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Terrorism and Conflict Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses terrorism as a subject of criminology and conflict theory.
2,064 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that terrorism is a methodology that belongs to military science in a collection of techniques, but terrorism is included under the category of criminology in library cataloguing systems. The writer notes that terrorism can be well understood through the approaches of criminology, however, conflict theory seems best equipped to explain terrorist organizations and acts, depending upon circumstances, for reasons that are explained in the paper's later sections. The writer concludes that like well planned crimes, incidents of terrorism often do work, as a set of considerations to be kept in mind before denouncing crime or terrorism, or acts of terrorism as mere random crimes which they are not.
Outline:
Introduction
Classical Theory and Terrorism
The Consensus School and Terrorism
Conflict Theory and Terrorism
Conflict Theory, Sri Lanka and Tamil Terrorism
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" If one traces the rise of modernity from the Industrial Revolution, capitalist development and the ideas of the Enlightenment, one appreciates classical models of criminology to assert that deviance was a natural result. Since human beings are rational creatures, they should have and will demand rights and freedoms, eventually. The deviant person asserts his or her rational self-interest due to a particular form of 'free thought' and agency that we discuss as deviant and thus, criminal, because it departs from a society's legal framework and moral standards. This classical approach has replaced earlier ideas of the criminal as a person acting under supernatural influence, as in medieval ideas of the criminal as a person possessed by the devil. Instead, crime came to be seen as a rationally calculated action with the result that reducing crime meant deterrence, in approaches based on how the deviant could be dissuaded from committing a crime, its penalty helping a criminal to see that a planned crime was not rational or appealing because of its risks. Further thought moved from a concept of the punishment fitting the crime, proportional to the harm done to society, or a specific victim."
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Plato's Cave and Individualism, 2008.
This paper discusses Plato's allegory of the cave and the group think mentality common in organizations today.
1,468 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the dangers inherent in blind obedience and group think as illustrated in Plato's allegory of the cave. The paper discusses the relevance of the allegory to contemporary organizational law by drawing upon the author's experiences as a member of law enforcement. The paper then looks at the mechanisms that we use to avoid or subvert ideas that appear different from our own and challenge the status quo. The paper concludes that we must embrace different ideas and nurture a respect for different cultures and world views.
From the Paper
"Plato's allegory of the cave captures the essence of organizational culture. Obviously, the ideology of sameness and normative thinking has transcended from Plato's time to today. Thus, the allegory is relevant to contemporary organizational life. Organizations are known for fostering a culture of group think. The dangers inherent in group think is the object lesson that Plato tries to convey. When we refuse to engage in critical thinking, we are goaded into a false sense of security, and create our own prison. The allegory of the cave is particularly relevant to corporate culture, and the blind obedience that is encouraged and often rewarded. There is an insidious force in organizational culture, which subsumes individualism for the corporate good. Like prisoners chained in a cave, employees have been trained to see through the lenses of the corporate image."
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The Key Role of Encounter in Restorative Justice, 2008.
A discussion of the important function of personal encounter in restorative justice.
2,590 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that a person to person encounter in a relatively informal, extrajudicial setting is a key aspect of the restorative justice process and paradigm. The paper explains that a personal encounter encourages progress to be made in restoring harms, because it allows people to meet as suffering human beings. The paper discusses the moving personal encounter between King Priam of Troy and Achilles the Athenian, as recorded in Homer's "Iliad" and also makes a reference to Aboriginal healing circles.
From the Paper
"Van Ness and Strong (2006: p. 61) begin their chapter on encounters with an account of the moving personal encounter between King Priam of Troy and Achilles the Athenian, as recorded in Homer's Iliad. Hector, son of Priam, had killed Patroclus, much-beloved friend of Achilles. To make matters worse, he had done this while Achilles, in a fit of pique directed at Agamemnon, was refusing to fight on the side of the Athenians. As Achilles was not fighting, Patroclus had borrowed Achilles' armour. This had the unfortunate result that Patroclus had been mistaken by Hector for Achilles, and Hector had therefore killed him (somewhat to his own surprise, for Achilles was widely feared as a warrior)."
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Inhumane Prisons?, 2008.
An argument against the harsh conditions of supermax prisons.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals the incredibly harsh prison conditions that include extreme isolation, no privacy and a significant reduction in stimulation. The paper questions the ethical aspect of these facilities, whether the conditions of the supermax prison are justified and whether such environments encourage the inadequacies of prison guards and supervisors. The paper then claims that the United States is living with the lack of morals and value for human life that is prevalent in Third World Countries.
From the Paper
"In the 1990's there was a conservative push to build supermax prisons that would house the most dangerous criminals. These inmates would require extraordinary security and the location of their incarceration would be based on their behavior rather than their crime. Two supermax prisons were constructed in Virginia. These identical prisons housed 1200 extremely dangerous inmates each. The supermax prisons represented a government that was tough on crime--during the 1990's parole is nearly abolished and prison sentences were made longer. Virginia is used here as an example of a national trend of isolating disruptive prisoners. There are actually thirty-six supermax prisons open currently in the United States (Lynd, 1996)."
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Leadership within Law Enforcement, 2008.
A review of leadership within law enforcement, focusing on Jim Collins' book entitled "Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others Don't."
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses leadership as it is found (or perhaps should be found) within law enforcement. The paper focuses on the views of Jim Collins in his book entitled "Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others Don't." The paper suggests that the business community has much to offer the institution of leadership within law enforcement.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Finding Leaders
Cultivating Leaders
Turnover vs. Churn
Facing Facts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is not accidental that the concept of core mission recurs in the discussion of leadership. If nothing else persists of this paper's discussion of leadership and law enforcement, preserve the idea that leadership in law enforcement must clearly define and disseminate the core values and core mission of their entities and make every effort to ensure that the individuals responsible for realizing that common vision are the best possible candidates, empowered to question authority and effect change and progress and armed with facts. Then they can make what would otherwise be empty slogans into a reality that the community can see in action and rally around. In this way, those remarkable individuals who stand in the intersections of our society can be made powerful and positive agents for the safety and preservation of the communities to which they have been entrusted."
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The Effects of Shoplifting on Society, 2008.
This paper assesses the effects and consequences of shoplifting from the personal view of the author.
1,633 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the societal costs of shoplifting and how it effects everyone involved, regardless of whether it is the consumer, the store employees, other shoppers, loved ones of the shoplifter or the shoplifter him or herself. The paper also discusses both the legal and social consequences of shoplifting. The author then asserts that ultimately, society must instruct children on the dangers of shoplifting.
From the Paper
"Besides the tangible costs to society and the personal embarrassment that arises from shoplifting (even unintentional shoplifting), this activity hurts those working within the store on a bunch of different levels. A supervisor or employee who has something stolen from within his or her department feels embarrassment, too, and that discomfort is often accompanied by a sense of violation. For instance, if you have spent hour upon hour organizing your little section of the store, cataloguing everything, making sure that the prices are correct and that nothing is damaged during the course of a long day, then discovering that an item has been taken without payment is a little like having something taken from your own home. I am grateful that I have never had to go through something like this at my job, but I know people who have and I know how hurt they feel - and how they keep themselves awake at night wondering if they could have done something to prevent the situation from happening."
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Crime Reduction Plan, 2008.
An overview of a five point plan to reduce crime.
1,548 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the development of a plan for crime prevention must carefully balance the civil liberties of the citizenry with requirements of a strong enforcement program - a difficult fence to straddle. The paper also looks at how the core of a crime prevention program must contain elements of diligence, deterrence and diversion. The paper then proposes a five point plan for reducing crime that includes a proactive and intensive community oriented policing policy, an aggressive enforcement of existing laws, and sure justice for offenders convicted of violent crimes with particularly long sentences for repeat offenders. The paper also proposes an availability of alternative programs for at risk members of society to prevent them from engaging in criminal activity as well as a system for developing performance goals and measures to determine the effectiveness of the first four points of the crime reduction program.
From the Paper
"The first point of the proposed plan to reduce crime involves the proactive approach to the crime problem. Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) is the proactive approach. COPS is an integral program of community engagement, traditional law enforcement, prevention through problem solving and strategic partnerships with community leaders ("What is Community Policing?" n.p.). The intent of this program is to reduce community trepidation towards the law enforcement community and bring it into the neighborhood through a high profile presence. It has been shown that this increases trust in the community and demonstrated the ability to reduce crime by proactive means. "
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The Graying Inmate: An Accelerating Crisis, 2008.
An examination of the aging prison population in America.
3,425 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the troubling phenomenon of an aging prison population in America. The paper looks at the threats posed by chronic ailments common to old age as well as the shortcomings of the current system when it comes to assisting the elderly. The paper further explains that chief among these shortcomings is the lack of a universal, national program or curriculum for meeting the needs of prisoners above the age of 50. The paper also examines some different options available to policy-makers eager to improve the situation. The paper then suggests that far from being mutually exclusive, many of these programs can serve as individual parts of a multi-pronged assault on the problem of the geriatric within the prison system of the United States. In conclusion, the paper shows that strong diagnostic and predictive capabilities, an on-going treatment program that reaches beyond release, recreational activities, and universal standards are all things that, working in tandem with specialized geriatric units, can save lives and make American prisons more humane.
From the Paper
"The American population is growing steadily older - literally year by year. This phenomenon has obvious and very serious implications for the nation's social welfare policies, but it also does not bode well for the United States prison system insofar as a graying prison population means the diversion of more and more scarce resources towards tending to the elderly individuals (or those individuals in late middle age) who happen to be behind bars. What the next several pages intend to show is that, while far from perfect in its response, the United States prison system is belatedly taking steps to assist those over 50 who are being held in our country's incarceration facilities; now what the US penal system needs to do is to work towards a universal geriatric prisoner care policy that will involve all states and hold all states rigidly accountable if they deviate from that policy."
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Intermediate Sanctions or Prison, 2008.
A discussion on whether intermediate sanctions are a better alternative than traditional incarceration in the public or private prison system.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how both public and private prisons have certain strengths as well as weaknesses in their administration and how intermediate sanctions are a viable alternative to prison sentences. Through a review of the literature, the paper examines how alternative sanctions appear to be effective options to long prison terms and how they may reduce recidivism rates, while saving American taxpayers money.
From the Paper
"On the other end of the spectrum, Blakely and Bumphus (2004) define private prisons as those run by private entities that have contracts with government agencies. Curtis R. Blakely is on staff at the University of South Alabama, while Dr. Vic W. Bumphus is on staff at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Private prisons are not a new concept by any means and were operational in Europe during the seventeenth century. The recent trend towards this type of facility began in 1984 in several States such as Tennessee and Florida. A great advantage in the private prison system as compared to the public prison system is cost: private prisons can deliver the same correctional service as a government facility, however at a significantly lower cost. "
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Implementing Mobile Data Terminals for Police Work, 2008.
An analysis of the implementation of mobile data terminals for the specific needs of police work.
2,141 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the process of managing change when adapting information technology (IT) to new uses. It discusses the need for core technology with enabling technology, which enables the core to achieve certain specific tasks. The paper particularly focuses on a police agencies, using mobile data terminals that have been adapted to the specific needs of police work.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
IT and Change
Management and IT
Traditional v. High-Technology Companies
Mobile Data Terminals
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In New York City, the NYPD is not the only police agency operating in the city. The Port Authority Police Department is another such entity, with a jurisdiction that ranges over a radius of twenty-five miles and covers all of the major arteries into New York City. JFK alone encompasses 5,000 acres with ten terminals and can be seen as being like a small city. The PAPD has an authorized strength of 1,400 police. AS in most departments, the PAPD commanding officers use the analytical data they can gather so that they can recognize anticipated public safety threats and allocate their resources to those threats. State-of-the-art communication capabilities are an important component of this preventive strategy, and to this end, the PAPD has placed mobile data terminals inside police cars to enable police to communicate immediately with motor vehicle bureaus and other government entities for fast background checks of detained persons (Morrone, 1998, paras. 9-12)."
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Sense and Nonsense about Criminal Justice, 2008.
A discussion, based on S. Walker's "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs", of the political nature of criminal justice in the United States and empirical evidence that should be used in making it independent.
3,477 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the link between the criminal justice system and politics in the United States. It suggests that independence for the criminal justice system would have to be paired with strict oversight, but could permit the development of new criminal justice policies that were based entirely on the empirical evidence and not on the political ideologies of politicians. The paper bases its arguments on "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs" by S. Walker.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most significant reason why criminal justice policies have had such limited effect is because they have not been based on available evidence and rigorous testing. Evidence-based policymaking is only recently coming into its own in the United States. This trend in criminal justice is perhaps the most important one to date. It should be encouraged without question. Evidence-based policymaking will help actors in the criminal justice system to sort through the current policies and weed out the ones that simply do not work to reduce crime or, worse, actually have an adverse effect on the goals of the system. Additionally, this approach to criminal justice can help design new, more effective, policies that are based on sound science and evidence instead of wishful thinking and faith in commonsense metaphors. It short, the lack of evidence-based testing in the criminal justice system has been a major factor in the limited effectiveness of existing policies. Incorporating empirical evidence and testing into the policy process will improve the quality of criminal justice policies in the future."
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Treatment & Intervention Strategies, 2008.
An intensive study on methods of treatment of crime specifically concerning recidivism in prison situations.
1,568 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes and evaluates treatment and intervention strategies within the correctional system, along with their effectiveness in influencing offender behaviors, as well astreatment and intervention impact on operations. It includes a discussion on studies of substance abuse, educational programs, community-based and faith-based programs, and programs geared to successfully acclimating offenders to a world outside of prison. The paper highlights major goal of each of these programs to effectively maintain the offender in the community and to prevent recidivism in the future.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem
Purpose
Goal and Objective
Relevant Literature
Research and Design Methods
Implications for Policy and Practice
Dissemination Strategy
From the Paper
"To assist in literacy efforts, the policymakers, corrections officers, and instructors within the prison system need to treat each prisoner as a valuable human being with potential to improve themselves through education. Additionally, studies have shown that "inmates reported that they were more inclined to participate in educational programs when they saw clear opportunities to improve their capabilities for success after being released. Further, ex-prisoners who participated in employment and vocational education programs in prison had a better chance of maintaining employment and earning slightly more money than similar ex-prisoners who had not participated in the programs"
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Psychology: State of Mind - A Critical Analyses, 2008.
A report on an individual's state of mind and the impact on responsibility for criminal activities.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the controversial issue regarding the extent to which an individual's state of mind should impact his or her responsibility for criminal activities. The paper bases most of its discussion on D.W. Denno's article, "A Mind to Blame: New views on Involuntary Acts", from the "Behavioral Sciences and the Law" journal and concurs with Denno's call for a three-tiered approach that will allow for the inclusion of "semi-voluntary acts" to the legal conceptions of voluntariness and involuntariness .
From the Paper
"In terms of how the courts should handle such a matter, I am convinced that - for criminal offenses - it is best to take into account the defendant's altered consciousness after conviction, during the sentencing process, in other words. The reason is that a crime has clearly been committed and some form of redress is appropriate. However, a "discount" should be applied to the sentence in proportion to just how "conscious" the individual's actions were; in other words, if they were acting in a suspicious manner weeks prior to the event, that could be construed as premeditation and would work against them. As for individuals who are acquitted because of an altered state, it is fairly evident that they should receive some kind of conditions imposed upon their freedom insofar as their mental state did lead them towards the commission of criminal acts ."
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Identity Theft, 2008.
Argues that the increase in identity theft results directly from the uncontrolled explosion of personal and intimate information on the Internet.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the identity thief no longer needs to master the technical intricacies of computer science and hacking before setting out to appropriate a stranger's personal data. The author underscores that all the identity thief has to do is join one of the new on-line social networks, such as YouTube, FaceBook or JDate. The paper relates that many fans of these sites are alarmingly honest giving out their personal data, such as their social background, financial status, places of residence and career position. The author describes the method by which the identity thief gauges the desirability of a potential target and the way identity theft affects the victim.
From the Paper
"In addition, these same networking sites can often aid the identity thief in selling his stolen information to eager buyers: "The ability for hackers to go onto the Internet and chat up fellow hackers is as old as the Net itself. But with identity theft becoming a more popular form of fraud, according to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), more attention is being paid to chat rooms that serve as flea markets for hackers." Again, anonymity is a major incentive here, and the FBI's dismal failure at apprehending the thieves stems directly from the fact that criminals always operate under the cover of multiple screen names."
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Is The Death Penalty Biased?, 2008.
This paper explores whether there are biases in the application of the death penalty in the United States.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of racial bias, gender bias, juveniles and capital punishment and the link between poverty and the death penalty. The paper contends that overall, the death penalty may be a necessary evil in our society, however, until we can be one hundred percent sure it is meted out fairly, a moratorium on the act may be in order.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Bias and Capital Punishment
Gender as a Factor in Death Penalty Sentencing
Capital Punishment and Juveniles
Poverty and the Death Penalty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been administered and accepted in this country for over 200 years, however, some states have now abolished the practice, while others continue with sanctioned executions. In 2000, Governor George Ryan of Illinois suspended executions in that state and "commuted the death sentences of all Illinois death row inmates in 2003" (Wolfers 791). Following Ryan's lead, in 2004, New York's highest court ruled that the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional. Although prisoners still sit on California's death row, executions in that state are virtually nonexistent, however, executions in Texas continue at an even pace (791). "
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White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper explores white collar crime and offers a defense of corporate deregulation.
2,511 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a definition of white collar crime and identifies the often neglected victims. The paper looks at the argument that deregulation of the business sector is a good thing even in the face of numerous allegations of corporate fraud and embezzlement. The paper discusses how the American system is not perfect, but maintains that it ultimately falls to companies to enforce their own moral codes and business protocols. The paper further contends that it is the responsibility of share-holders to ask tough questions, to exercise caution and prudence and to educate themselves on the business situation confronting them.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Defining White Collar Crime
The Neglected Victims of White Collar Crime
And Still, a Defense of Deregulation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"White collar crime emerged as a conspicuous problem in American society right around the same time as the heady, materialistic culture of the 1980s reached its height - or nadir, as the case may be. To wit, while always a part of the American business landscape (at least during the first four decades of the twentieth century, but surely earlier) white collar crime veritably exploded in the 1980s with the huge savings and loans scandals that rocked Wall Street. In this decade, the 2000s, the government has belatedly responded to the most recent rash of white collar crimes by passing a number of laws intended to curb corporate wrong-doing. Unfortunately, it is still too soon to ascertain whether or not these measures are actually working to reduce white collar crime - or simply producing more bureaucratic entanglements (for a broad discussion on all of this, please see Feeley, 2006)."
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Racism and the Judicial Process, 2008.
This paper argues that the judicial process does not result in racial discrimination.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the argument that the judicial process is to blame for the large percentage of African-American prison inmates in the USA. The writer argues against the idea that the large number of African Americans in jail is due to racism in the judicial system. The writer maintains that it is not the judicial process that is to blame. The writer concludes that it seems likely that more African Americans are arrested and later put in prison simply because more African Americans commit serious crimes.
From the Paper
"It supports the argument that more African-Americans are arrested and put in jail simply because they commit more serious crimes. It cannot be because of bias at the arrest stage, because the data shows that African-Americans are less likely to be arrested. It is of course possible that African-Americans are discriminated against later in the judicial process - for example, at the sentencing stage. However, we can conclude that their race does not make them more likely to be arrested in the first place, at least in the three crimes of rape, robbery and assault. D'Alessio and Stolzenberg sum it up as follows .. "
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Restorative Justice, 2008.
This paper describes the concept of restorative justice and applies it to the situation of children soldiers.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that restorative justice is an organized system designed to promote interpersonal reconciliation, to provide alternatives to more punitive justice systems and, hopefully, to do more lasting good than punishment alone. The author points out that restorative justice in the United States includes victim impact statements and often community service, where the criminal attempts to pay back the community as a whole for the harm he or she has done. The paper then looks at how a system of restorative justice could be used in societies with child soldiers. The paper concludes that, while restorative justice is not a one size fits all solution to criminal actions, it may be the only way to put back together a society wracked by a damaging domestic war.
From the Paper
"Recruitment of children can provide opportunities for children to observe how violence can trump reason. Recent studies of the civil war in Sri Lanka (Human Rights Watch Summary), describe the forceful recruitment of children by the LTTE, Tamil Tiger, rebel movement. Children can see how their unarmed parents are unable to resist the armed and brutal rebels. One can imagine the lesson the children would learn is that being armed would have enabled their parents to protect them; that violence will always win over reason."
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