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Nursing Regulatory and Accreditation Bodies, 2008.
This paper looks at nursing regulatory and accreditation bodies that ensure the quality and professionalism of the nurses' care for the patient.
1,034 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that professionalism in the field of nursing demands strict self-regulation and continuous improvement of the standard of care through evidence-based recommendations and quality research. The writer notes that professionalism also demands a multi-disciplinary approach in order to arrive at comprehensive, individualized treatment options for the patient. The nurses' roles as researcher, planner, policy-maker, educator, leader and collaborator testify to the ethical responsibilities they share towards patients, colleagues and the populations they affect through their decisions. In practice, the writer maintains that it is the nurse that plays a large part in formulating and implementing patient care plans, evaluating their outcomes and continuously enforcing and improving the quality of care. The writer concludes that accrediting and regulatory bodies are different levels of professional accountability in the nursing profession that protect consumers from unnecessary harm and employers from the legal consequences of the malpractice of individual employees.
Outline:
Introduction
Regulatory Body: Purpose and Scope
Accrediting Body: Purpose and Scope
Similarities and Differences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From the above, it can be seen that both regulation and accreditation provide different strata of professional accountability as they relate to the practice of safe, comprehensive and competent patient care. Accountability can also be seen in terms of institutional and individual accountability. Institution accreditation, while accountable for educating its graduates according to its own set of mission objectives, philosophy and goals, is no longer directly accountable for any shortcomings of the individual nurse in terms of clinical practice and continuing education. As the nurse enters individual practice, jurisdiction falls to the state nursing boards to determine individual accountability. Another difference is that (in the case of the U.S.), accreditation is done through a nationally recognized agency. This is advantageous in that accredited institutions adhere to a uniform set of accreditation prerequisites, which in effect standardizes core education competencies. Regulatory bodies, in contrast, have a more narrow authority, determined by governmental jurisdiction and specialization. This is advantageous in that individual registered nurses, irrespective of higher education, can be restricted in terms of area of practice and prosecuted according to state law if necessary. Additionally, individuals, rather than institutions, can more easily be restricted in practice and monitored."
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To Age or Not to Age, 2008.
This paper discusses plastic surgery, the media, and the public.
2,529 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that those in the media and public eye are constantly scrutinized regarding their looks and their age. Women, more so than men, are expected to appear young and vibrant, and many have turned to plastic surgery to achieve this goal. More and more men in the media, however, are also jumping on the surgery bandwagon to compete with their younger male counterparts entering the industry. The writer discusses that this move toward plastic surgery is a wonderful method of turning back the clock on aging as long as it is a voluntary, informed choice, and not done with trepidation as a desperate act to restore youth. The writer argues that having cosmetic plastic surgery should remain a personal choice and whether one decides to alter, improve, or enhance their appearance should not be a reflection, either positively or negatively on their character, as it should not on the individual who decides to forego the procedure. Although those physically attractive people in the media and in society in general often receive preferential treatment and are perceived by others as more sociable and intelligent, it is not perception that is important, but how one feels about themselves on the inside that really counts. The writer concludes that this is what should lead us regarding any decision we should make about the media, plastic surgery, and our lives in general.
From the Paper
"One such example of a female broadcaster who has refused to change her appearance is that of Stephanie Edwards, who had hosted the televised versions of the Rose Parade for many years and was the ongoing spokesperson for Lucky's Supermarkets in their broadcast and print advertisements. Her co-host for the yearly parades was a male game show host and media celebrity, Wink Martindale, who is now the spokesperson for Orbitz, a travel agency. While Stephanie's older co-host, Wink, continued to receive his 5-year contracts, Stephanie was given 1-year contracts instead. Additionally, her contract with Lucky's restricted her to radio spots only. Today, Stephanie Edwards is nowhere to be seen in television media, however, as stated Wink, looking as if he has had some "work" done himself, is successfully doing television commercials for Orbitz."
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Healthcare Communication, 2008.
This paper focuses on healthcare communication between the providers of healthcare and their patients.
1,454 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the term healthcare communication can refer to all types of communications used in the healthcare industry, be it communication between and among healthcare agencies, healthcare providers, and healthcare clients. In this paper, however, the writer concentrates on the topic of healthcare communication between healthcare providers and their patients-clients. The paper emphasizes the importance of this communication and looks at the current movement in healthcare education to bring back the human touch into healthcare practice in order for medicine to regain its soul.
Outline:
What is Healthcare Communication?
Relevance of Healthcare Communication
Emergency Room Situations
Confidentiality
Dealing with Family Issues
Dealing with Sociocultural Issues
Communication in the Process of Healing
Principles of Therapeutic Communication in Healthcare Settings
Verbal communications
Verbal communications
Nonverbal communications
From the Paper
"Communication is an exchange, a two-way process. But sometimes this is forgotten in the healthcare setting when the patient-client becomes the passive, receiving end while the healthcare provider does all the talking and fails to listen. However, for healthcare delivery to be effective, there should be an exchange of information between the two parties.
"Healthcare providers have a 2-fold responsibility towards their patients who are basically their clients. First, they must have the technical skills, and second, they much have the ability to communicate and empathize. In other words, a healthcare professional does not only need the brain and skill to perform his/her work. He/she must also have his/her heart into it."
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The Elderly and Health, 2008.
This paper discusses access to health care for the older adult.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that access to health care has been listed as one of the leading health indicators in the United States for numerous reasons. Yet, in relation to the aging population of the country, access to care is a primary concern because there are multiple factors that are affecting it at the current time. The writer points out that the nursing shortage that is now challenging health care systems to alter their practices has created a situation in which health care facilities do not have a sufficiently trained staff to meet the demands of the public. When the health care needs of baby boomers are considered with specialized care, the number of trained nurses is even smaller, as is the number of trained physicians in the field of geriatrics. The writer maintains that the only manner of addressing this issue is to develop programs that will entice medical professionals into the field and create working conditions that will prompt nurses to remain in the health care system.
Outline:
Nursing and Physician Shortage
Rising Cost of Health Care
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However, this legislation only demands that the patient be treated until he or she is stable and then may be released without further care. Nevertheless, when it is geriatric related care that is required for the elderly individual, emergency room care is not available and the patient cannot be treated sufficiently.
"Furthermore, while most elderly will sign up for Medicare in the country, Medicare is not a blanket insurance policy that will cover all health care conditions or treatments that are recommended by physicians. This leaves millions of baby boomers in the position of attempting to suffer through age related illness and disease without health care assistance because their access to care is significantly decreased due to lack of coverage. When it is further considered that a large portion of baby boomers will be living off of nothing but their social security payments on a monthly basis, the ability of this generation to afford specialized healthcare services negatively impacts their access to care."
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Challenges in Intelligence, 2008.
This paper looks at the greatest challenges facing the intelligence community in the US in the coming years.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that several serious challenges must be overcome within the next few years if American interests are to be well-served by those entrusted with accumulating information on the country's enemies and with formulating strategies for overcoming those enemies. The challenges include unimaginative policy-makers, an unwieldy bureaucracy, imperfect human resources management, the need for international collaboration in a day and age when America is deeply unpopular around the world, the unfortunate trend towards the politicization of intelligence-gathering activities, and slovenly knowledge management. The writer notes that while arguably none of them is any more important than the others, all of them, if taken as a collective, can lead to a paralysis of the intelligence community that might prove, quite literally, deadly. The writer concludes that American intelligence has a host of challenges, from unimaginative policy-makers, to bureaucratic inertia, to combating America's unpopularity overseas, to poor knowledge management, that must all be overcome as quickly as possible.
Outline:
Summary
References
From the Paper
"Another major challenge will be coming up with a more stream-lined decision-making process for all branches of government - not simply the CIA or FBI or any other explicitly intelligence-gathering department. This commitment to efficiency, as most can imagine, is vitally important when it comes to things like protecting American nuclear arsenals from successful infiltration or attack. According to the General Accounting Office, the Department of Energy took nearly two years to develop a new Design Basis Threat capable of accurately assessing the possible size and capabilities of terrorist forces - in no small part because the DOE's review and comment process for developing policy is cumbersome, to say the least. Clearly, one of the great challenges facing America today is coming up with a means by which the bureaucracy can be made to work more efficiently so that all those associated - even peripherally - with the intelligence community are responsive and flexible in a day and age when responsiveness and flexibility are desperately needed. All in all, given as the country's nuclear arsenals are so enticing to sophisticated terrorist outfits with considerable human and financial resources, streamlining the decision-making and implementation process (particularly with regards to things like DBT development) is simply imperative."
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Shaped by Mother Nature, 2008.
This paper discusses the historical interaction between Californian societies and California's climate, location and geology.
2,247 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the historical interaction between Californian societies and the state's climate, its location, and its curious geology - of which its vast stores of precious minerals is the most conspicuous feature. Although many things can potentially be said about this relationship, this paper argues that human societies in the Golden State have been profoundly shaped by their interaction - and occasional collision - with Mother Nature. The writer maintains that one cannot understand Californian society, where it has been and where it is going, without understanding its interaction to the environment. The paper looks at how human societies in California have been shaped by the region's environment, with particular attention being paid to the state's climate, geographic location and geology.
From the Paper
"Proceeding further, it must be borne in mind that California's geographic location has historically made it isolated - not least of all because wind flows made it difficult for pre-modern ships to travel up the coast, thereby discouraging travel from Latin America, Europe and the United States. At the same time, whatever human societies sprang up in California - especially those that rose to ascendance after the founding of the earliest American colonies - had to deal with the unhappy fact that the land they called their own was on the same continental land-mass as the rapidly-growing Americans; likewise, Mexico was not far of and they, too, had designs on completely subjugating the California territory. Interestingly, a case can be made that ongoing nineteenth century disputes with Mexican leaders and elites about the extent of Mexican central government control in California were scarcely less vehement and acrimonious than the disputes "Californios" would similarly have with unruly US settlers trying to turn the region into a possession of the burgeoning United States."
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Materialism and "Death of a Salesman", 2008.
This paper discusses the false materialistic values of the American dream in 'Death of a Salesman' by Arthur Miller
888 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the false values of the American dream that arise in 'Death of a Salesman' by Arthur Miller. The writer maintains that the attitudes of Willy Loman toward his family is a representation of the unrealistic expectations that define the American Dream as being financially secure and living up to external social stereotypes about materialistic success in American society. The writer notes that by understanding the false values of Loman's insatiable desire to accept and follow the American Dream, he invariably destroys his own life, as well as that of his family. The writer discusses the various aspects of materialism that are found within the false values of the American dream within the play and within society.
From the Paper
"Within the American Dream, the common man offers a new perspective on what is good about human nature and the ability to improve oneself, even though Willy is unable achieve his goals. However, Wily is psychologically impaired, and cannot seem to grasp the real depth of his beliefs and suspicions about life beyond what external society expects of him. The false values of Wily's life are essentially dictated by a social expectation--the American Dream-but this is a dream that can never be actualized because of his behaviors within personal relationships. This is how tragedy is expressed in Miller's ideology, especially when Wily cannot realize he is trying to live a dream--not adhering to reality and human error in his judgments about his family. This is how Wily is able to realize the reality of family's own limitations, and how he eventually succumbs to the dream of American life, which is not possible within the error and fallibility of the human condition. "
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A Qualitative Research Report Analysis, 2008.
An evaluation of a qualitative research report, "In Their Own Words: Battered Women, Welfare and the Family Violence Option", by J.L. Postmus.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper identifies the purpose, research questions, study design and subjects and settings of J.L. Postmus' report,"In Their Own Words: Battered Women, Welfare and the Family Violence Option". The paper also examines the data collection methods, data analysis procedures and the strengths and limitations of this study. The paper concludes that the study findings were valid and the research of high quality.
Outline:
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Questions
Study Design
Subjects and Settings
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths and Limitations
From the Paper
"The problem the study was conducted to resolve was the apparent ineffectiveness of the Family Violence Option program as an option in helping battered women leave abusive relationships and eventually become economically independent (Postmus, 2002)."
"The problem is significant to nursing because of the impact of the recipients' experiences, attitudes and actions on their lives when faced with a system (which could be extended to the social services of a hospital) that is not receptive to their individual needs as victims and as person who wishes to establish themselves as emotionally and financially independent of their former partners. The significance of this research to nursing is also seen in the apparent danger that adapting a "catch-all" group of solutions for common problems (e.g. prioritizing rehabilitation over gaining economic independence) and one-sidedness with which each individual was assessed in order to achieve bureaucratic efficiency."
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Elder Care Resources, 2008.
This paper discusses the necessity to adapt to the increasing elderly population in order to meet specialized health care needs of geriatric individuals.
961 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines salient features and issues regarding care of geriatric individuals in the context of working family members. It is the contention of this paper that, through bringing attention to the need for employees to both meet the needs of their elderly family members and employers, some of the difficulties encountered as a result of lost job opportunities, productivity and benefits can be avoided or at least alleviated. The writer concludes that an elder care program can, nonetheless, benefit both employer in terms of employee retention and investment, and employee in terms of uninterrupted income, personal, professional and organizational advancement, this new market can possibly lead to better uniformity in providing for elder care.
From the Paper
"As the elderly are experiencing an increase in life expectancy, dying is no longer a swift and uncomplicated transition. The salient natural course of most elderly patients is that of exacerbations and a semblance of normalcy, where death may come in the form of a coup de grace type insult or a disease exacerbation that is never fully recovered from. From the perspective of the aged, it is not merely enough to reach a chronological age and a sense of maturity; it is more important that independence in the form of being able to perform activities of daily living, having one's cognitive faculties intact, being able to be looked upon with status in society.
"A fear of losing one's independence permanently with an acute disease presentation or an accident such as a fall, along with a sense of mortality constantly shadows the elderly patient. "
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Housing Bubble, 2008.
This paper focuses on the understanding of the housing market, discussing the price of housing and sudden changes in the prices - so as to explore the sustainability of the argument that there exists a housing bubble that is about to burst.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines how demand and supply analysis can be used to analyze the housing market, especially in wake of the fact that there is now increased speculation of a housing crash as prices begin to depreciate rapidly within the housing market. With these current changes on the market, the writer notes that it becomes somewhat useful to analyze whether the housing bubble is about to burst, or if other markets are affecting the activities within the housing spectrum. The writer argues that the housing bubble is not going to burst since there is no bubble - and changes in the housing prices are due to changes in market demand and supply conditions.
Outline:
Statement of Problem - Thesis Statement
Introduction
What Has Been Causing The Price of Housing to Appreciate and Depreciate So Rapidly? - An Economic Perspective
Housing Price Appreciation - A Bubble or Changes in Market Conditions?
A Brief Look at the US Housing Policy and Market
Conclusion
From the Paper
" With the demand and supply for housing analyzed, then the concept of the equilibrium within the housing market can be examined. It is clear that changes within the economy will affect the price of housing; each of the relevant changes will be analyzed below, so as to test the thesis statement presented. The changes in supply and demand are causing housing prices to increase, even though the change in quantity is unsure. During the historical period analyzed, factors that caused supply and demand to change based on figure 1 and figure 2 were associated with the appreciation of housing prices. Hence the appreciation was due more so to market conditions rather than a bubble due to speculation. A thorough examination of the processes that affect supply and demand is presented in the section below."
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The United States Supreme Court, 2008.
This paper examines the United States Supreme Court, looking into its history and procedures.
1,248 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides the background to the U.S. Supreme Court through a brief history of the Court. In addition, the writer presents an explanation as to how cases from trial court work their way up to the Supreme Court for review. The writer notes that both topics are rich with layers of complexity and for the purposes of this paper, an overview of the history and process of the Supreme Court is provided.
From the Paper
"Additional restrictions on appeals to the Supreme Court include some of the general restrictions applied to all appellate review. For example, appeals are restricted to losing parties, questions of law to be addressed must have been raised during trial court, and time restrictions exist in permitting the filing of an appeal.
"Once a case successfully reaches the Supreme Court docket, a lengthy review process begins which can take as long as three years to complete. Once the process is completed, the Supreme Court issues a number of opinions representing the different views held by the justices following the review process. The opinion most widely shared amongst the majority (the majority opinion) represents the final decision of the Supreme Court. "
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Equal Justice under Law, 2008.
This paper discusses law and justice in the US, focusing on the US Supreme Court.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the origins and history of the Supreme Court of the United States. The writer traces the early role of the court in the course of the development of the country. The writer notes that the Court is not without controversy, and decisions made have come to be symbolic of the wrongs of society, and the correction of these mistakes demonstrates the ability of the court to adapt and lead modern thinking. Finally the requirements of how a case is brought before the Court are discussed.
From the Paper
"In the constitutional scheme developed nearly two hundred and thirty years ago, the judiciary was established as one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government. Yet, Article III of the Constitution is surprisingly brief as to the establishment of the structure, duties and make up of a very powerful branch of the government. The court has been left largely to its own devices as how it conducts its affairs and what cases it chooses to hear, given the charge of original jurisdiction over a very few cases, the Supreme Court has become an institution equated with the preservation of civil liberties in our modern society. The history of the Supreme Court is the history of the United States and its struggle to maintain the Republic through a wide variety of challenges and crisis. A focus of political angst and a vestige of last hope for the oppressed members of society, whose imperfect judgment has stood the test of time, and corrected its past errors. With little Constitutional direction, this body has shaped modern society."
"The Supreme Court of the United States has jurisdiction over cases involving Ambassadors and other public ministers, cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdictions, controversies between two or more states, between the state and a citizen of another state and appellate jurisdiction over lower courts."
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Historical Continuity of Ancient and Modern Hospitality, 2008.
A historical look at the continuity of ancient and modern practices in hospitality.
1,016 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the use of ancient and modern hospitality in the context of literary and modern practices of caring for a guest. The paper notes that, although the context of travel and hospitality were not as open and dignified as it is in a modern context, the use of familial or guest orientated hospitality in the ancient world is still ever-present today. Moreover, the paper concludes that the ideology of generosity to travelers is the continuous strain of thought that is every present in a humans "natural" ability to help those that need help while away from home
From the Paper
"In ancient biblical times, the family unit was a major component for hospitality within the Judaic tribes, which made a manifest unit that was bound to be respectful to one another. This early interpretation of hospitality was often thought to have been exclusive to the tribes alone, yet there is a great deal of information that suggests there was more connection to the outer world than once thought. The primary suggestion that early tribes were isolationist is an absolute in historical studies that has been challenged due to the nature social interaction that must have occurred for human connectivity to occur. However, the majority of opinions on these ancient tribes appear to provide an insular perspective on hospitality, since the laws of the tribe may have appeared exclusive to the tribe alone. But in certain case, one can derive a certain modernity about tribal customs that deviated from this linear view:"
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Children and Television Advertising, 2008.
This paper discusses the influence that television advertising has on children in particular with regards to sex and violence.
1,982 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the media's original purpose was to inform and entertain, but as technology grew, so did society's dependence on the media. The writer maintains that there was a time that media was a teacher and in many ways it still is, but the message currently being taught is not what we want our children to learn. The writer then goes on to examine some of the messages that advertising sends out to children about their bodies, their sexuality and alcohol and smoking. The writer also notes that the media affects children by making them more interested in sex, sexuality and addictive behaviors. The writer concludes that the messages that advertisements send are persuasive and influence the lives of children in a more negative than positive manner.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Kids TV and Ads
Negative and Positive Associations
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During prime time, advertisements children watch most frequently are full of sexual activity. Most of the sexual content in advertisements is from characters discussing their own or others' current or future sexual activity. The idea of sexual risk or responsibility, however, is almost never talked about or shown. In fact through sexual exploitive advertising the attention of children is sought after rigorously. Children who watch advertisements ultimately become the audience for shows they shouldn't be watching and products they shouldn't be using. The Joe Camel advertisements of the 60's and 70's on television affected the lives of teens negatively even after the cigarette companies were mandated through government legislation to pull their advertisements. Teenagers were already addicted--legislation came too late. "
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Illegal Immigration, 2008.
Looks at the problem of immigration, especially illegal immigration in the United States.
2,385 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that immigration has changed the face of America more than any other event in American history. The author points out how immigration, especially illegal immigration, has negatively affected the working lower class. The paper contends that limited immigration is better than completely opening American borders and is better than trying to completely close them. An annotated bibliography is included with the paper.
Outline:
Impact of Illegal Immigration
Political Debates do not include the Real Issues
Difficulty Finding Monetary Assistance
High Cost of Housing
Open Door Borders
Disservice to American Citizens
Education System in a Crisis
Identity Theft and Fake Documentation
Illegal Immigrants and Drug Trafficking
Are the Two Equally Bad?
Mexico Letting Its Citizens Leave with Encouragement
Money for Mexico through Illegal Immigration and Drug Trafficking
Minority Elected Representatives
Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Moral Choices
There are no Easy Solutions
Moral Choices
Exodus of Jobs
Moderation and Fairness
From the Paper
"Immigrants live differently than American low income families. They house four or five adults in a small apartment and share the rent without concern to cramped living quarters and bleak conditions. Immigrants pool their resources so that they can easily manage the high cost of living in America. As a result, landlords increase the rent because the supply is being filled by immigrants. Low income families who have one or two wage earners with wages of eight, nine or ten dollars find it increasingly difficult to compete with immigrants who have four or five adult incomes contributing."
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Rural Health Care, 2008.
A close look at the health disparities present in rural communities in the United States.
1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why poor individuals in rural areas in the US have great health disparities and have a high incidence of not receiving health care at all. The paper attributes this to limited access to care, language barriers, lack of education on health care and lack of communication technologies. The paper emphasizes that this is a population that primarily does not have health insurance, does not receive Medicare or Medicaid and has no means of receiving emergency room treatment if it were needed. The paper concludes that the only solution at this time appears to be to mandate federal funding for rural health care programs.
From the Paper
"The United States government relays that there are an estimated 45 million people in the United States that do not have health insurance (Desoto, Hofer & Tajalli, 2005, p. 67). This is primarily due to the high cost of health care and the continued decline in the number of employers that offer partial or full health care benefits to their workers. Of this population there are the working poor, who do not make a wage that is capable of supporting members of the household and cause those within the family to not be capable of affording health care at all. This is true of individuals in both urban and rural areas (Heirich, 1998, p. 3)."
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What it Means to be English, 2008.
This essay is an analysis of the idea of "Englishness", as discussed through policy, society and literature in Great Britain throughout history.
3,134 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the development of England as a national entity which paralleled the development of ideas of "Englishness", of what constituted British society and the British soul, often contrasted with what was not English. This paper states that the idea of what constitutes England and Englishness can be traced through historical shifts as England developed as a unique entity. Furthermore, this idea can be considered in terms of political and social commentary from different ages, the literature of the time that reflected the same ideas, and the way these ideas helped form the Britain of today.
From the Paper
"Certainly, the image created in the poem is of a society in disarray, but it is also a society where the truth can be found, where there are institutions dedicated to assuring that the truth is revealed, and that is a society where there is a good element as well as a bad. The sense of the poem is really that in spite of the lapses at the top, the run-of-the-mill people like the ploughman see the truth and uphold the values of society and of the church, or at least attempt to do so. In this aspect of the work, the poet shows a connection to long-standing traditions that indeed suggest that "The more things change, the more they remain the same." England by this time was established as a political entity, a social construct, and a developing philosophy based on Christian principles married to many of the ideas of chivalry offered first by the French and then adapted to the British experience."
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The Vicissitudes of Samurai Culture, 2008.
This essay compares two early Japanese texts, "Shomonki: The Story of Masakado's Rebellion", translated by Judith Rabinovitch, and "The Tale of the Heike", translated by Burton Watson.
2,057 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two texts which were written more than one hundred years apart, both detailing samurai wars but written at two disparate points in samurai history. The paper also assesses the changes in the way in which samurai exploits were portrayed, and in particular, attempts to chart the progression of the concept of loyalty within the samurai realm over the course of its early history. The first text examined is "Shomonki: The Story of Masakado's Rebellion", written in 1099, when the samurai was a relatively new figure in society. The second text "The Tale of the Heike", also known as "Heike Monogatari", was written in 1221, when samurai involvement in government had increased, wars between clans had escalated, and samurai culture had become a distinctive and ubiquitous feature of greater Japanese culture.
From the Paper
"Shomonki was written during the Heian period, by someone who was probably a first-hand observer (Rabinovitch, 44-45), and it is instructive in detailing the types of disputes which did, in the end, lead to the rise of the Samurai and also to the fall of the Heian court. Tales of the Heike, on the other hand, was written during the Kamakura period, when the samurai had become such a force in society that the traditional aristocracy of the court had been replaced by a new warrior aristocracy--with warring samurai clans fighting for and seeking control. In particular, Tales of the Heike, chronicles the Genpei war, between the Heike (or Taira) and Minamoto (or Genji) clans. It tells the tale from the perspective of both sides and, interestingly, focuses not only on battles, military strategy and the lives of warriors, but also on lesser players, such as women and servants, and their stories and plights throughout. The samurai, of course, gained government power in the twelfth century and it seems that around the tie that The Tales of the Heike were written, the samurai ethics, including that of loyalty, had changed to such an extent that it become an expectation of all people--a cultural value, rather than a warrior code."
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