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Crisis Management, 2004.
This paper discusses crisis management structures in terms of the United States' security system classified as "homeland security" and "homeland defense".
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that command, control, and communications play important roles in decision making within crisis management organizations. The author points out that the most important element in crisis management is the gathering of information that would help to overcome adversary forces. The paper states that journalists are specifically targeted as the benefactors of online crisis communication and management because they are the key in providing timely information for newscasts, newspaper,s and the Internet.
Table of Contents
Characteristics of Crisis Management and Decision Making Structures
Command/Control Communications
The Crisis Manager
From the Paper
"According to the White House web site for example, the border protection unit comprises over 29,000 uniformed officers. At airports, security has been tightened to great degrees in less than a year. Airports all over the country now have over 45,000 Federal security screeners. These persons are highly trained to inspect all baggage professionally. The Coast Guard has also played an important role, having conducted more than 124,000 port security patrols, 13,000 air patrols, boarded more than 92,000 vessels, interdicted over 14,000 illegal entrants into the country, and includes more than 90 Maritime Security Zones."
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Job Burnout among Public Service Professionals, 2004.
This paper is a proposed study to analyze job burnout among doctors, other health care professionals, lawyers, teachers, law enforcement, and social workers, as this has become a full-blown issue in the public service sector.
2,545 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper states that the objectives of this study are not only to identify what factors cause burnout in public service professionals, but also to determine if there is a correlation between using sick time and experiencing burnout. The author points out that the initial review of literature suggests (1) burnout is a serious problem; (2) job factors such as years of service, age, sex, type of work, depression, amount of client contact, overtime, low job satisfaction, and dissatisfaction with clients; (3) a correlation between sick time and burnout; and (4) burnout occurring at any time. The paper states that the study attempts to support each of these hypotheses through actual interviews with public service professionals and a review of additional literature.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Problem
Hypothesis of the Study
Objective of the Study
Methodology
Scope and Delimitation
Definition of Terms
Literature Review
Basic Assumptions
From the Paper
"The desire to make a positive difference to other people's lives is the main reason why people chose to work in the public sector, according to the government's public spending watchdog. However, a report by the audit commission found that 42% of staff in health, local government, education and other public services cited the aim of helping others as the main or secondary reason for choosing their job. The report also revealed that 28% of public services workers had held a long-term ambition to enter their chosen profession, with a further 24% saying they considered the work inherently interesting. Former public services workers reported that stress was the single biggest factor in their decision to leave their job, with nearly 80% citing overwhelming bureaucracy, paperwork and government targets as the main reason for feeling under pressure. Nearly 70% blamed their stress on a lack of resources, while 65% cited excessive workloads, 56% on not being valued by the government, 55% on the pace of change within their profession, and 49% on not being valued by their managers."
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The New Deal and African-Americans, 2004.
This paper discusses the New Deal, a set of federal policies targeted at welfare relief and economic development during the administration President Franklin Roosevelt, and its effect on African-Americans.
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Roosevelts were promoters of human rights and racial equality; thus, part of the goal of the New Deal was to promote racial equality by creating federal agencies to help ease discrimination against African-Americans and to create economic opportunities for the advancement of black citizens. The author points out that, despite their status as free Americans and the general economic prosperity that occurred in the 1920s, African-Americans were still far from being treated as full citizens; therefore, for many black families in the 1930s, the difficulties spawned by the Great Depression magnified already existing forms of inequitable treatment. The paper concludes that, even though the promises of the New Deal engendered hope in the African-American population, which was desperate for social and political change, studies show that the New Deal fell far short of its goal of promoting racial equality.
Table of Contents
African Americans and the Depression
The Promises of the New Deal
After the New Deal
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This mass migration, however, led to growing racial tensions in the cities. Unemployed whites felt that they should have first priority for the few factory jobs that were available. Many desperate white workers also began taking jobs as janitors and street sweepers -- positions that were formerly reserved for African Americans. This contributed further to the displacement of African Americans from the paid labor force. Furthermore, while limited financial aid was available, white families had priority for any unemployment assistance."
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Public School Funding, 2004.
Argues that sales taxes should be used to fund public school education in Pennsylvania.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that property tax should be eliminated as a revenue source for Pennsylvania's public state schools. Instead, sales taxes should be used to fund public school education. The paper shows "skyrocketing" property taxes have led to Pennsylvania's current debate surrounding public school funding. While critics differ greatly in their proposed solutions, most people involved in the debate agree on one thing: Pennsylvania's school revenue system is in need of revision.
From the Paper
"Critics argue that Pennsylvania teachers are paid extremely well, and yet their salaries are not linked to competency or performance. Teachers in Pennsylvania are earning the highest average wage in the country, when wages are adjusted for the cost of living. The average teacher in Pennsylvania has a purchasing power of $52,832. Teachers are paid according to salary schedules negotiated by unions, and mediocre or poor teachers earn the same salaries as excellent teachers (Commonwealth Foundation)."
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Product Management, 2004.
A study of the need for a decent human resource system in public administration.
12,001 words (approx. 48.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 232.95
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Abstract
This paper serves a fourfold purpose: a) the first task is to provide a brief overview of the primary issues and concepts involved in the area of public administration known to us as ?human resource?; b) to describe the functions and operations of a leader in an organization and also in team projects and other associated team-building efforts; iii) to analyze the principles and explain how these central issues and concepts are incorporated; and iv) also identify how these functions and operations could be improved by improving or more thoroughly applying theory to practice.
Contents
Organizational Theory and Behavior
Leadership within the Private and Public Sector
The Leader's role in a Team-Based Organization
Human Resource Management
Introduction to Human Resource Management
Human Resources Perspective
Communication and Human Resource
Self-Assessment of Supportive Communication
Human Relations Human Resources in Downsizing
The Reward System
Wal-Mart
Human Resource Management
Management Challenges
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Keeping in mind the structural perspectives of the Scientific Management, Classical and Bureaucratic schools of organizational theory are each designed on the positivist thinking, whereby organizations and individuals are viewed according to a specific prototype. The reaction to such thinking, from a behaviorally orientated perspective, focusing on the human presence within organizations, came to be a crucial factor in the field of organizational theory.
Most notable among these schools of thought are the "Human Relations" school and the "Leadership" school. The former was best known for the Hawthorne Effect and the latter came to be best known for leadership thinking in terms of Theory X and Theory Y. With so many schools focusing on the individual in both the area of Human Relations and Leadership skills, it was obvious that the new area of concentration would primarily be focusing on organizational functions and this is exactly where the theorists diverted their attention to drastically over the years, primarily since, it served as a social response to greater stress on the values of individuality. This change served to throw light on the paradigm of organizational theories, which had previously failed to highlight the importance of individuals within an organization."
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British Local Constitutions, 2004.
This paper discusses the requirement that British local authorities must have formal constitutions.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the biggest change in local government legislation over the past thirty years,namely, that British local authorities must now have formal constitutions, designed to streamline decision-making and make the process more open and accessible to the public. The author points out that, in addition to basic rules and regulations, the constitution describes the four basic elements through which the Council operates: the full Council, Council Committees, the Executive and Overview, and Scrutiny Committees. The paper relates that, within most London boroughs, services must cater to exceptionally diverse resident communities where social exclusion remains a daily reality, and the need to attract business and investment is a priority.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Council
Council Committees
Executive
Overview and Scrutiny
Rules and Regulations
Livability and Leadership
From the Paper
"Livability is a local issue, however, and it remains for local government to take the initiative on an agenda that has tended to sit relatively low on the managerial priority list. As an issue that is key to people?s awareness of their area and the delivery of their local politicians, it should be a priority for the perception-bound politician concerned with his mandate. High profile elected mayors in the US have built their reputations on liveability issues; for example Guiliani?s ?zero tolerance? approach to street crime in New York, or Daley?s ?urban renaissance? in Chicago, achieved through new partnership working and the injection of new sources of funding."
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Medicare Reforms and Health Care Costs, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to examine Medicare reform and determine whether it will actually end up costing taxpayers more money than the previous system did.
5,355 words (approx. 21.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, with the proposed reforms of the Medicare system, most people will not be able to use it because it would actually cost them more to do so than it would to simply not have insurance at all. The author feels that one of the biggest problems is that seniors who have Medicare do not have any coverage for prescription drugs, and because of this, they have to pay a large amount of money out of pocket., The paper stresses that the study, designed to be more of a subjective rather than an objective study, is based on the review of the available literature and the opinions and beliefs of those that make up this literature group because it does not appear that statistical research would be helpful.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Overview of the Study
Significance of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Scope of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Description of Sources Used
Positive Aspects
Negative Aspects
Literature Review
Methodology
Research Design and Approach
Procedures Used and Data Analysis
Research Considerations and Limitations
Validity and Uniqueness of the Data
Summary
From the Paper
"The sources used for this particular literature review did not come from the expected peer reviewed journals and magazines. This is largely because the Medicare reforms have not officially been enacted, and therefore studies into how they are impacting individuals who use the Medicare system have not been conducted. Because of this, there are few sources that can actually be found that deal with the Medicare reforms and how they are going to affect the elderly. At least, this is true of professional journals and official sources."
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United Kingdom Mental Health Law, 2004.
This extensive research paper analyzes U.K. case law regarding mental health to develop a set of recommendations to be used as a guideline for creating an improved legal system for mental health.
24,780 words (approx. 99.1 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the U.K., identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The author points out that self-determination theory (SDT) is based on the belief that innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are important bases for human motivation. The paper suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by U.K. law.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Literature Review
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Health Care
Four Principles of Health Care Economics
Four Principles of Health Care Ethics
Tensions in Health Care Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions and Hypothesis
Methodology
Results
Discussion, Recommendations and Conclusion
Explicitness
Evaluation
Accountability
Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In a perfectly competitive market, the supply and demand for a particular good achieves equilibrium, and no more and no less of the good is produced or consumed than is necessary. In reality, markets are not perfectly competitive, resulting in failures due to unfair competition, uncertainty and externality effects. The market for mental healthcare is no exception. These failures are so common that some form of government intervention is necessary. The extent of government involvement is influenced by both economic and political considerations and by the existing model of social choice. In the United Kingdom, a careful balance of both individualistic (autonomy and consumer sovereignty) and collective (justice and welfare maximization) principles must be considered."
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Law Enforcement Agencies, 2002.
The paper applies various business theories to the running of law enforcement agencies.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by discussing the concept of decentralized management, looking at its advantage for organizations in the corporate sector, at the reasons why it does not improve the situation of law enforcement agencies, and at the importance of good leadership. Next, the paper focuses on organizational communication. It discusses how a lack of this communication can affect efficiency and productivity and looks at this problem within the running of law enforcement agencies, focusing on inefficiencies in the criminal justice department. Finally, the paper explores problem solving, looking at the attempt by law enforcement agencies to identify and resolve problems. Crime analysis is discussed, and the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) approach is explained. The paper concludes with a look at successful problem solving implementation by various law enforcement agencies.
From the Paper
"Decentralized management is the buzzword these days, as it is believed that centralized management structures no longer produce positive results. It has been noticed that decentralization paves way for more autonomy among various units and leads to employee empowerment, one thing that has been the cornerstone of productivity in the 21st century. But does decentralized management really works in all types of organizations. That is not exactly true. While the corporate sector reaps the benefits of decentralized environment where various departments and units maintain almost complete autonomy and thus have control over decision-making process, law enforcement agencies have failed to extract the best out of this system of management. In the latter, it has actually resulted in more corruption and less accountability."
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Elderly and Medicare, 2004.
An analysis of the increased life expectancy of senior citizens and the cost of drugs to maintain them.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Medicare, a program of national health insurance setup in 1965 for persons who are over the age of sixty-five or seriously disabled. It looks at how many medical procedures of the 1960s have been replaced by drug therapies and how Medicare has never been updated to include outpatient prescription drug coverage, leaving senior citizens, many of whom live on fixed incomes, especially affected by this lack of coverage. It discusses how. with the baby boomer generation ageing fast, and advancements in medical science, the new challenge is now to ensure that those who were responsible for the above will be cared for in the new century.
From the Paper
"In 1998, the US spent a total of one hundred billion dollars on prescription drugs. According to a report published in June 2001 by the Washington Business Group Healthcare (WBGH) and the Financial Management Association (HFMA), the cost of prescription drugs shot up by 14.6% in 2000, after an 18% rise in 1999. (Arya, 2001) From 1992 to 1998, the number of prescriptions rose by 40%. The government is caught in a difficult position. On the one hand it needs to curb the spiraling costs, on the other it has to protect the interests of its pharmaceutical industry. Expanding the use of generic drugs would be one way of reducing costs, but this is unlikely to happen because of the billions of dollars spend by pharmaceuticals on research in an intensely competitive field."
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Community Policing in Chicago, 2004.
A definition of the policy to be studied and conceptualization/ measurements of the problem conditions that the policy addresses.
805 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The writer explores public policy in this public administration paper. The public policy to be studied is community policing in the City of Chicago. The definition of problem condition measurement/ conceptualization relating to the policy is discussed.
From the Paper
"The public policy or program or set of related policies I have chosen to focus on is community policing in the City of Chicago. This by nature reflects public policy at the local government level, specifically in the City of Chicago. In reality what is in place is probably a combination of budgetary approval and direction from the Chicago City Council, the philosophy of the Police Chief in charge, and requirements from various State and Federal funding sources obtained through grants and special programs."
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UK Nationalized Health Care System, 2004.
This paper discusses the survivability of the UK nationalized health care system by reviewing its history, organization, and programs, and by comparing it to three other nationalized health services.
13,850 words (approx. 55.4 pages), 31 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the NHS was established on the principle of the collective responsibility of the state to implement a comprehensive health care system designed to meet the health care needs of the total population, in which all UK citizens would have equal access to health care services at no charge. The author points out that it was assumed, as health care improved, demand would decrease; but, within a very short period, the government found itself faced with too little funding to meet the persistent demand. The paper contends that Japan, Sweden, and Canada appear to have incorporated better provisions to insure that equal access is guaranteed to constituents as compared to the UK?s NHS. Table.
Table of Contents
Historical Perspective
Organization of the Study
Summary of 2000 NHS Plan
Current and Future Health Status and Healthcare Needs in the UK
Alternative Health Care Systems
Review of Healthcare Systems in OECD Countries
Japan
Sweden
Canada
Comparison of NHS with the Healthcare Systems of Japan, Sweden and Canada
World Health Organization and Health Care Funding
Current Trends in Healthcare Privatization
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Plan, as reported by the Department of Health (2000), is also designed to insure that the needs of the elderly are better met. The Plan includes the incorporation of national standards for caring for older people to ensure that ageism is not tolerated and personal care plans for the elderly and their caregivers will be provided, with nursing home services made free by 2004. There also will be an additional ?900 million package of new intermediate care services to allow older people to live more independent lives. The NHS Plan also includes further efforts to insure that inequalities amongst patients are targeted, with a focus on increasing and improving primary care in deprived areas; the introduction of screening programs for women and children; the provision of step up smoking cessation services; and the provision of free fruit in schools for 4-6 year olds."
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Demography of Baltimore, 2004.
A study of the demographic and racial make-up of the population of Baltimore.
3,952 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the demographic changes in Baltimore from 1980 to 2000, using both qualitative and quantitative methods for data analysis. Information was gathered on sex, age, family median income, race, poverty, level of education, families with SSI income, welfare recipients, and vacant housing.
Contents:
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Race
Gender
Age
Housing
Household Income
Poverty Status
Educational Attainment
Substance Abuse
Racial Segregation
Discussion and Conclusions
From the Paper
"For the purposes of the study, race was compared by census tract on the basis of census data for the years 1980, 1990 and 2000. As displayed within Table 1, while comparing whites for 1980, 1990, and 2000, there was an ongoing decrease in the number of whites in the overall population. Within all other races, the population by race continued to increase slightly, with blacks showing the most ongoing growth. Within the other group, in 1990, there was a decrease in numbers; however, the other population almost doubled between 1980 and 2000 in spite of the 1990 decline."
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The Clinger-Cohen Act, 2004.
An overview of the Information Technology (IT) Management Reform Act (ITMRA), otherwise known as the Clinger-Cohen Act.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, originally formed in 1989, the Information Technology Management Reform Act and the Federal Acquisition Reform Act were amended in the year 1996 and renamed as the Clinger-Cohen Act (CCA). It shows how the objective of CCA is to influence performance-based and results-based management by means of an effective use of information technology (IT). It also discusses how the CCA also gives various means to government information technology to function in the same manner as any well-organized and cost-effective business would operate.
Outline
Introduction
Clinger-Cohen Act & Law Governing IT Management
Requirements for Chief Information Officer
From the Paper
"In order to ensure that information technology activities align with agency plans and operations, senior user management guidance is used along with standard evaluation of information technology skills record, skills necessities, and skills development programs. In brief, the Clinger-Cohen Act attempts to develop an operative and well-organized, mission-oriented, user-oriented and results-oriented information technology practice in all Federal agencies (University Washington)."
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Insured/Under-insured, 2004.
A comparison of the limitations of the U.S. health insurance system compared to other countries.
3,547 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to address the question as to how U.S. should respond to the ongoing growth of uninsured and under-insured persons within the overall population. An overview is provided of the current health insurance system existing within the U.S., followed by a discussion of the factors that influence and are associated with the current system. It also examines the health insurance systems of other countries, which have been found to have better health outcomes than the U.S. It concludes with recommendations for the adoption of a universal health insurance system within the U.S.
Outline
Overview of the U.S. Health Insurance System
Factors Influencing Health Insurance in the U.S.
An Alternative U.S. Health Care System
Japan
Sweden
Canada
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"As a component of the social insurance system in Sweden, health insurance and health care are financed via compulsory employers' contributions and individual social security contributions deducted from incomes (Swedish Institute, 2001). As further explained by the Swedish Institute, the 18 county councils that administer social insurance programs finance the costs of medical care directly from an income tax levied on all those living in the county who are in paid employment. According to the Swedish Institute, approximately 80 percent of tax revenues go to running the health care system and to subsidizing patient fees. Patients assume a proportion of the health costs when consulting a health care service, ranging from approximately 8 to 38 dollars. While all of Sweden?s residents are entitled to compensation for medical care, those individuals who have earned at least $750 annually through gainful employment are entitled to cash benefits for loss of income while ill."
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Change in Public Administration, 2004.
Proposal for research on changes in society and the role of public administration.
2,402 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes to study the role that public administration has in encouraging changes in society while, at the same time, safeguarding the structure and continuity of society. The paper proposes to look at which sectors of society should provide the impetus for change and which should preserve the status quo. Finally, the study intends to look how the need for change in society can be balanced against the need for stability and the specific ways in which public administration professionals can help society to maintain this balance.
From the Paper
"But just as lack of change can be terribly damaging if not lethal to a society, too much change can also be dangerous. Societies that prosper are those that allow for change within an established structure ? and both the change and the structure are important. (This does assume, of course, that the structure is fundamentally sound to begin with.)"
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City Dwelling, 2004.
A review of various articles that comment on the value of city dwelling.
1,106 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper comments that, while living in cities provides obvious benefits such as art and culture, access to food and medicine and trade, there is an adverse effect as well. The paper refers to a number of articles by Brechin, Pena, and Foster, among others, who all write on the subject. The writer concludes that, while each article may have some value, the reality is that we do live in cities and, at least in the foreseeable future, will continue to do so.
From the Paper
"There must be few citizens of the 21st century ? at least few who are citizens of both the 21st century and the First World ? who do not view the city as a problematic accomplishment of humanity. Certainly, cities are the highest expression of human civilization, at least in some ways: They support the flourishing of the arts and culture, of haute cuisine and high-tech medicine, of universities and research labs. But cities are also the expressions of the worst that humans have created, both in terms of how we treat each other and in terms of how we treat the planet, as the readings that we are examining for this paper argue. The city is many things, but it is and always has been essentially a site of commerce, and the basing of relationships upon commercial grounds is never unproblematic."
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Activity-Based Cost in the Department of Defense, 2004.
This paper discusses the ABC accounting process, which evaluates and determines ways to improve the quality of financial decisions at the Department of Defense (DoD).
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Department of Defense (DoD), with more than $1 trillion in assets and a budget that accounts for about half of the federal government?s discretionary funding, has a need for accurate accounting processes. The author points out that ABC captures quantified cost and time data and translates it into information for making decisions by measuring process and activity performance, by determining the cost of business process outputs, and by identifying opportunities to improve process efficiency and effectiveness. The paper concludes that the ultimate decision will be based on a blended action that minimizes cost and time, while creating a better outcome.
Table of Contents
Big Need for Accurate Accounting
ABC in the Military
Process Decision Example
Success Stories
NASA
Fleet and Industrial Supply Center (FISC)
Military Resistance to ABC?
Who Might Benefit in the DoD?
From the Paper
"In the 1990s, the RAND Corporation, including its defense-oriented federally funded research and development organizations, offered a better way for the DoD to pay for its purchases, one it thought would improve the interactions; after all, if a unit overspent in one year, then the next year it would be looking for lower prices. That meant that the organization it purchased from would experience a loss, or potentially could, which in turn could affect the service or product quality or delivery. However, the WCF arrangement bore the stamp of approval of the DoD Comptroller?s office, which suggested that the WCF approach has saved ?billions of dollars by providing managers with greater visibility into the costs of DoD support operations.?"
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