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Self-Identity and Cultural Inheritance, 2008.
This paper is a personal essay reviewing the intersection between an individual's cultural inheritance and the formulation of his personal identity and persona.
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the curious intersection between our cultural inheritance and the formulation of our personal identities and personas. Specifically, the next several pages look at the defining features of the cultural group of which the author is a part, and then looks at how the author's native language (and a few others) and his cultural inheritance have both shaped his self-identity. The author concludes that, in the final analysis, we are most often the product of sociological (or socio-linguistic) factors and less so intrinsic or biological ones.
From the Paper
"In an interesting study on language learning within different social and cultural contexts, Mei-Yu Lu (1998) illustrated a number of differences between various groups of children with regards to how each group used language to communicate. For instance, a study conducted by Wong-Fillmore (1989) found that Chinese-speaking children tended to be more adult-oriented insofar as they interacted more frequently with adults than with peers; it is also worth noting that these children (in contrast with other minority children) focused chiefly upon meeting the expectations of adults.", Wong-Fillmore found that Hispanic-speaking children were more peer-oriented and turned to peers first when confronted with problems they could not resolve on their own (for another study that corroborates these findings, please see Heath, 1986). Given my own observations, I would expect that Anglo-Saxon children, especially if they found themselves in the minority within any classroom or social setting, would turn first to the adults around them than to their peers - largely because the retiring nature of Anglo-Saxons (on balance, of course, for generalizations are always a dangerous thing) would make them gravitate towards formal and predictable modes of discourse
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Effective Programs for Correctional Rehabilitation, 2008.
An analysis of effective programs for recidivism reduction in substance abusers.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the principles of effective intervention that form the basis for appropriate treatment programs established in the community. It especially focuses on programs that result in successful recidivism reduction. The paper then discusses the principles of recidivism reduction as they apply to the treatment of substance abusers.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Substance Abusers
From the Paper
"Evaluation of the radical behavioral approach is made through an assessment of how effectively that approach is reducing offenders' criminogenic needs, their level of risk, and the long-term objective of reducing later recidivism (Van Voorhis, et al., 2005). A process evaluation will determine whether clients are learning such information as how to identify high risk situations. Outcome evaluation will determine how the offender has changed in terms of substance abuse and recidivism."
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The Social Sciences and Youth Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the causality of youth violence from the perspective of the social sciences disciplines of anthropology, psychology and sociology
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that this anthropological study of youth violence takes an ethnographic approach. The paper then points out that psychology looks at youth violence in terms of cause and effect and how those related issues can determine methods of prevention through intervention with human behavior. In addition, the paper relates that sociology studies the culture of youth violence seeking ways to change the manner in which society functions to correct the problem. The author concludes that these social sciences need to reexamine themselves and make efforts to bring their methodologies into the twenty-first century; however, there is room for all of the current disciplines to co-exist in today's world.
From the Paper
"Judging by recent events, the questions asked by Courtney (1999) are as relevant today as they were when the article was written. Courtney asks why do boys and men commit 95% of the violent crimes in the United States? Why do teen homicides frequently have the common denominator of boys killing boys with guns? Why do one in 10 high school boys carry guns to school, in contrast to one in 70 girls? The answer, Courtney explains, has roots in today's society. Although we tell boys to solve things peacefully, boys are often represented in the media as resolving issues by fighting."
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The Meaning of Life, 2008.
A research study on the meaning of life.
1,969 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an adequate research methodology to outline how age and different characteristics or measurement criteria affect the general notion of how an individual accounts for his existence. The paper explains that the meaning of life ,in this study, is analyzed outside the realm of philosophy. The paper then points out that psychology is one of the few social sciences that provides the necessary objective rather than subjective analysis of such a loaded question. The paper then explains the research design and all the variables.
Outline:
Research Questions
Literature Review (Background Research)
Study Design: Variables
Results: VAR Frequencies: Analyzing Meaning of Life Categories for Age Cohorts; Non-Parametric Test (Spearman's Correlation); Independent Samples Test (t-test for Equality of Means)
Discussion
From the Paper
"As it relates to the idea that specific sources of meaning in life are different in younger compared to older persons; this study proves that this is not the case, in fact, there is a great degree of consistency across age cohorts, as it relates to the categorizations of meaning of life between the two groups (see figure 1 above). What is even more interesting is the similarities between the relative VAR frequencies between the two groups.
"Commitment to meaning in life and the degree of meaning did not have a strong linear relationship; this shows that irrespective of age criterions, individuals associated the relative meaning in life independently from commitment."
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"Nun's Priest's Tale", 2008.
This paper uses medieval dream analysis to unravel multiple themes in Geoffrey Chaucer's "Nun's Priest's Tale".
2,158 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that dreams and their medieval interpretation are central to the structure of the "Nun's Priest's Tale". The paper looks at the style and illustrates how this story is clearly a sophisticated treatment of the beast fable. The paper shows how, although Chaucer refuses simple interpretation, the tale is a powerful meditation on human fallibility.
Outline:
Introduction
Style and Characterization
Role of Poem in Chaucer's Narrative
Analyzing Medieval Dreams
Exploring the Beast Fable
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Nun's Priest's Tale is a 625 line segment of the Canterbury Tales, which is preceded directly by the monk's long and depressing narrative on the lives of fallen men and women. After the Knight interrupts this gloomy account, the Host turns and asks the Nun's Priest to "Telle us swich thyng as may oure hertes glade" (2811) and enliven the mood. In asking a clergyman to recount a secular tale of merriment, particularly after his holy brethren the monk had just offered a long and moralizing account of fame and hubris, the Host is making a sidelong jab at the sanctity of men of the cloth."
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits and criticisms of the therapeutic approach of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). It discusses the origin and philosophy of CBT, as well as its key conceptual issues. The paper then describes the therapeutic approach of CBT in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the paper discusses the contributions of CBT as well as the criticism of it in terms of it being a valid form of therapy.
Table of Contents:
Origin and Philosophy of CBT
Key Conceptual Issues
Therapeutic Approach of CBT
CBT: Contributions and Criticisms
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In conclusion, although other theories of psychotherapy have been popular in the past, such as Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis, CBT now enjoys broad popularity among a wide range of practitioners. Especially when paired with pharmacological treatment, it appears to offer a balanced methodology that is backed up by empirical support from clinical trials. Although most effectively leveraged in the treatment of depressive disorders, and on behalf of patients with clearly defined nervous triggers, there is potential for CBT to be even further expanded in the future."
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Bulimia Nervosa, 2008.
This paper is a teaching plan for nurses to address the problem of bulimia nervosa, especially during pregnancy.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that education on bulimia nervosa is important for nurses because bulimia threatens the long-term health of newborns and mothers. The author relates that, at the end of the teaching session, the client will be able to understand the concerns that are raised by bulimic behavior during pregnancy, the difference between reasonable steps to control weight gain during and after pregnancy and risk-prone bulimic behavior, the range of resources and the negative perception given bulimic behavior. The paper stresses that, in pregnant women, bulimia can cause cardiac compromise to the fetus. The author underscores that the unique component of the teaching plan is its emphasis on the anti-social aspects of bulimia.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review of the Literature-
Teaching Project Objectives
Teaching Material
The Creative Element
From the Paper
"Bowers remains a classic overview of bulimia nervosa. Bowers has followed up his suggestions on cognitive therapy with a study on the use of medications to enhance outcomes of such therapies. Other studies have found eating present in pre-adolescents. The supposed genetic component has now been dismissed. Recent studies give a cue to addressing the problem: Bulimia carries social costs. It is perceived in a very negative light."
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"Lord of the Flies" and "1984", 2008.
A discussion of two books dealing with the bleakness of human nature -"Lord of the Flies" by William Golding and "1984" by George Orwell.
794 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both William Golding in "Lord of the Flies" and George Orwell in "1984" present a grim view of human nature, a view that indicates that humanity has an irresistible tendency to fall into an abyss of depravity and oppression. The paper explains that at first, Golding seems to offer a less pessimistic view of human nature than Orwell does but in the end their views are nearly identical. The paper looks at how Golding's boys begin free from the oppressions of society, but fall into savagery and how Orwell's society has already fallen before the novel opens, and escape is out of the question. The writer concludes that, in the end, it is harder to say whose vision is more negative, and a reader can do little more than hope that neither author is correct in his bleak vision.
From the Paper
"Orwell presents a society already fallen. The Party controls every aspect of life, especially through the control of the constant propaganda that is bombarded on the inhabitants of Oceana, in which London is located. With the telescreens that watch every person (Orwell 2, 5-6, 9, 11, 27, 97, 148), the "two-minutes hate" each day, to the monthly public hangings (Orwell 23-4, 49-50, 57), the constant fear of the thought police (Orwell 4-5, 62, 101), grim depravation in which goods are always in short supply (Orwell 49, 162), and everything from cigarettes (Orwell 5), to gin (Orwell 5, 77, 150) to housing (Orwell 20-21), is of such poor quality that there is no possibility of joy in life (Orwell 41, 49, 60-61), this is a totalitarian society."
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Psychiatric Nursing Effectiveness, 2008.
An analysis of the role and effectiveness of the mental health nurse in adult inpatient settings and the community.
1,681 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the work of the mental health nurse in adult inpatient settings and the community. It specifically focuses on the effectiveness of the mental health nurse, based on her ability to achieve the goals of furthering client understanding, reduction of suicide and prevention of negative outcomes of hospitalization such as post-psychotic depression and post traumatic stress disorder. The paper discusses the role of the mental health nurse in maintaining the patient, in applying treatment and in monitoring progress.
From the Paper
"The various studies show a high degree of acceptance of community-based psychiatric nursing as an alternative to more expensive and often onerous hospitalization, and how effective the intervention is deemed depends greatly on both the psychiatric problem being addressed and the specific treatment method undertaken. The approach is seen as effective in general terms, though some cases are more recalcitrant than others. How well trained the nurse practitioner may be is also an important variable, and numerous researchers suggest the need for a high degree of specific training for nurses undertaking this sort of practice, whether they be considered health nurses or mental health nurses as a basic role. Both types need training in psychiatric problems and how to treat them because both will encounter clients in need of treatment for mental problems in a community or home setting."
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Pedophilia Control In California, 2008.
An analysis of the laws regarding pedophilia in the state of California and a review of the treatment options that are available.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the psychological condition of pedophilia and reviews the basic laws regarding this issue in California. The paper argues that the best way to protect society is for the psychological and medical community to find a way to prevent child molesters from re-offending once they are released from prison. It discusses examples of treatments and argues that chemical treatments should be used, because this has been shown to be the most successful, and thus is most likely to lower the rate of sex crimes against minors.
From the Paper
"A more promising initiative was also started in 1996, when the California state legislature passed a bill to force paroled, repeat child molesters to undergo a weekly injection of a hormone to reduce sex drive - Depo-Provera. The injection is referred to as a kind of chemical castration. The bill also made it possible for this sentence to be carried out in first-time offenders. Critics say that this is cruel and unusual punishment, in that it stops men for example from becoming fathers, and it may have physical side-effects. On the other hand, proponents of the injection system note that in countries where this has been used, the recidivism rate has dropped to 15%. What this means is that 50% less men are assaulting children. It is argued that the fact that these proven offenders may not be able to have children, and may suffer some mild side-effects, pales into insignificance compared to the fact that so many children will be spared from sexual violation, which may caused them long term suffering. In effect, it means the proven-guilty must suffer, rather than the innocent. If this is what it takes, and if this is the only way to reduce pedophiliac acts, then it is argued that this is the way to go (Van Biema)."
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Therapy for Drug-Abusing Women and their Infants, 2008.
An analysis of possible therapy programs for mothers who abuse drugs and their children.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of a mother's drug use on infants. It looks at the long-term health effects for the children who are born to mothers abusing drugs. The paper then focuses on possible forms of therapy for the women and the children and discusses the ability to prevent the later drug abuse of the children of drug abusing mothers.
From the Paper
"A primary focus has been placed on preventing drug abuse in the children of drug abusers, though prevention is a relatively new field. Therapists watch for some of the precursors of drug abuse, such as depression, antisocial personality, aggression, and conduct disorders. There are similarities between prevention and treatment, but there are also numerous differences. When children show evidence of depression or aggression or other precursors of later drug use, they are treated for these psychological disorders and not for drug use as such. Treatment services offered to the children of drug abusers will provide selective prevention services, while indicated prevention services are offered only to children who show precursors for drug abuse, using such interventions as individual counseling, play therapy, family therapy, behavior modification, or academic tutoring programs (Kumpfer, 1998, p. 420)."
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Freud's Psychoanalysis, 2008.
This paper provides an overview of the history of psychoanalysis and its general components.
1,634 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a definition of psychoanalysis, its pioneering figures, methods, contributions and limitations. The paper shows how the discovery of psychoanalysis "shook up" the course of human knowledge and supplied modernity with one of its central themes. The paper believes that it is impossible to cease marveling at the ingenuity of Sigmund Freud in his quest for an understanding of the human mind.
Outline:
Psychoanalysis: Definition and Origins
The Pioneer, his Concepts and the Disciples
Method, Technique and the Therapist-Patient Relationship
Criticism and Limitations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The sayings, "that was a Freudian slip, or "he has an Oedipus Complex" are as common as they are shopworn. However, the common use of those expressions serves as a convenient introduction to this paper, as it pays homage to the monumental Austrian thinker and the science he pioneered: psychoanalysis. Today, the importance of this science is rarely dismissed, but this hardly implies that a great many misconceptions and inaccurate cliches still mar popular discussions of its findings and repercussions."
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Family Drug Use, 2008.
An examination of family dysfunction and drug abuse among young people.
2,617 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the scholarly literature as it pertains to family dysfunction and to the susceptibility of adolescents to drug abuse. Additionally, the paper provides a brief proposal of a qualitative research design the author has employed as a means of investigating how family dynamics shape the drug use tendencies of young people. The paper also looks at how parental drug abuse creates a greater predilection for drug abuse in young people.
Outline:
Literature Review of Studies Conducted On the Relationship between Family Dysfunction and Drug Abuse Among Young People
Proposed Study
Contributions, Benefits of the Study
From the Paper
"Soroor Parvizy et al (2005) employed an interview of 41 individuals using a content analysis. The data collection process was a series of semi-structured interviews but, while detail is provided with regards to the themes identified, no information was given with regards to whether or not the interviewees were randomly selected or not; on the surface, it would appear to be non-experimental. In any case, the major findings of the study are certainly interesting. According to Parvizy et al (2005), various factors - peer factors, low self-esteem or a feeling of general helplessness - all played a role in the decision to embark on the path to addiction. However, one significant factor also was that those who resorted to this behavior also had parents who were disinterested in the lives of their children and made no effort to correct behavior when they saw their children ingesting drugs. "
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Film: "The Notebook", 2008.
This paper analyzes Erik Erikson's life stage theory by using the 2004 film "The Notebook", as a test of the validity of this theory.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Erik Erikson's life-long model states that the individual does not reach his or her ultimate integration of personality and the final target of maturity and wisdom until the final life stage. The author then argues that this model is lacking in applicability within the modern culture as presented in the 2004 film "The Notebook". The paper states that the film depicts the lives of a couple at two stages in their relationship. The author relates that one stage of their adult life, shown through flashbacks, is when they are younger adults building their relationship, their courtship and the setbacks they faced before finally getting married and that their final stage, in present time, is now their relationship living in an old-age care facility. The paper contends that the two main characters in this film, even at the end of their lives, have remained at Erikson's life stage of young adulthood and will never complete all of the stages in Erikson's model.
From the Paper
"It is possible that Noah is engaged upon a journey that would be similar to Erikson's model of the late adulthood stage, but the film certainly does not present us with any such knowledge about him. Instead, he focuses completely on Allie, lives in an old-age care facility when he does not need to and ignores his children's pleas for his return home. The fact that they say that they miss him, and that he is absent from his children and grandchildren, seems to matter less to him than being with Allie, even though she no longer recognizes him."
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Midlife Crisis, 2008.
This paper discusses S. Coppola's Film, 'Lost in Translation', and Daniel J. Levinson's ideas on midlife adulthood.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Sophia Coppola's Oscar-winning film 'Lost in Translation' (2003) features themes of life stages and transitions that have been popular in mainly American psychological theory of the post-World War II decades. The writer then discusses the film as it relates to themes of mid-life adjustment and crisis. The writer also notes that Daniel J. Levinson's orientation towards life expectations was modernist, post-World War II and American, too and looks at midlife difficulties and new orientations according to Daniel J. Levinson.
The writer maintains that stage or transition theories in psychology have been brought into question, beyond matters of differences in men and women. The writer further points out that what is known popularly as a midlife crisis is seen as an event of predictable modernist life expectations that have given way of postmodern alterations.
Outline:
Introduction
Daniel J. Levinson and Adult Development
"Lost in Translation" and Transitions
Concluding Note
From the Paper
"The idea of midlife difficulties and new orientations was certainly popular among sophisticated urbanites of North America or Western Europe by the early 1960s, as in Elliot Jaques article, stressing the necessary production of a 'new' person at midlife through proper processing of where one had been and new realities. As stage theorists of the same day tended to insist, human development meant getting through stage achievements, the adjustment not made successfully, then experiencing unwanted symptoms of decline in despondency, chronic unhappiness, alcoholism or isolation. More recently, there seems a sort of theoretical compromise. For example, Heckhausen's discussion of physiological changes and life events at midlife refers to a set of adjustments that North Americans have now long been expected to encounter, in process models that indicate eventual adjustment and considerable 'resilience', a term seen to replace 1980s and 1990s ideas of human vulnerability. Levinson's generation stressed the midlife crisis as something that might be most difficult, radical and life transforming, many individuals not prepared for its arrival. One now sees a more tentative approach as in Heckhausen's article on expecting an eventual adjustment of some kind that will be managed by the individual, a stronger notion of the person who is aware of what he or she negotiates perhaps without significant emotional suffering or upheaval."
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Three Studies Addressing Psychology and Language, 2008.
This paper assesses three different articles on language, cognition and psychology and discusses just what the human mind really is.
3,656 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces three contrasting papers belonging to related fields of psychology. The writer looks at 'Representing Word Meaning and Order Information in a Composite Holographic Lexicon' by Michael N. Jones and Douglas J.K. Mewhort, 'Modeling the Successes and Failures of Interventions for Disabled Readers' by Harm, M.W., McCandliss, B.D. and Seidenberg, M.S. and 'An Integrated Theory of Mind' by Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Labiere, C and Qin Y. The writer notes that all the articles are interesting indications of how research in psychology varies strongly, according to the preparation and particular foci of researchers, how the human mind and its faculties are conceptualized, or what is considered salient. Examined, in turn, the three papers provide a glimpse of research or theoretical psychology that may not always sit well with a reader of different orientation. One sees a social scientific discipline that should continue examining and comparing its differences, avoiding too narrow approaches or realms of related study.
Outline:
Introduction
Michael N. Jones and Douglas J.K. Mewhort. (2007). Representing word meaning and order information in a composite holographic lexicon. Psychological Review, 114, 1-37.
Harm, M.W., McCandliss, B.D. and Seidenberg, M.S. (2003). Modeling the successes and failures of interventions for disabled readers. Scientific Studies in Reading, 7, 155-182.
Anderson, J.R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M.D., Douglass, S., Labiere, C and Qin Y. (2004). An Integrated Theory of Mind. Psychological Review, 111, 1036-1060.
Discussion
References
From the Paper
"Perhaps most student readers will have to take Jones & Mewhort's work at face value, unable to draw upon their level of expertise, or what the researchers' findings really mean, in terms of earlier research or what may stand to be learned of language, memory, or other brain function, or language development. It does seems that the human mind capable of language is forever at work, whether speaking or not, for example, towards eventual word order that shows the mind's ability to give its own cues or phrases or associated concepts from diverse places."
"The mind's speech patterns can be plotted for analysis, as Jones & Mewhort tell us is true, most often in relation to similar nouns or verbs or words coming to be predictable in phrases or their uses. When this article is reread, again there is the feeling of needing more information, or perhaps being helped by information on the applications of the research. For example, if memory that aids language is stored in a distributive way, then where in the brain, or according to which processes does this take place?"
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The Elderly and the Theory of Planned Behavior, 2008.
A review of a journal article that modeled the theory of planned behavior and used an experiment related exercise to show the facets of the theory.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of the article "Does the theory of planned behavior elements mediate the relationship between perceived constraints and intention to participate in physical activities? A study among older individuals" by A. Konstantinos, B. Vasilis, and T. Charalampos. The paper focuses on how the article effectively uses qualitative research to understand a particular aspect of human development within an empirical human development study. The paper also attempts to determine whether the article was conducted within the necessary specific criteria for qualitative research. The paper concludes that the article seems to have followed the necessary specific requirements, although certain elements remain somewhat questionable.
From the Paper
"The results of the model showed that given the facets of the TPB, participants' behavior and attitude towards exercise was significantly correlated with the actual amount of exercise undertaken. The predictive aspect of the TPB was also validated by the participants who were contacted after the initial study. Overall, this conclusion was validated by triangulating the data, since the human development experiment was to test a very well known theory - theory of planned behavior, and the authors validated this result with other known experiments and the original empirical construct. The literature review conducted was comprehensive and gave a clear picture of what this particular article was adding to the literature, however, the necessary use of different sources, methods, and investigations was rather comprehensive."
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Representativeness and Availability Heuristics, 2008.
This paper examines the concept of representativeness and availability heuristics.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at representativeness heuristics and at availability heuristics, provide examples of both, and outline how the use of such heuristics often leads to inaccurate conclusions. At the same time, the paper also looks at why it cannot be said that the application of heuristics by human beings immediately makes people "irrational" in some fundamental sense.
From the Paper
"When taking into account the concept of heuristics and the various limitations the authors delineate, it is actually rather hard to countenance the idea that heuristics generally leads to true conclusions. For one thing, turning momentarily to availability heuristics, even when someone is aware of their basis and makes a conscious effort to correct it, they often over-compensate - and that even rudimentary efforts at over-compensation appears to be relatively rare. For instance, the Nisbett and Ross report that "simple, tempting, availability criteria are used in contexts in which availability and frequency are poorly correlated.""
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