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Race and the Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper questions the impact of race on death penalty verdicts in America.
5,065 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
The subject of this paper is how race impacts capital punishment verdicts issued by US courts. The author believes that capital punishment is powered by a system of justice that is heavily stacked against people of color. The writer cites several cases that show race as an issue in a death penalty verdicts. Additional statistics are presented that show African-Americans are executed more frequently than whites. The paper includes an extensive literature review. The author concludes that the public should be aware of the facts involved in this issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Conceptualization
Methodology
Research Design
Study Group / Sample Population
Conclusion
From the Paper
"And, Adams continues, of the 221 people "executed for interracial murders, 189 - ninety-four percent - have been black." Is there a pattern of blatant racial bias reflected in these data? Adams insists that "racism...pervades America's criminal justice system," and she wonders, "How is it that racism, as one of the most deplorable features of contemporary society, is able to establish a position in the purported beacon of objectivity and neutrality that is the law?" In her research article, Adams argues that since the death penalty was "reinvented" (Furman v. Georgia in 1972), the "arbitrariness and caprice" of the "pre-Furman" era is back. "
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Bounty Hunters, 2007.
This paper discusses whether bounty hunters have too much power.
974 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of policing and corrections, with a specific focus on bounty hunters. The writer examines whether bounty hunters have too much power. The paper describes bounty hunters as an effective element of the bail bond process and explains that studies show that bounty hunters help keep non-compliant offenders to a minimum. The paper concludes that bounty hunters indeed have powers ordinary citizens do not enjoy, yet they are a vital part of the criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Many studies indicate the importance of bounty hunters in the bail bond system. Author Reynolds notes, "Only 15 percent of felony defendants released on surety bonds initially failed to appear in court versus failure rates of 26 percent for those released on their own recognizance and 42 percent released on unsecured bonds, according to a 1992 Department of Justice study of the seventy-five largest counties" (Reynolds, 2002, p. 120). In addition, only three percent of suspects are fugitives one year of their release to a bondsman, while over 9 percent remain fugitives if they are released on their own recognizance, and 19 percent remain fugitives if they are released without a security bond (Reynolds, 2002, p. 120). Thus, the bonding process ensures more criminals come to trial, and the bounty hunters are a major reason for this success."
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Prison Overcrowding, 2007.
An analysis of alternatives to mandatory sentencing and community sanctions for non-violent offenders.
6,384 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This study focuses on exploring the relationship between prison overcrowding and adaptation of the situational environment in which crime occurs. Specifically, the paper explores whether a reduction in incarceration of non-violent offenders, combined with provisions for more rehabilitation and community support within at-risk communities, may contribute to reduced incarceration rates, better flow and reduced overcrowding.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Statement
Background to Problem
Significance of Study
Theoretical Approaches
Literature Review
History Incarceration and Prison Overcrowding
Who's In Prison
Reasons for Overcrowding
Summary of Literature
Research Questions
Methods
Research Design
Population
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Limitations of Study
Implications of this Study
Discussion/Conclusions
From the Paper
"The reasons for overcrowding according to researchers are varied; though many researchers point to increasing incarceration of non violent offenders, particularly drug offenders. More and more researchers are arguing for alternatives to incarceration, which may include creation of rehabilitation centers and community work programs that force criminals to give back to the community while receiving health care and psychological assistance for their dependency and mental illness. Landreville (1995) provides some evidence that community sanctions may be useful for reducing incarceration rates. Still others suggest shorter sentencing may help improve the flow of prisoners and inmates thereby decreasing the number of people incarcerated at any one time, reducing prison populations even if minimally (Marciniak, 2002)."
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Literacy Rate among Juvenile Delinquents, 2007.
This paper argues for an educational program for juvenile delinquents.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that that there is a predictable link between poor educational achievement and delinquency. The writer then argues that, for that reason, there should be an instruction program in places where juveniles are incarcerated. The writer maintains that, unlike the strategies for delivering educational services to incarcerated youth, the evidence as to the need for these services is available, and boldly obvious. The writer concludes that in order to bring meaningful, productive reading practices into juvenile detention (correctional) facilities, there needs to be public pressure in order to help change the way things are now done.
From the Paper
"In some houses of youthful detention, up to 70 percent of inmates were identified as receiving special education services. When juxtaposed with public schools - in which around 12.7 percent of students have educational disabilities - the need is very clear; using the guidelines of the Individuals with Disabilities Educational Act, when one adds specific learning disabilities with emotional disturbance issues, a total of 86.3 percent of incarcerated youth are receiving (or should receive) special educational services, the authors continue."
"After all, if society is terming these facilities "correctional institutions," there should be mitigating strategies applied to the lives of the inmates, especially when they are young and still have a chance to learn new skills and become useful and productive members of society."
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Police Brutality, 2007.
An argument for reducing the law enforcement institution's power in the civil society.
1,171 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how police brutality is an issue that negatively affects the social and legal foundations of society. The paper relates that police brutality and racial profiling make up the core of today's policing. The paper explains that when police brutality happens, civil society ceases to trust the police and laws that the police are supposed to enforce are no longer followed and respected. The paper contends that law enforcement agencies should be given limited power and right to enforce the rule of law, especially under circumstances wherein judgment of one's misconduct or offense is based on the officer's/enforcer's subjective judgment alone, without sufficient empirical evidence and objective analysis.
From the Paper
"Operationalizing the concept of police brutality, it is legally defined as the usage of deadly force in enforcing rules and laws upon the civil society. The key term being "deadly force," police brutality is often an issue relevant and significant mostly among members of minority groups. This is because historically and up until now, police brutality has always been considered a social problem commonly occurring among non-white American members of the society."
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Juvenile Justice Florida, 2006.
A review of Florida's juvenile justice problems.
863 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issue of juvenile crimes. According to the paper, it appears to be that the states imposing the harshest punishments and consequences for juvenile crimes also have the highest crime and recidivism rates for the very juvenile offenders that they are attempting to rehabilitate. Florida is an example of such a state.
From the Paper
"Another state-specific problem relating to the juvenile justice situation in Florida is the seriousness of offenses for which juveniles are transferred to the adult justice system. According to Macallair (2000), 28% of these youths were charged with violent offenses. The rest were charged only with minor offenses. The harshness of punishment in such cases appears to be disproportional to the crime. Indeed, Macallair states that the system was originally implemented to target the "worst of the worst". This does not appear to be the case in reality.
A further problem specific to Florida entails the disproportionate representation of race in cases transferred to the adult court system. According to Macallair's report, African American youths are 2.3 times more likely than their white counterparts to be transferred to the adult court system. "
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Personal Implications of the Internet, 2006.
A discussion regarding the globalization of the Internet and its ramifications.
3,559 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the Internet. According to the paper, the meteoric rise of the Internet is bringing with it many compromises to the original visions many had of freely sharing intellectual discoveries, insights, documents, and the creation of a more fluid level of democracy and communitarianism.
Outline:
The Internet's Balkanization and the Quantification of Trust
Orwellian Monitoring Strategies in the 21st Century
Technically Speaking This is Rebellion
From the Paper
"The rise in the cyberculture's rebellious reaction to globalization of the Internet is exemplified in the thousands of chat rooms and websites dedicated to hacking techniques and tools, and the hacking of sites that are focused on taking Internet freedoms away. The most courageous of these hackers are those political voices coming out of China, focused on bringing freedom to that nation. These hackers in China are given multi-year prison sentences as their voices for global change are silenced by an oppressive Chinese government intent on keeping its citizens under political control. One could go as far to say that the Chinese hackers and bloggers are testing the limits of the Internet's use as a vehicle of governmental and societal change. More powerful than the lone figure standing in front of the four tanks in Tiananmen Square (1989) the Internet frightens the Chinese government and the continued voice of dissidents is truly going to test this medium of communication on a global scale."
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American Organized Crime, 2007.
The paper focuses on Charles "Lucky" Luciano and his importance to organized crime.
949 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Lucky Luciano was incredibly significant to organized crime. Ambitious and ruthless, he became the head of the New York Italian Mafia and revolutionized its organization, power and control. He achieved total control over the Mafia business and created a national crime syndicate. The paper illustrates how Luciano created national control and oversight and literally made gambling the biggest mob-influenced industry in the United States. The paper suggests that without Luciano, there might not be a Las Vegas and an American Mafia like we have today.
From the Paper
"Charles Lucky Luciano was born November 24, 1897 in Sicily. His family immigrated to New York when he was only a young boy, and almost immediately, he got into trouble with the law. As a teen, he was arrested for everything from petty larceny to drug transport. He had served time in prison before he even turned 18 (Kelly, 2000, p. 199). During Prohibition, Luciano became involved in bootlegging, and he also associated with crime figures that were not a part of the Italian Mafia, such as Meyer Lansky and "Bugsy" Siegel."
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Racial Profiling, 2007.
This paper examines the extent to which race influences the criminal justice system.
1,994 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the perception that those who are not Caucasian receive sentences that are harsher and punishment that is stricter than others. They are also treated differently when they make a large purchase, such as a car or a home. The paper explores the concern that perhaps the criminal justice system and the rest of society are racially biased. The paper explains the possibility that those of minority races are not committing crimes at a higher rate, but they are being targeted at a higher rate so only their crimes are discovered. The paper contends that in order for the United States to attain its vision of equality, this practice must be stopped.
From the Paper
"This is evidenced not only by individuals of other races who feel that they have been treated unfairly but by statistics which indicate the number of non-Caucasian individuals that are within the prison system, have been turned down for jobs, and have been discouraged from purchasing homes in particular neighborhoods. While racial profiling is seen most often when it comes to areas of the criminal justice system, many other facets of life also indicate it as well. Unfortunately, there are still many people that are affected by it, and it is time that racial profiling is recognized for what it is, addressed properly, and stopped."
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Death Penalty, 2007.
This paper discusses capital punishment, concentrating on the issue of the death penalty in the state of Michigan.
1,482 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer points out that thirty-eight states in the United States currently have the ability to execute prisoners. The writer notes that Michigan does not, but the suggestion that the death penalty be re-enacted has been discussed from time to time in the state legislature. The writer looks at the history of the death penalty in Michigan. The legal issues of the death penalty are then discussed. The writer concludes with the opinion that Michiganders should think long and hard about re-establishing the death penalty in the state. The writer maintains that it would seem that it may be effective in stemming what has truly been an alarming increase in the rate of violent crime noted both in urban centers and rural areas within the state.
From the Paper
"The legal issues, which can be used to argue against the death penalty, can generally be divided up into two separate headings. That is, that the provision of the death penalty is arbitrary in its application and generally only applies to people who are poor, or minorities or both. Another is that the death penalty is not useful - executions are expensive and appear to do little to reduce rates of crime. Proponents of the death penalty would argue that the rate of recidivism -of those who kill again - after the death penalty has been applied - is essentially zero. This would seem to reduce the amount of crime possible in the world. To many capital punishment foes, all that the death penalty seems to provide is an extraction of vengeance or revenge upon the perpetrator."
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Reporting Rape in California, 2007.
This paper discusses the statute of limitations on reporting rape in California.
1,362 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer explains that the statutes of limitations are designed to establish time periods during which the government or the plaintiff can file a suit in either criminal or civil matters, and these statutes vary based on the crime that was committed and the state that the crime was committed in. The writer points out that in California, for example, the statute of limitations on rape is three years. However, the writer notes that there may be extenuating circumstances that take place that allow someone to file suit after the three-year period has expired. The writer concludes that while sympathy must be extended to the victim of a rape or any violent crime, there must also be realism in the way that the justice system for the state of California operates, and this means that there has to be a statute of limitations.
From the Paper
"It is generally assumed that, once a statute of limitations has expired, the person that allegedly committed the crime, whether actually guilty of it or not, cannot be prosecuted for that crime. There are specific reasons for the statute of limitations, however, that are important to discuss. These generally involve considerations regarding evidence. After too much time has passed, evidence that either supports the prosecution or assists the defense may no longer be available, and the receiving of a fair trial may also be impossible. In cases such as rape, there is specific evidence that can be collected right after the event has occurred that will not be available later, but the three-year time period actually gives a great deal of time for the victim of the attack to determine whether he or she wants to step forward and go public enough to alert the police and possibly be required to testify at a trial if enough evidence is found."
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Reckless Driving, 2007.
A discussion of the severity and consequences of reckless driving.
1,557 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that reckless driving is one of the primary causes of road accidents in the world. The paper discusses how offenders in most cases view this violation as a simple offense resulting in a ticket. But reckless driving is regarded as a serious crime leading to damage of property, injuries and in the worst case, loss of lives of both drivers and pedestrians. The paper explains the relevant laws, common violations and statistics involved. The paper discusses causes and implications of reckless driving and shows how a reckless driving violation can cause a negative impact on an individual's career, security clearance and insurance protection.
Outline:
The Law on Reckless Driving
Statistics, Causes and Implications
Impact of Reckless Driving
From the Paper
"Based on traffic laws in most states in the US, conviction for reckless driving is a class 1 misdemeanor. Possible penalties incurred due to this offense might result to suspension of driver's license, fines and imprisonment. At present stricter penalties are being imposed on offenders violating traffic rules, regulations and speed limits. Usual charges and penalties for a reckless driving conviction may include suspension of your driver's license for up to six (6) months and fines up to two thousand five hundred dollars ($2500.00)."
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Econometrics Method: On Religion & Crime, 2006.
A discussion regarding the relationship between religion and crime.
1,404 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the question regarding religion and its correlation to crime. The paper discusses how in terms of economics, the prevalence of crime in a particular geographic area deters fiscal growth and contributes immensely to the decay and deterioration of a community and a society. The paper further discusses how, when it comes to religion, a community of religious inhabitants contributes to the economy since if, it is seen as a haven of peace and order, the resources spent on crime prevention, prosecution and rehabilitation can best be put to more productive means such as recreational and educational facilities for the community.
From the Paper
"The question of religion and its correlation to crime, and vice versa, is always and important and interesting topic not only in terms of this economics paper but in other areas of studies as well. Economics wise, the prevalence of crime in a particular geographic area deter fiscal growth and contributes immensely to the decay and deterioration of a community and a society. On the matter of religion, a community of religious inhabitants contributes to the economy since if it is seen as a haven of peace and order, the resources spent on crime prevention, prosecution and rehabilitation can best be put to more productive means such as recreational and educational facilities for the community. A caveat to the previous statement is that the religion being discussed is in general terms considering we have seen religions that promote hatred and violence-this should be considered more an exemption than the rule!"
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The Caviar Market, 2006.
A look at the history of caviar and the caviar market.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at sturgeon, the caviar eggs and the embargo on caviar trade. The paper also discusses black market caviar trade, as well as, poaching of the sturgeon. The paper further discusses the measures that need to be taken in order to prevent the extinction of beluga sturgeon.
Outline:
Sturgeon and Their Eggs - a Brief History
What is the Latest News Regarding the Embargo on Caviar?
Why is There an Embargo on Caviar?
What About the Black Market, and Poaching of the Sturgeon?
Who Buys the Caviar?
What Should the United States do to Prevent the Extinction of Beluga Sturgeon?
The Future of U.S. Sources of Caviar Could be in Aquaculture
From the Paper
"The California Department of Fish and Game seized 25 pounds of illegal caviar, estimated to be worth $50 a pound on the black market in California. The primary market for the seized caviar was the "Sacramento-are Russian community"; the mother-son team was caught recruiting sturgeon fishermen to catch and sell them over 500 pounds of sturgeon. But the penalty for their crimes was not very severe; each was sentenced to 150 days in jail, although the mother only served 70 days, and the son served 60 days; both performed community service work in lieu of the full jail terms. The mother was also fined $1,000, while the son was hit with a sanction of $5,000."
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The Three Strikes Law, 2007.
An argument supporting the use of the three strikes law.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the three strikes law whereby a third felony conviction brings a mandatory sentence with no parole possible for a long period of time. The paper explains that critics of the three strikes law most frequently oppose it because the law allows for a non-violent third strike, has high costs and means an increase in the prison population. The writer contends that what critics should really be concerned about is the high rate of repeat offenders, the high cost of crime and the desirability of letting violent offenders roam free versus sit in prison. The writer admits that prison populations have increased and there are more elderly prisoners. The writer maintains that this means that the three strikes law is meeting its objective of finally putting the guilty where they belong and for a very long time.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, it seems nearly impossible to avoid becoming a victim of crime in our country. Personally, I have had my car stolen and seriously damaged and my apartment broken into with items of high emotional value taken from me. And, who hasn't experience fear at some time or other when they are walking down the street minding their own business only to be intimidated by some bully or thug? Thus, it's extraordinarily frustrating to see the same individuals churn through the justice system only to commit the same or worse acts time after time. California, one of the first implementers of the three strikes laws, has a sixty percent recidivism rate for some of its most serious crimes."
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Innocence and the Death Penalty, 2006.
An argument against the belief that the possibility of an innocent person being executed is extremely small.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the death penalty and the issue of an innocent person being incorrectly sentenced, and executed for a crime he did not commit. According to the paper, racial bias more than exists, it simply dominates the entire decision of who should live and who should die.
From the Paper
"Research demonstrates that death penalty inequities are not just limited to certain regions of the country such as the South. A study on the Philadelphia justice system by David Baldus and George Woodwort shows that blacks in Philadelphia are four times more likely to get the death penalty than other defendants who commit similar murders. Over eighty-nine percent of its prisoners on death row are people of color. Another study found that six out of ten defendants sentenced to death in Georgia for killing a white person would not have received a death sentence had their victim been black. A white victim case was over four times more likely to result in a death sentence than was a comparable black victim case. And, in Maryland, a death sentence is eight times more likely in a white victim case than a black victim case, according to a 1987 Public Defender's Office study. "
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Criminal Behavior, 2006.
A review of various disorders and issues that often lead to criminal behavior.
2,174 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the criminal profile of an offender with disorders and issues. The disorders that this paper discusses are conduct disorder, ADHD, communication issues and anti-social disorders. The paper also discusses the the role that demographics plays in criminal profiling.
Outline:
Part I - Law Enforcement Criminal Profile
Part II - Personality Traits Subject
Part II - Behavioral Tendencies Subject
Part III - Demographics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There is a strong likelihood without reform the subject in question will participate in repeat offenses. There is little evidence the subjects father plays a significant role in their life, with the subject suggesting the father was at best aggressive and abusive while the subject was young. The subject's mother passed away when the offender was eight, suggesting the child had little social and familial support while growing up. At the time of the crime, the suspect lived with his dad roughly one mile from the place where the robbery occurred. In this case the community might be considered at or below poverty level. There is adequate evidence suggesting the youth and his father were long term residents within the community. "
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Russian Organized Crime, 2007.
This paper discusses the Russian mafia and the dangers they pose today.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the origins of Russian organized crime and its activities in the U.S. The paper discusses how Russian organized crime exploits technology in a variety of white-collar computer crimes including counterfeiting, credit card schemes and insurance frauds. The paper labels the Russian mafia as one of the most dangerous organized crime groups in the world today. The paper relates that not only is the Russian mafia extremely violent and versatile in its choice of criminal activities, it also holds no qualms about trafficking in nuclear weaponry between countries and political terror organizations. The paper contends that the Russian mafia should be one of the top priorities for worldwide law enforcement and control.
From the Paper
"Russian organized crime (or the Russian mafia) spread quickly after the evaporation of the Soviet Union in 1991. Organized crime spread quickly in Russia, and many experts believe one reason was that the chaotic government system after the breakup resulted in an atmosphere of mistrust and bribery in order to survive. One historian notes, "In order to survive, ordinary citizens had to act like criminals; they had to master the intricacies of the corrupt state bureaucracy, learn how to bribe officials, and develop skills in forging and counterfeiting documents" (Kelly, 2000, p. 268). Thus, the conditions were perfect for the growth and sustenance of a healthy organized crime culture in the former Soviet Union, and this quickly spread to the United States."
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