneurial activities diminishes in relative terms; as a result, a major component of America's economic success is greatly constrained."
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Views on Death: Religion and Society, 2008.
This paper analyzes the social context of death in "Death: The Final Stages of Growth" by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross.
892 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Kubler-Ross' work "Death: The Final Stages of Growth" and her premise that denial of death is the central paradigm that creates the conflict between science and religion. The paper discusses how Kubler-Ross uses religious explanations of death to help unify her theory that more social and faith-based initiatives can help a death-denying society accept death as part of life.
From the Paper
"Kubler-Ross's analysis relies on varying different social backgrounds that define death through a religious perspective. In many cases, accounts from different religious organizations and belief systems are used to bring death to the forefront of American society and its denial of death. Kubler-Ross's background in the medical profession often elucidates this problem through the institutions of doctor, family, and social denial of death in her own experiences."
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Smoking and Cognitive Functioning, 2008.
A literature review analyzing whether smoking is detrimental to the mental health of elderly patients, or not.
926 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the correlation between smoking and cognitive functioning in the elderly. The paper aims to determine if evidence exists to support the contention that smoking is detrimental to the mental health of elderly patients, or if this suggestion is unfounded. It generally discusses the health risks associated with smoking and then analyzes the literature with regards to the specific risks of smoking in elderly patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Health Risks
Literature
Health Promotion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that there is widespread concern for the impact that smoking has on the mental health of elderly patients. The literature indicates that there is currently no correlation between a decline in mental health and smoking, but that there are continued concerns for health risks that are known and have yet to be determined for all age groups. It is apparent, therefore, that continued research is significant to discover the impact that smoking has on all people and that in relation to the elderly smoking should be evaluated as part of the service delivery on a consistent basis."
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Sexual Dysfunction in the Elderly, 2008.
A study of the biological, social, emotional, cultural and environmental factors affecting sexual dysfunction in the elderly.
1,980 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of whether sexual dysfunction in the elderly is a result of disease and physical conditions or an aspect of the aging process. The paper holds that changes in sexual desire and activity may be the result of a wide range of biological, social, emotional, cultural and environmental factors. The paper suggests that, while sexual dysfunction is related to a combination of the aging process and disease conditions, it may also largely be the result of misguided beliefs about aging and sexuality. The paper concludes that a great proportion of sexual problems are associated with the conditions of older people's lives and with social attitudes about aging and sexuality. It holds that the majority of issues related to sexual dysfunction can be addressed through heath teaching.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Physical Conditions and Disease
Sexual Dysfunction and the Aging Process
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One reason for sexual dysfunction is relatively easily addressed and has important implications for nursing. Lack of information about sexual dysfunction and embarrassment on the part of men to discuss the issue needs to be addressed through sensitive health teaching. Erectile dysfunction can produce a significant psychological and social impact on the patient and his partner. In addition, it is associated with depression, anxiety, and loss of self-esteem in both partners. Even though society is open about the problem of erectile dysfunction, men generally are not inclined to seek help. However, since erectile dysfunction could be the first manifestation of cardiovascular disease as well as diabetes, it is extremely important that he care provider inquire about the problem during patient visits (Kolodny, 2003)."
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Urinary Incontinence and Prompted Voiding, 2008.
A discussion of the issue of urinary incontinence and ways to implement the disorder's most effective medical intervention, prompted voiding.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how urinary incontinence is acquiring greater pertinence with an aging population. While there are a number of potential interventions that address the problem, most are ineffective, impractical or costly. The most effective intervention for urinary incontinence is prompted voiding which is used inconsistently in some Ontario health care facilities. The paper suggests that in order to implement prompted voiding uniformly, a program of education and organizational support is essential.
From the Paper
"Urinary incontinence is never to be considered a normal aspect of aging (Shultz, 2004). This condition impacts not only on the patient's physical condition but also on their other domains and on quality of life. Urinary continence is prevalent among all the elderly and is costly to the health care system in materials such as incontinent pads (Gross, 2003). Urinary incontinence is a significant factor in the institutionalization of elderly family members, and more than 50 percent of all nursing home residents are incontinent of urine (RNAO, 2005). Elderly males are at higher risk for developing urinary incontinence than women, but 20 percent of women over age 40 develop urinary incontinence (Thakar & Stanton, 2000). Among incontinent women, 30 percent have an overactive bladder (Thakar & Stanton, 2000)."
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Elder Abuse, 2008.
This paper explores elder abuse and its implications for nursing.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how elder abuse is a problem around the world, both in private homes and in institutions such as nursing homes and hospitals. The paper relates that elder abuse can be in the form of physical, emotional, financial, sexual abuse and neglect. The paper looks at the nurse's role and explains that aside from identifying elder abuse, the nurse can provide the older person and the abuser with the information and the access to resources that they need to change the situation.
From the Paper
"Elder abuse is a problem around the world both in private homes and institutions such as nursing homes and hospitals. The reason that elder abuse is so prevalent is that the elderly in most areas of the world suffer from stigma. In our culture, the problem of ageism offers the idea that the elderly are unproductive and worthless. Many cultures hold the notion that the elderly are pessimistic and dependent (Anonymous, 2006). The results of such attitudes, as shown by reports, are that almost one-half of all nursing homes do not provide their residents with the minimum standards of medication (Anonymous, 2006). This type of neglect often leads to a deterioration of the person's condition."
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Obesity and the Elderly, 2007.
This paper discuses health promotion and health teaching strategies for obesity and older people.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although weight loss is recommended for older adults who are overweight and obese in the same way as it is advised for younger adults, there are questions concerning the long-term health effects of weight loss for elderly individuals. The author points out that, if older people are very obese, they will experience acute and chronic problems, but being underweight is actually a more serious problem since it has a greater link with mortality than does obesity. The paper relates that, in identifying the older person's weight loss goals, it must be remembered that, in terms of mobility, intentional weight loss by the older person does not always produce benefits. The author suggests that the best point to begin is with some concern that the person has about the effects of their obesity.
Table of Contents
Health Teaching and Learning Strategies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are also cultural factors that include learned beliefs and traditions, as well as extrinsic factors such as advertising. Certain eating patterns, especially cultural ones, may contribute to the epidemic of obesity. For example, elderly Hispanics have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, systolic hypertension, and physical disability because their diets are high in refined grains. These patterns are based in the determinants of health because they illustrate the interactions between biology, culture, food availability, education and lifestyle."
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Malnutrition and the Elderly, 2008.
An analysis of the risk factors, assessment principles and possible interventions for malnutrition in the elderly.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the causes and contributing factors linked with malnutrition in the elderly. It also addresses ways to assess malnutrition in the aging population. The paper then focuses on interventions for malnutrition in the elderly in terms of health promotion principles and strategies. Additionally, the paper looks at primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Significance for Elderly Population
Assessment
Health Teaching and Learning Strategies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One strategy for teaching and health promotion is to make use of mentors who also are peers of the elderly person. It is essential that, whatever the specific type of health promotion program, the elderly person participate fully. The strategy of using volunteer peer educators is based in social learning theory as defined by the World Health organization, and can be very effective for providing nutrition education for the elderly (Panayota & Amanatidou 2003). Peer mentors mainly act as a support system for providing reliable nutrition information as well as educational materials. These mentors need to understand and practice healthy nutrition and preferably also be somewhat experienced with teaching. It is preferable that these mentors be experts on nutrition because research indicates that older people prefer that all their information related to health should come from expert sources (Panayota & Amanatidou 2003)."
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Immigrant Health Care, 2008.
This paper discusses the transitions of care in Canada for older hospitalized immigrant women with chronic pain.
1,851 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that any hospitalized women can expect to encounter inequality in the health care system. The writer declares that for aging immigrant women, the situation is greatly aggravated because of race, ethnicity, and educational background as well as other factors such as sexism and ageism. Immigrant women not only receive unequal treatment in the healthcare system but very often are invisible to that system. The writer points out that the Canadian government seems to be taking the desired approach but the situation for immigrant women is becoming worse. The writer maintains that instead of resolving the problem, the health care system is basically ignoring the issue because of its own issues with restructuring. It seems that the solution will only come through a firm policy which makes diversity and gender a priority.
Outline:
Introduction
Rationale for Choice of Topic
Literature Review
Determinants of health
Gender Roles, Social Status, and Health
Coping
Research Question
My Approach and Goals
From the Paper
"An institution which ensures that women's rights are protected is the Women's Health Bureau which uses a gender lens to study government policy and health disparities. The mandate of the Women's Health Bureau's mandate is to make certain that the Canadian health care system responds to the needs of women (Spitzer, 2006, p. 2). The Women's Health Bureau also assists policymakers and programme planners to undertake gender-based analysis of their work. In addition, there is the Women's Network which works with the government along with other groups."
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A Chronic Pain Management Program, 2008.
This paper outlines a program that would effectively manage chronic pain and improve functional health outcomes in older adults.
1,859 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a program that is targeted at older adults who suffer from chronic pain, utilizing a combination of therapies that are holistic and address conditions that affect the mind, body and emotions. The paper explains that chronic pain must include issues of loss and stress and this can only be achieved through the use of complementary and alternative interventions. The paper concludes that while there are restrictions on the implementation of this program, its main value is that it incorporates patients who are otherwise excluded, such as those with dementia.
Outline:
Introduction
The Necessity of the Program
The Elements of the Program
Health Teaching
Interventions and Individual Differences
Outcomes of the Program
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A complex continuing care program is intended to provide care for older patients who experience complex medical conditions in a non-acute hospital setting. Complex medical conditions include pain and symptom management, recovery from stroke, along with other chronic medical conditions which impact on patients' physical, emotional, social and spiritual well-being. The program was developed because pain among the elderly is often not adequately treated. When pain in older adults is not effectively managed, there are serious impacts on their physical and psychological functioning as well as on their quality of life (Herr, 2002)."
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Dr. David Snowdon's "Aging with Grace", 2007.
This paper describes and analyzes Dr. David Snowdon's book "Aging with Grace: What the Study Teaches Us About Leading Longer, Healthier, and More Meaningful Lives"
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Dr. David Snowdon's book "Aging with Grace" represents fascinating insights into the nature of health, disease and the factors that define the realities of daily life. The author points out that this book also describes a groundbreaking research project that studied the health vectors shaping the lives of hundreds of Catholic nuns across life-spans of many decades. The paper stresses the critical methodological importance of the sample group because it allowed the researchers to eliminate many of the variables that complicate and undermine studies of aging and Alzheimer's. The author indicates that the advantage of the sample was that the nuns presented the researchers with detailed records of their lives, health conditions, and intellectual capacities (e.g., written autobiographies) for a large population spanning decades.
Table of Contents:
Description
Analysis
From the Paper
"Over the course of twelve chapters, complete with pictures and biographies of many of the participants in the study, the author describes how important such practices as reading and emotional stability are to ensuring that the brain has the capacity to repair or "patch" damage over the course of a long life. As the likelihood of Alzheimer's increases with age, one of the surprising findings of this study is that the symptoms of Alzheimer's (e.g., forgetfulness, dementia) often have little to do with the rate of progression of the disease."
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Nursing Shortage in Ontario, 2008.
This paper discusses the nursing shortage in Ontario and how it creates challenges related to the baby boomer generation.
2,924 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses how Ontario will be capable of supporting the needs of the increasing elderly population through the health care system with the existence of the nursing shortage. To address this issue, the writer recommends that a profile of the baby boomer generation be developed that will identify the health care needs of this population. Furthermore, the writer notes that funding, staffing and training must be allotted that will meet these health care needs. The writer maintains that in accomplishing these two steps the nursing issues that are currently impacting the Ontario health care system will be reduced and the health care community can begin to experience a rebirth in the quality of care that is essential to the citizens of Ontario.
Outline:
Key Issue
Decision Sought (Recommendation)
Background
The Recommended Option or Proposed Direction
Impact Statements
Consultation
Legislation Required
Communications Plan
From the Paper
"It should be noted that an effective resolution to this issue must be capable of meeting the needs of the baby boomer generation in an immediate sense. This population is already beginning to retire and to place a significant burden on the health care system. This burden impacts the professional nurse because the nurse is the primary caregiver in most health care environments. It should further be considered that when a nurse is tasked with providing extensive care to multiple individuals within the baby boomer population, that nurse is unable to provide care to other patients that are not being treated for age related illnesses or disease. As this takes place the nurse becomes overburdened in his or her tasks and ultimately the quality of care declines for two specific reasons. First, the nurse is tasked with providing care to the elderly that he or she is not specifically trained to give. Although the nurse may have experience treating elderly patients, it is evident that the needs of the baby boomer generation are different from previous aging populations, and that information is not universally known to all nursing professionals."
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Sleep Disorders in the Elderly, 2008.
An analysis of the causes of sleep disorders, particularly insomnia, in the elderly.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses sleep disorders in the elderly and focuses on insomnia. In order to understand the pathogenesis of sleep disorders, the paper begins by describing the normal sleep cycle in a neurophysiological context. It then looks at the causes that may disrupt the normal sleep cycle and discusses the effects of the aging process on sleep disorders.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, sleep disorders such as insomnia can be especially distressful in older adults, particularly the elderly. Aside from the normal circadian drift of the sleep- wake cycle in these individuals, secondary causes can inhibit initiation or maintenance of sleep, particularly chronic diseases and diseases presenting at advanced ages. The use of medications versus non-pharmacologic approaches has been debated, with promising results from clinical trials advocating a non-pharmacologic approach to initiating and maintaining sleep in this population of patients (Sivertsen, Omvik, Pallesen, Bjorvatn, Havik, Kvale et al., 2006). While promising, future studies replicating these results at multiple sites with varied day-night cycles are recommended."
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