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Human Trafficking, 2007.
This paper discusses the trade of human beings to foreign countries.
1,276 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that human trafficking is the smuggling of people against their will for use mainly in forced labor or prostitution. The paper shows how modern innovations such as the Internet have changed the face of human trafficking in many ways and have made contacting and abducting victims easier than ever before. The paper relates that while most of the victims end up in the slave trade, others are forced into domestic service, hard labor or other forms of work.
From the Paper
"What exactly is human trafficking? Many drug smugglers use people to traffic their drugs across country borders, but that is not the type of human trafficking discussed here. Human trafficking is the actual trade of human beings to foreign countries. Researchers Julie Cwikel and Elizabeth Hoban note the definition, "[A]cknowledges that when deception, threats, violence, and fraud are used, even in cases where women have consented to entering a work contract, the abrogation of their human rights constitutes trafficking" (Cwikel and Hoban)."
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Student Search and Seizure Case, 2007.
A case study of a hypothetical situation in which a student was searched and arrested at school for possession of cocaine and a comparison with real life cases of the same nature.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This three page paper analyzes the constitutionality of searches and seizures in schools. The writer explores a hypothetical case in which a student was searched and arrested when a cocaine pipe was found in her coat pocket. It then applies real life cases to the argument that the search of the hypothetical student at school, was illegal.
From the Paper
"In the TLO case the court ruled that the authorities had no reasonable suspicion that there were cigarettes in the student's purse. In our case, the officer had no reasonable suspicion that the student's coat pocket would contain drugs therefore he had no right to perform the search of her person."
"The weakest argument we have is the argument that the school did not have the right to search because it has no claim as the parent substitute. Several courts have upheld school searches with the ruling that the school operates as the parent during school hours, therefore the student has no right to privacy from school authorities.
However in the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O. the courts found that schools do not in fact act as parents."
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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2006.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,702 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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Correctional Methods, 2007.
This paper explores sentencing alternatives that punish offenders while reducing the risk of recidivism and the costs to the state and society.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how proponents of a more complex criminal justice system believe that criminal sentences can do more than just punish offenders; they can actually help teach criminals how to conform to society's behavioral expectations. The paper discusses how incarcerated inmates experience very high rates of recidivism and there are enormous social costs in terms of society and the offender's family. Further, the paper shows that many offenders are required to participate in education or treatment programs, which are aimed at reducing their likelihood of re-engaging in criminal behavior and which reduce the negative impacts on their family and society.
From the Paper
"Before one can understand how sentencing alternatives work, one must first have an understanding of the different type of sentencing alternatives available. First, it is important for people to have an understanding that alternative programs can be implemented before an offender ever comes before a judge. Responding officers have a tremendous amount of discretion whether to charge an offender, the level of the charged offense, whether to arrest, whether to divert offenders into probation, whether to arrest an offender or issue a summons. (Native American and Alaskan Technical Assistance Program, 2005). Therefore, it is important to understand that judges and prosecutors are not the only members of the criminal justice system who exercise discretion on offender sentences."
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Pennell v. State of Delaware, 2007.
This paper examines the case of Pennell v. State of Delaware in which the court addressed issues surrounding an expert's testimony about serial killers.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the distinctive elements, which help an expert develop a profile on a criminal and are referred to as a criminal signature, are elements of a crime that appear somewhat unique and allow the crime to stand out from similar crimes. The author points out that, in the Pennel v. State of Delaware case, the court made the correct decision to allow the expert to testify regarding the signature elements of the murders because these elements were crucial in linking the defendant to two of the murders. The paper relates that the fact that the defendant was found not guilty of one of the murders demonstrates that juries use signature elements as tools for decision making but do substitute the presence of certain criminal signatures for a lack of reasonable doubt.
From the Paper
"Because of their frequent use in television, books, and movies, the general public may believe that criminal profilers are involved in all aspects of crime detection and prosecution. This perception is inaccurate, but criminal profiling does play an important role in the investigation of serial criminals. While the Pennell court did not allow the expert to testify regarding the criminal profile used to narrow down the range of suspects, it did permit the expert to testify regarding those elements of the crime that helped the expert develop his signature."
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Police Functions, 2007.
This paper looks at the policing systems in the cities of Los Angeles and Pittsburgh.
3,528 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that inherent in the policing function is a requirement for ethical behavior on the part of the police themselves, who are expected to be beyond reproach as they guard against the crimes of others. The paper examines community policing programs in Los Angeles and Pittsburgh and explains that the structures of these programs differ because the two communities are very different. The paper discusses how, for both cities, a racial element is part of the process, necessitating particular care to avoid making the police seem to be an invading army while also making a police presence clear.
Outline:
Introduction
Police Ethics
Community Investigations
Los Angeles
Pittsburgh
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Policing is a difficult endeavor, but it is also one of the central functions of government, providing security for the citizenry and protecting the individual from the bad intentions of others. Arguably, the policing function in its broadest sense could be described as the rationale for the social contract that formed civil society in the first place, when people came together to form government in order to assure the individual protection from his or her neighbors."
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John Wayne Gacy, 2007.
This paper presents a lifespan development and personality analysis of murderer John Wayne Gacy.
1,111 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses John Wayne Gacy who tortured, raped and murdered over thirty young men. The writer examines possible reasons why seemingly normal people like John Wayne Gacy choose to kill. The writer explains that on the surface, Gacy appeared to be a professional, living a reasonably well-integrated life, with ties to his community and friends. The writer then looks at possible explanations for Gacy's violent behavior. The writer argues that Erikson's theory of development shows that if a developmental conflict is unresolved, the person is essentially condemned to repeat it, as an adult. The writer concludes that this explains why Gacy was unable to function normally within the community, even after apparently escaping his troubled childhood past.
Outline:
Introduction
Physical
Cognitive
Intellectually
Emotional
Personality
Moral
Theories of Personality
Erikson
Skinner
Most Convincing?
From the Paper
"Even during his early childhood as an abused young man, Gacy seemed like a people-pleaser. He was active in the Boy Scouts and other organizations that provided a sense of community and family that he lacked at home. Later, as a salesman in Springfield, Illinois, he was the membership chairman of the Chi Rho Club, a board member of the Catholic Inter-Club Council, a commanding captain for the Federal Civil Defense for Illinois, a captain in the Chicago Civil Defense, an officer in the Holy Name Society and a member of the Catholic Jaycees. It was to this group Gacy devoted the majority of his time to and eventually became first vice-president and 'Man of the Year.' Gacy was married to a woman whose father owned a Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise, but rumors began to swirl that Gacy had made passes at the young men working at the chain. Gacy was incarcerated for an incident involving a man he had paid for sex and then attempted to have beaten by a thug for hire."
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Multicultural Issues in Policing, 2007.
This paper discusses cultural issues related to policing and law enforcement.
2,819 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that for the past 40 years, law enforcement in the United States has been accused of being ethnocentric and unable to accommodate cultures other than Caucasian white. The writer maintains that in a country founded by ethnic groups and immigrants, it is difficult to conceive of a practice that is so insensitive to the needs of other cultures. Further, the writer argues that in order to be an effective law enforcement officer one must understand other cultures in a personal way that goes beyond language barriers. This research examines cultural issues related to law enforcement as well as issues that may affect the ability to deliver fair and just law enforcement for all cultures.
Outline:
Understanding Cultural Differences
Law Enforcement and Community Relations
The Roots of Racial Profiling
Racial Profiling and the Muslim Community
Is This Still Necessary, or Just an Excuse?
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The formal definition of culture refers to a shared system of beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and the means that a group of people use to adjust to their world and others around them. Cultures are typically defined by their traits that make them different from other groups. All cultures have similarities and differences. Culture refers to the uniqueness of each and every group. It may include the way they dress, the foods that they eat, family structure, and moral values. Often other cultures are judged only by those things that are easily observable, such as the way they dress, their language, or the foods that they eat. However, cultural differences may not be as apparent on the outside and the necessity of cultural understanding may be missed by an officer. The ability to recognize what constitutes a multicultural experience and to recognize the diversity that exists is the first step to understanding differences."
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Capital Punishment, 2006.
This paper argues in favor of capital punishment.
1,645 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the United States is in the process of reversing an earlier move to eliminate capital punishment, as more and more states are resorting to capital punishment for serious offenses such as murder. The author points out that it is reasonable to assume that if a majority is in favor of capital punishment then, in a democratic society, its wish should be seriously considered with equal consideration given to the opposing minority views. The paper argues that the benefits of capital punishment are incapacitation of the criminal, cost, vengeance or retribution and deterrence.
From the Paper
"Restructuring of the death penalty began in Europe by the 1750s, and academicians such as the Italian jurist Cesare Beccaria, the French philosopher Voltaire, and the English law reformers Jeremy Bentham and Samuel Romilly supported this. They argued that the death penalty was needlessly cruel, overrated as a deterrent, and occasionally imposed in fatal error. Along with Quaker leaders and other social reformers, they defended life imprisonment as a more rational alternative. Countries such as Venezuela and Portugal were the first nations to abolish the death penalty altogether. Today, it is virtually abolished in all of Western Europe and most of Latin America. In America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East (except Israel) most countries still retain the death penalty for certain crimes and impose it with varying frequency "
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J.T. Hallinan's "Going Up the River", 2006.
This paper discusses the prison system based on J.T. Hallinan's book "Going Up the River: Travels in a Prison Nation".
3,595 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, according to J.T. Hallinan's "Going Up the River: Travels in a Prison Nation", the prison expansion phenomenon in the United States is not connected to an increase in the crime rate but to the social and economic role played by the prisons and their inmates. The author points out that it is not good for the society as a whole to transform prisons into businesses because they become an instrument of social exclusion and end up keeping inside not only real threats to society but also petty criminals, who become violent thugs when leaving the prison system. The paper relates that a self-financing prison unit can stop prisons from being a burden on the public budget; however, this book warns that this policy has gone too far by transforming a mistake into a life-long confinement and a member of the society into a slave worker.
From the Paper
"Moreover, another source of profit is represented by the prisoners' labor - cheap, accurate, under strict supervision. Prisoners manufacture various sorts of items - license plates, clothes. They make TWA's airline reservations; they represent a labor force which has no competition on the open market. But, more than items, they produce money, since roughly half of their income goes to the prison budget. In the perception of the author, this is the bitter irony of modern prison system - they have not become efficient, but they became profitable. Still, for the black population particularly, the practice of "marketing" for prison/convict labor bears the echoes of slavery - black men imprisoned and made to work for the profit of the white men."
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Criminal Corrections, 2006.
A discussion regarding retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation as methods of criminal correction.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines four of the most common methods used today for criminal corrections, also known as the goals of criminal law. These are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation. The paper concludes by selecting one of these methods as a representative of the best way to fight criminal behavior, one that will yield the highest benefits for society as a whole.
From the Paper
"However, this report also declares that "to discuss imprisonment while excluding incapacitation as one of its purposes would be absurd" ("Incapacitation and Deterrence," Internet). Incapacitation is similar in some ways to retribution, for when a criminal is placed in jail or prison, they are incapacitated in the respect that they cannot leave to commit other crimes. Yet when a prison sentence is over, the criminal/felon is allowed to leave his/her confinement which opens the door to more criminal activity, unless of course the prisoner is radically incapacitated by having legs removed or being blinded."
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Cultural Misunderstandings Versus Police Misconduct, 2007.
An analysis of the cultural misunderstandings and racial discrimination that can occur in law enforcement.
1,579 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cultural diversity and misunderstandings, as well as the police misconduct that might be seen when cultures collide. It begins by discussing the importance of cultural diversity in society and then goes on to describe some of the clashes that can occur due to this diversity. The paper also discusses racial discrimination and how it can be seen in law enforcement, as well as society in general.
From the Paper
"At the same time, black judges were more likely to incarcerate white offenders than black offenders (Coker, 2003). All of this information suggests that, while not all studies agree, overall it appears that blacks are incarcerated more often than whites, given harsher sentences, and are generally discriminated against in various facets of life. While the justice system is certainly one of those areas, it is not the only area where blacks are discriminated against, and many of the prejudices that were shown toward blacks and other minorities in the past still remain today, which is a cause for action in the criminal justice system and in other facets of life as well. The color of one's skin should have nothing to do with the quality of the person and therefore all people should be judged for who they are and what they have or have not done, regardless of what color skin they have or where they come from."
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Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), 2006.
Discusses the writer's personal experience of being hit by someone who was driving while intoxicated (DWI).
869 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reflects the author's personal experience of being hit by a drunk driver. According to the paper, no mercy needs to be shown to drunk drivers; the maximum allowable blood alcohol content (BAC) should only be 0.05%, and there should be a zero tolerance program for young men and teenage boy drivers caught driving while intoxicated.
From the Paper
"My truck wasn't drivable but the door worked. I got out and could hear the glass pop off my clothes and make weird sounds like Rick Krispies popping in a cereal bowl, and when I got to the Mercedes I could see these two guys, drenched in gin, beer, and glass. They were laughing. From ten feet away you could smell the alcohol. When I asked them if they were alright, they gave some quick answer and tried to get the car to move. It wouldn't. I asked them for their insurance and they rattled off some expletives and told me to go to hell and asked if I knew who their father was. However he was, he was going to be very angry when he saw that brown Mercedes, it was totaled."
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Hacking, 2006.
A discussion regarding the serious danger of hacking.
2,609 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at computer hacking. According to the paper, hacking can cause very serious problems and is a potential danger that should not be taken lightly. The paper defines hacking as an activity that involves some degree of violation of the privacy of others.
Outline:
Introduction
Computer Hacking Defined
History of Computer Hacking
Common Methods of Hacking
Issues Concerning Hacking
Minimizing or Preventing Hacking
From the Paper
"This is the extent of how hacking can cause damage. Computer hacking is indeed a big threat to small groups of people and up to the level of national security. If one person can get accessed with the data and information that is not intended for public viewing or for the authorized people only, chaos, confusion among people and various more other damages will surely happen. "
"What is computer hacking and how is it being done? Who are the people behind this 'hacking business'? Is hacking illegal? If so, how can it be prevented? These are few of the questions raised concerning hacking. These are the very information that this paper intends to find out. "
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Overcrowding in the Prison System, 2006.
A discussion regarding the problem of overcrowding in the US prison system.
1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the US prison system and the dire issue of overcrowding. According to the paper, as a result of this overcrowding, there are increased incidents of violence, a rampant spread of disease in and out of the prison, poorer security in place than if appropriate inmate levels were maintained, higher rates of recidivism and unhygienic living conditions for inmates.
Outline:
Introduction
Factors in Prison Overcrowding
Challenges as a Result of Prison Overcrowding
Long-Term Solutions to Prison Overcrowding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The second option that governments utilize to correct prison overcrowding is reform, including the introduction of alternatives to imprisonment. These alternatives strive to use different methods for authorizing offenders that do not pose a safety risk to the community. When considering that the majority of prisoners, in prisons around the globe, have committed non-violent offences, it becomes clear that these alternatives could be great benefit. Overcrowding in today's prison systems could be drastically reduced if even a percentage of these non-violent offenders were sentenced to an alternative other than imprisonment. These alternatives include a variety of programs including: community service, restorative justice, drug treatment programs, and probation ("Addressing Prison")."
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Childhood Crime Prevention, 2006.
A review of childhood crime prevention programs.
1,576 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of programs that are aimed at reducing crime by using early childhood crime prevention programs. The paper reviews one of the most significant studies in recent history, the "Perry Study out of Ypsilanti, MI." According to the paper, this research exposed the very real and tangible benefits of early childhood education for poverty stricken students as an element to prevent them from becoming criminals as they got older. The paper further reports how this study proved to be the catalyst for the nationwide Head Start program and is still referred to today to obtain government funding for preschool programs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Study
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There have been three major studies undertaken to test this theory with the "grandfather" of those studies being the High/Scope Perry Preschool Project. The study drew participants from African American children residing in Ypsilanti, Michigan whose parents had applied to have their children included in attendance of a program. The participants were placed into two groups, those children who would attend and those who would not attend. Random assignment and the effort to not let teachers of later schools know which of their students were in the program and out of those which had attended and which had not attended the preschool helped to protect the purity and validity of the study(Stellar, 2003). "
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Murder Comparison, 2007.
This paper provides a comparison of purposeful murder and reckless manslaughter.
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the idea of purposeful murder is one that has been in the statutes of various states for some time. The writer notes that generally, crimes that are planned, or premeditated, are seen as being much more significant and worthy of much more prison time or harsher penalties than crimes that are not planned and just 'happen' because of the provocation that an individual faces from someone else, such as in a fight. The writer discusses two different cases and then notes that it is clear that there are many differences in the issues that relate to culpability, conduct and causation, which is why the verdicts ended up much different for the two individuals involved. The writer points out that this makes a strong difference in the severity of the penalties that the individuals received and the way that the court determined what these individuals were actually guilty of where each case was concerned.
Outline:
Purposeful Murder
Reckless Manslaughter
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case discussed where reckless manslaughter is concerned, the individual in question had two altercations with a bouncer in a bar, and then later shot another man, who he then claimed he thought was the bouncer from the bar. The original jury did not agree with this, but the other court reversed that verdict and determined that the individual was indeed guilty of reckless manslaughter and not purposeful murder. There were specific reasons why the new assessment of the case determined that the man was guilty 'only' of reckless manslaughter as opposed to purposeful murder. These include the culpability, causation, and conduct elements that are seen in a manslaughter conviction."
"Where culpability is concerned, it is clear that the convicted man was the one that killed the other man, who he states he believed to be the bouncer from the bar. However, the man was also quite drunk at the time, and therefore his judgment of who was who, as well as his judgment of how upset he should be for being denied entrance to the bar, was likely impaired."
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Crime in New York, 2007.
This paper discusses statistics regarding violence and crime in the city of New York.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper points out that from the 25 largest cities in the US, New York shows the lowest level of crime. The paper further points out that the reduction in crime is a continuous result of fifteen years of change, that has brought along a feeling of security in the areas once known as dangerous. The paper then considers reports and statistics concerning various types of crime. Next, the paper explores reasons and factors which have determined the fall in the level of criminality. The writer of the paper concludes that one cannot say that every sector of the city had a diminished level of criminality. The writer maintains that the diminished level of criminality must be regarded as a whole, with each district of New York contributing more or less to the final outcome.
From the Paper
"As the charts prove, there has been a decrease in the number of murders, larceny thefts, assaults, burglaries and vehicle thefts. As for rape and robbery one can notice that year 2005 has brought a slight increase in the percentage comparatively with the previous year, meaning 2004."
"The writer believes that these drops in criminal activity are not due only to the better coordination of the police compared to the previous years. The writer has to admit, though, that the greatest part may have been achieved by it. How? By employing a greater number of officers; by patrolling the streets more often; by harshening the controls made to prospective criminals; by keeping a more developed database containing names of criminals, pictures and all aspects related to them; by going online with this database (as far as their internal rules permit) and by raising awareness among inhabitants of the city."
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