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Money Laundering, 2008.
This paper examines money laundering and the scope of this illegal activity.
1,491 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper defines money laundering and explores the various methods used by international criminal organizations. The paper looks at how successful law enforcement has been in dealing with this significant problem and concludes that Interpol is failing miserably at curtailing money laundering activities. The paper reveals that criminal organizations are making monstrous profits and, in the case of the Russian Mafia, have powerful allies at the highest reaches of government.
From the Paper
"Put briefly, money-laundering is the complicated process by which the origins of monies gained through illegal activities are cleverly concealed from law enforcement authorities or from tax auditors. Understandably, it is done to evade the unwanted attention of police and government officials and to evade prosecution for illegal acts. Because of the consequences that come with getting caught, those who engage in money laundering must rely upon a wide array of complex techniques to evade capture - only some of which can be highlighted below."
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| Paper # 105270 |
temporarily unavailable
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Criminal Liability and Defenses, 2008.
A discussion on criminal liability cases and the noted defenses to each.
3,098 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with an overview of how criminal liability is measured in terms of the degrees and principles surrounding liability. The crux of the paper, however, concentrates on aspects of the legal framework that provide defenses to criminal liability. This analysis is then supported with a theoretical framework and findings from the literature that are used to provide thorough analyses related to defenses to criminal liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Framework of Criminal Liability
Strict Liability and the Defense
Justification of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Liability
Defense
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The criminal liability relationship highlighted within the paper and later presented with examples for defenses to criminal liability is affected by differences related to types of crimes; such as, criminal conduct and true crimes. That is, the degree of liability within the former does not require all of the principles to be upheld while with the latter it is necessary that the corpus delicti rule holds. As such the measures of criminal liability are different across categories and may not be easily quantified in the relationship outlined in the equation specified throughout the paper. An example of the former is a burglary while of the latter its homicide, the difference within these two crimes is a clear indication of why criminal liability is not a trivial issue and why it is not always a direct relationship and how defenses can be formulated within the legal context (Schellenger & Wittmer, 2003, p. 1).
In the general scenario, the degree of liability can be easily established via culpability, capacity, and responsibility along with the five principles highlighted, however the logical structure of criminal liability is not as simple as the formula above highlights but has different scenarios and principles that will affect how the law is quantified or how the degree of criminal liability is measured."
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Deviance Theory and Criminology, 2008.
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of deviance theory and its impact on the field of criminology.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that although the theory of deviance helps to shed light on some of the reasons people engage in criminal actions, the theory is a social construct and is thus inherently flawed. The paper maintains, that this theory should, therefore, occupy only a minor role in the field of criminology. The paper also asserts that this theory only be employed as a means of interpretation of the criminal mind when there is no possibility that the root cause of deviance may lie within the society and not the individual.
Outline:
Introduction
Strengths
Weaknesses
Deviance and Criminology
From the Paper
"The theory of deviance is not organic. Broadly defined, deviance is behavior that violates the norms of a particular society. Thus, the theory is a creation of society, and a social construct that labels persons within a society as outcasts because they tend to display certain behaviors that society deems reprehensible. Deviance, then, is best understood as an artificial creation, which fits neatly into the realms of academic disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, psychology and social psychology to explain the unexpected actions of individuals. Most of all, the theory helps us to understand the most reprehensible among us: the criminal. "
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The Russian Mafia versus the Japanese Yakuza, 2008.
This is a comparative paper between the Russian Mafia and the Japanese Yakuza and includes the topics of how each is organized, the methods used, and their respective histories.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many similarities and few differences between the Russian Mafia and the Japanese Yakuza. Specifically, the paper looks at how each is organized, the methods each employs, and the respective histories of each organization. In so doing, the paper ultimately argues that the chief differences between the two organizations are twofold: the Russian Mafia, for historical and cultural reasons, is even more powerful than its Japanese counterpart because of its close ties to the Russian state, and the Russian Mafia is even more brutal in its methods than the Yakuza - or most anyone else. In the final analysis, Robert I. Friedman and other close observers are not wrong to view the "Red Mafiya" with trepidation and dread.
Outline:
Introduction
How the Japanese Yakuza is Organized
How the Russian Mafia is Organized
The Methods Employed by the Japanese Yakuza
The Methods Employed by the Russian Mafia
History of the Japanese Yakuza
History of the Russian Mafia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Russian Mafia has been around at least as long as its Yakuza counterpart. James O. Finckenauer writes that stealing the Czar's timber was not considered criminal during much of modern Russian history and professional criminals in the early years of the twentieth century conspired with Marxist political revolutionaries to overthrow first the Czar and then the short-lived revolutionary government that followed. While it is not clear, it appears as though the modern-day Russian Mafia was shaped by the exigencies of the Soviet-era Communist economy - an economy that often failed to provide adequately for its citizens. As a result, a 'shadow' economy sprang up, and it was one in which a criminal entrepreneurial class able to operate outside the law found the perfect climate in which to flourish."
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Three Strikes and Recidivism, 2008.
The paper proposes a study on the effects of Three Strikes legislation upon recidivism.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews studies on the effect of mandatory sentencing upon recidivism as well as the deterrence effect of Three Strikes legislation. The paper highlights the political overtones of these studies and then discusses the design of a study to determine the effects of the Three Strikes legislation upon recidivism.
From the Paper
"The most blatant symptom that the corrections system is not functioning properly is the rate of recidivism, those that were thought to have been rehabilitated or paid their debt to society become re-involved with the criminal justice system. Prisons are far too crowded and society will not tolerate a revolving door policy, either felons once convicted need to be permanently separated from society or upon their release need to feel highly motivated to choose another path and not become a repeat customer. One area of particular interest and controversy are the "Three Strikes" laws of many states; understanding that there are a myriad of theories concerning the reduction of recidivism, a study of the effects of enhanced sentencing for repeat offenders was selected."
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Gangs and Drugs, 2008.
An analysis of the methods applied to combat the problems of gang and drug abuse.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper suggests, with descriptive examples, various solutions to the drug problem with specific reference to the methods of "suppression" and "intervention." The paper clearly explains the terminology and its method of application and concludes that suppression appears to be the more successful approach. The paper also details the reasons for the apparent success of suppression methods.
Outline:
Introduction
Intervention
Suppression
Suppression versus intervention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Suppression been successful tool in preventing gangs and drug crimes on the street, but it has been used behind prison walls with much fanfare. The suppression strategies used in prison include the separation and isolation of gang members and leaders and prison lockdowns (Kawachu, Marquart, & Trulson, 2006). In 110 Texas prisons from 1990 to 1999, out of 39,237 incidents of inmate on inmate violence, only 1,136 were gang related, averaging "less than three gang-related incidents per prison unit, per year.
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| Paper # 105189 |
temporarily unavailable
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Youth Crime, 2008.
This paper examines Orem's self-care theory in relation to teenagers who instigate crimes.
875 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Miami, Florida's trend of attacks on the disabled, elderly and homeless by teenagers. The paper looks at Orem's nursing model and demonstrates how community health nursing interventions might be used for this vulnerable population. The paper explains that community nurses will need to advocate for change and collaborate with agencies such as the Miami-Dade County Youth Crime Task Force (YCTF). The paper shows how through use of the model, youth can enlarge their options for decision-making, can begin to be empowered and to enjoy improved quality of life.
From the Paper
"Miami, Florida is the site of a most disturbing trend of attacks on the disabled, elderly, and especially the homeless. What makes these crimes so socially significant is that they very often are committed by preadolescent children who are influenced by teenagers. In a recent highly publicized case, a Vietnam veteran who was both disabled and homeless was severely beaten with bricks by a teenager and two ten-year-old boys. In another case, a homeless man was beaten to death by two teenagers; the crime was captured on a bank security tape."
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Police and Behavioral Science Units, 2008.
This paper discusses the creation of a behavioral science unit
for police department personnel.
852 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that behavioral science units have been implemented in police departments to lessen the stress of trauma and reduce the impact of potential trauma an officer may face in the line of duty. The paper then outlines a proposed behavioral science unit for a police department, including its mental health components, the services the mental health professionals would provide to the department and the structure of the unit.
Outline:
Specific Components of the Behavioral Science Unit and Their Justification
Services the Mental Health Professionals Would Provide to the Department
Structure of the Unit
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Behavioral Science Units have been implemented in police departments across the country to lessen the stress of trauma and reduce the impact of potential trauma an officer may face in the line of duty. It has been determined that a "...systemic view needs to be taken in order to develop effective policy and intervention strategies that will reduce psychological distress and enhance morale among police officers" (Hart, Headey, & Wearing, 1995, p. 156). Implementation of such units is beneficial for the emotional and psychological well-being of officers and should be required of all law enforcement agencies. The mission of the Behavioral Science Unit will be to coordinate employee assistance services for officers and their families, for problem assessment and identification, and if necessary, to arrange referral to other facilities and/or services."
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The Virginia Tech Shootings Media, 2008.
A content analysis that compares national versus international media coverage of the Virginia Tech shootings.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the hypothesis being tested in the paper is whether national coverage of the Virginia Tech shootings differed in the practices of journalism ethics when compared to international media coverage. The author describes the use of a statistical modeling analysis called content analysis to identify trends. The paper concludes that, from the content analysis of articles and media presentations on the Virginia Tech Shootings, the national coverage seemed to violate most of the journalism ethics principles; whereas, the international media was more consistent with ethical principles across the content. The paper concludes the content analysis is an appropriate method to analyze this case.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Using Content Analysis to Identify Trends
Journalism Ethics
Validity and Robustness of the Model - Is content analysis a suitable methodology for analyzing the VIRGINA TECH media coverage?
From the Paper
"This is a social issue and has an audience across a wide cross-section of society. The general attitudes towards the Virginia Tech shootings differed across the world, since many argue that the focus on the national news was on the perpetrator Seung-Hui Cho and his personal responsibility for the massacre as an individual with a psychological disorder. However, the international media more so focused on the United States gun laws and how easy it was for a mentally unstable citizen to access weapons that later laid to the death of thirty-two individuals at the University campus."
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Three Legal Doctrines, 2008.
Examines three legal doctrines: criminal liability, strict liability and justification of criminal conduct.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that criminal liability is the idea that elements of a crime need to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt and should be proven to have been committed by the defendant. The paper also relates that strict liability assigns some minimum level of social behavior and conformity to the actions of individuals; hence, it does not require the principle of mens rea to hold. Next, the paper reports that justification of criminal conductrefers to any act that would ordinarily be considered a crime but is negated by the fact the action was used to mitigate some aspect of criminal activity.
Table of Contents:
Criminal Liability
Strict Liability
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Justification of Criminal Conduct
From the Paper
"Self-defense as a justification for criminal conduct is not uncommon and simply refers to actions taken by an individual to prevent another individual from inflicting harm. For example, if a burglar enters an individual's premises and during a struggle gets killed, this can be classified as self-defense. However, choosing to not walk away from a challenge and killing or hurting an individual who attacked, may not be self defense.
"The defense of others is similar to the self-defense scenario above except the act of defense is done by another party."
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Corrections in Modern Society, 2008.
This paper discusses the "Three Strikes" legislation, mandatory minimum sentences and the effects of prolonged incarceration.
706 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two opposing views of the "Three Strikes" legislation and contends that the proponents of this legislation demonstrate a more convincing argument. The paper looks at the issue of mandatory minimum sentences and their effects upon drug crimes. The paper also reviews the length of incarceration time and its effect upon recidivism. The paper concludes that it is the duty of the citizenry to be sufficiently informed in order to encourage the proper actions of their political leaders.
From the Paper
"Few topics create political turmoil more than crime and punishment, and thus being such a hot button issue there are equally passionate and divergent points of view on the subject. Each point of view generally relies upon the same data set to draw their polar opposite opinions, and rarely do the facts get in the way of a strong politically motivated opinion. It is important to bear in mind the realities of a politically charged climate when reviewing these subjects, especially when each party is equally interested in the same goal, an overall reduction in crime and victimization of the innocent."
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Internet Gambling, 2008.
Evaluates the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006, which was intended to create regulations for Internet gambling and prevent money laundering and fraud from occurring online, ultimately adversely impacted the rights and freedoms of Americans, other nations and business entities. The paper clarifies the legalities, ethics and social responsibility of this act and points out the sanctions that were allowed by nations through the World Trade Organization against the United States because of the law. The author concludes that, since the law has been determined to be unjust, it is the ethical obligation of the U.S. to abolish the law and create new legislation, which will not hinder the rights and freedoms of stakeholders.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Legalities
Ethics
Social Responsibility
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Nevertheless, as time progressed, Rose (2000) discussed that most nations were hesitant to control Internet gambling because it required an intricate examination of the laws where the gambling originated, the multiple server locations that were involved in the gambling activity and the laws regarding gambling in the country where the betting took place. Rose (2000) stated that, in the United States, several pieces of legislation were proposed since the 1990s that were intended to create governmental controls over Internet gambling, with several proposals outlawing Internet gambling altogether."
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Contemporary Death Penalty, 2008.
An examination of the issues surrounding capital punishment in America.
1,169 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the past history of the death penalty in America and the present state of the issue. The paper points out that this paper is intended to serve as a guide for a local police chief and for the local prosecutor. The paper then offers predictions about the future of the death penalty in America and recommendations on how this issue should be handled in the future. The paper also explains the past history of the death penalty in America. In conclusion, the writer believes that the evidence does not support the wide-spread use of capital punishment, and law enforcement authorities and prosecutors should avoid lobbying for it except in the most heinous crimes and when dealing with the most incorrigible and dangerous criminals.
Outline:
Introduction
Past History of the Death Penalty in America
Present State of the Death Penalty Issue
Prediction on the Future of the Issue and Recommendations for the Local Police Chief and the Local Prosecutor
From the Paper
"Further, even as Americans "humanized" the means by which the death penalty was carried out in the nineteenth century, African-American slaves habitually received little protection under the law and were brutally punished with death for reasons that had little to do with dispensing justice. Those who have studied the history of the death penalty in American society since the nineteenth century note that the practice, though it became comparatively more humanized, still used "rough means" in executing its task; to wit, the not-always-reliable electric chair emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century and the gas chamber began to proliferate in the 1920s."
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Impact of Schools and Family on Deviant Behavior, 2008.
A discussion of risk factors for adolescents and the development of antisocial behavior and the role of school and family in the development of deviant and criminal behavior.
2,583 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of schools and family on future deviant or criminal behavior and discusses the proven correlation between negative school and family environments and future deviant or criminal behavior. It describes risk factors for adolescents and the development of antisocial behavior. The paper looks at the role of escape conditioning during family interactions in the development of aggressive and antisocial behavior and discusses the application of the social learning theory.
From the Paper
"According to Williams (2000) Long Beach school officials found that in the year following implementation of the school uniform policy, overall school crime decreased thirty-six percent, fights decreased fifty-one percent, sex offenses decreased seventy-four percent, weapons offenses decreased fifty percent, assault and battery offenses decreased thirty-four percent, and vandalism decreased eighteen percent. Unexpectedly, fewer than one percent of the students have elected to opt out of the uniform policy."
"Some school systems have allowed students to decide whether to wear uniform clothing, but others have determined that a mandatory school uniform policy with no opt out provision is necessary to address a disruptive atmosphere. According to Cruz (2001) a Phoenix, Arizona school, for example, adopted a mandatory uniform policy requiring all of its students to wear school uniforms, or if they choose to defy the policy, attend another public school. Encouragingly, this Phoenix school uniform policy was recently upheld by a state trial court."
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Individual Rights and Public Protection, 2008.
An analysis of individual rights versus public protection within the Canadian criminal justice system.
2,932 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the balance between individual rights and public protection within the Canadian criminal justice system. It describes the importance of equilibrium between criminal justice agencies and their ability to apprehend and prosecute offenders as a form of crime control, and the right of citizens to be protected from potential abuses of this power, known as due process. The paper examines this balance and attempts to determine whether the public or the individual is losing out in the Canadian criminal justice system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Major Themes Intrinsic to the Balance
Legal Recognition of Individual Rights
The Dangers of Imbuing Police with Too Much Power
In Favor of Individual Liberty and Accountability?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Without a doubt, the criminal justice system is not a perfect one. Infringements of individual rights often occur at the expense of concern for public safety. Actions that compromise individual often come from the police, who act on behalf of the Criminal Code and related charters. When one points to illegal actions of the police on behalf of justice enforcement, one must also remember that police are accountable for their actions, just like every other individual in society. It appears moreover that such monitoring is on the increase: for example, "accountability of systems of correction is an emerging trend" (ibid, p. 381) and some may say that increased accountability of the police is a defining criminal justice trend (Griffiths, "Introduction to the Criminal Justice System", Unit 4). This is evidence of the fact that the justice system, although imperfect, strives to imbue the police with the right amount of control and power so that the justice of both individuals and the public are simultaneously upheld."
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Perspectives on Gang Related Behaviour., 2008.
A review of the causes of behaviour and activity in criminal gangs.
1,974 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses three explanations for the behaviour of gangs in society and notes that their behaviour is composed of a complex of social, cultural and psychological contributory components. The paper relates that increases in gang incidences appear as a result of social, cultural and economic activity and that evidence shows that gang involvement is a socio-economical phenomenon and should be dealt with in this category. The paper further investigates the psychological point of view and gives explanation and understanding for this type of activity and suggests that only a criminal justice policy can correct these types of behaviour.
From the Paper
"Gangs have been the subject of detailed scholarly analysis for almost a century, with this analysis tending almost from the beginning to recognize gangs not simply as a criminal justice problem, or an example of disturbed youth, but rather as a form of social organization that develops in response to a range of specific social, economic and cultural stimuli, and actually comprises a spectrum of behaviours which - although often deviant and anti-social - nonetheless represent a logical response to these stimuli."
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