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The Atomic Bomb, 2004.
This paper discuses the development of the atomic bomb and the effects of dropping it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the scope of the effect the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on modern warfare and science technology is visible only when taking into account the intense scientific processes to create these weapons of mass destruction. The author points out that, at the dawn of World War II, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin. D. Roosevelt about Nazi Germany's efforts to purify uranium-235, which he warned could result in the building of an atomic bomb. The paper relates that, soon after this letter, the U.S. government started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. The author states that the bomb was tested successfully on July 1945 and, a month later, the first bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The paper concludes that the atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel form of punishment for the Japanese citizens resulting in slow and painful deaths for many innocent Japanese. The paper includes graphs.
From the Paper
"The most difficult part of the Manhattan Project was how to produce enough enriched Uranium to uphold a chain reaction. Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Only about 1/500th of Uranium ore mined ends up as Uranium metal. Of this metal, the fissionable isotope of Uranium is rare. Fissionable Uranium occurs at a ration of 1 to 139. Separating one part of Uranium-235 from 139 parts of Uranium-238 is challenging. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate the two. Scientists at Columbia University first figured out how. A facility to separate Uranium-235 was set up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee."
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Desalination Processes, 2008.
This paper explores Perth, Australia's reverse osmosis desalination plant.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today: electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination and reverse osmosis. The paper discusses how the preexisting water supply was not enough for Perth, Australia to handle all the new people moving to the city. The paper describes how Perth began using the desalination process of reverse osmosis to treat its seawater. The paper examines the problems of costs and energy sources as well as their solutions. The paper concludes that Perth's new reverse osmosis plant has proven to other parts of the world that desalination can be a clean, efficient and cost-effective process.
From the Paper
"Desalination is a mechanical process by which saltwater from oceans can be converted into drinking water for human consumption by removing the salt. There are three main mechanical processes of desalination commonly used today; electrodialysis reversal, thermal desalination, and reverse osmosis.
"Electrodialysis reversal is the most intricate and cost effective desalination system of the three commonly used processes. Electricity is used to ionicly charge the salt in the seawater molecules, and then it is passed through an ion permeable membrane filtering the charged salt molecules. On the other side of the membrane, the water is clean and safe to drink. This process is problematic because of its extensive use of electricity, which is expensive and sometimes unavailable."
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Nuclear Power in Australia, 2007.
This paper explores the physics viability of nuclear power as an energy source for Australia.
2,585 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In order to make a judgement of the physics viability of nuclear power as an energy source for Australia, this paper explains how nuclear energy is produced, disposed of, sourced, and maintained in light of Australia's unique environment and population distribution. The paper discusses the efficiency of using nuclear energy as well as Australia's huge availability of uranium and its ample waste storage space. The paper concludes that nuclear energy is definitely a viable method of energy for Australia but recommends that stringent laws and regulations be made to enforce adequate training of nuclear staff to minimise the risk of disasters. The paper includes a diagram of how nuclear power is produced and a map of mining locations in Australia.
From the Paper
"Nuclear energy is generated by the fission of the uranium 235 isotope. U-235 is the ideal fuel for power generation because it is able to sustain a chain reaction and release energy. Uranium for fuelling nuclear generators is mined in Australia as low-grade ore. Only 0.3% of this ore is pure uranium, and after crushing, chemical treatment and concentration, only 0.7% of this residual is the required U-235 isotope. In order to ensure an induced chain reaction is sustainable, this nuclear fuel needs to be enriched (i.e. concentrated) so that the U-235 concentration is approximately 5%. (Rapkins, Rossiter, Walding, 1999)"
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The Quantum Theory, 2007.
An analysis of Planck's procedure and its theoretical statistical meaning to quantum physics.
3,765 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fundamental contribution of the quantum theory to theoretical statistics. The paper presents and discusses the key moment of the first quantization. It looks at the relationship of the mean and the variance to energy. It then describes and analyzes Planck's procedure. Finally, the paper discusses the statistical meaning of the procedure to quantum physics.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
First Example of Quadratic Variance Distributions
Introducing Correlations: an Interpretation of Quantum
Formal Description of the Quadratic Variance Ensembles
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The fact that statistical physics can be taken as a particular type of statistical inference does not seem to play too much of a theoretical role in physics today. It is perhaps the strong suggestion of subjectivity associated with the concept of inference that determines physicists to rely mostly upon kinetic basis of statistical laws. However, recognized or not, the statistical inference has played a very important part in such fundamental problems like building physical concepts. One illustrative example is the concept of quantum. Originally related to the frequency property of light, it was in time explained as associated with its particle properties, then with the temperature of light. All these properties can be traced logically back to the particular type of statistics which is fundamental for the ensembles characterizing the black body radiation. More than this, that very type of statistics is essential in the contemporary sophisticated descriptions of the squeezed states and their related concepts. This essay presents details of the statistics involved in the history of quantum, and the essential points of this history."
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The Life of Isaac Newton, 2006.
This paper describes the life and achievements of Isaac Newton.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a detailed biography of Isaac Newton, including his major accomplishments and their impact on society. The paper discusses how he revolutionized science, physics and celestial mechanics. The paper relates that he has proved to be one of the greatest scientists of all times.
From the Paper
"Isaac Newton is recorded as being born on Christmas day in the year of 1642, though with our current Gregorian calendar, which was not adopted in England until 1752, his birthday would be January 4th of 1643. Newton was born in Lincolnshire at the Hamlet of Woolsthorpe, a manor house near Grantham. Newton was born prematurely and therefore was a small child. Newton was named after his father, Isaac Newton. Newton's father, an ill-educated farmer who owned property (which made him wealthy) but could not sign his own name, was a sickly man. He died three months before his son was born, in October 1642."
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Newtonian Space-Time, 2002.
An analysis of the concepts of Newtonian space-time.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the metaphysics of Newtonian space-time, with the aim to discover the true meaning of Newton's three laws of motion. The common misconception is that the "universal" laws pertain to a universal and objective reality, whereas they pertain to nothing more than a certain method of setting up experiments, and this the paper aims to establish. It also shows how this throws light on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and then draws significant parallels between classical physics and the modern philosophy of existentialism.
From the Paper
"Newton's laws of motion have a subtext that always escapes scrutiny at the first instance. This is Newtonian space-time, the metaphysical framework that underpins the laws. This framework consists of three spatial dimensions, chalked out as perpendicular to each other and emerging from a unique origin of coordinates. This is Cartesian space. If we add to this the extra dimension of linear time we obtain Newtonian space-time. The laws of motion make sense only when we assume them to be taking place in Newtonian space-time. And when we add the epithet "universal" to the three laws of motion then we have underhandedly made Newtonian space-time infinite in all 6 dimensional directions and have mapped this framework to reality."
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John Buridan, 2007.
An overview of the work of John Buridan towards the birth of Western science.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the career and accomplishments of John Buridan the fourteenth century genius who imbued the philosophy of nominalism and applied it towards fundamentally groundbreaking discoveries in science. Two underlying themes are explored. First, that nominalism is the philosophy that opens the doors to science, and not the opposing stance of realism, that which stakes claim to science entirely. Second, that Buridan did in fact lay a critical foundation stone of Western science, even though he suffered rejection and oblivion at the hands of immediate posterity.
From the Paper
"The contempt shown by orthodoxy to John Buridan displays itself in the fact that his fame is limited to a deliberately misnamed anecdote called "Buridan's ass". The origin of this anecdote can be traced to a commentary on Aristotle's De Caelo, but the animal used in this anecdotal example was a dog, not an ass. By turning the dog into an ass the whole point of the example is being mocked by the proud determinists of later days. And with it the name of Buridan is being summarily dismissed as a medieval eccentric who somehow had made a big name for himself in those ignorant times."
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The Nature of Light, 2001.
A historical overview of the nature of light.
2,803 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the quest to understand the nature of light and presents it as the greatest scientific quest of all. It shows how breakthroughs in the understanding of light triggered vital advances in science as a whole. The field covered is from Epicurus of Samos in the fourth century B.C. to the quantum mechanical understanding in the 20th century.
From the Paper
"Science in the proper sense began in the eighth century within the Moslem sphere, and scientific experimentation became a refined process with the Cairene physicist Alhazen, whose primary subject of study was light. But the practice of science in the Moslem sphere was a short-lived explosion. After 300 years of fruitfulness there was a sudden abandonment of the whole thrust. The twelfth century Syrian mystic and polymath al-Ghazali initiated a comprehensive eradication of scientific endeavour from the sphere of Islam, something that can be said to have been achieved with finality within two centuries from the date of his death in 1111 AD."
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Natural Philosophy, 2007.
This paper discusses the methods and approaches of natural philosophers to modern science.
2,574 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the lives of six of the most notable philosophers: Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes, William Harvey and Robert Boyle. The paper discusses how the discoveries and teachings of these natural philosophers in the seventeenth century was the beginning of a scientific revolution that opened the door to the technology used today. The paper shows how by means of experimentation, observation, rational and educated calculations these men managed to discover many truths in the world in the early 1600s that are still held to be true today.
From the Paper
"The early 1600s was a time of scientific research, discovery, and innovation, taking place primarily in Western Europe. This development in science spanned many years, and was responsible in it's entirety by the brilliant minds of the era. These scientists were known as natural philosophers; however the work done by many of the scientists was an early form of physics, although physicists did not exist at that time. Natural philosophy was the study of the nature and physics of the universe from a scholarly point of view to explain the causes, effects, and events that occur. The philosophers of the time focused their interests on things that they interacted with regularly, such as astrology, biology, chemistry (or alchemy), and the forces of motion. Natural philosophy was paving the way throughout this era, though it was characterized differently as time passed."
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Quantum Cryptography, 2007.
An overview of the use of and the theory behind quantum cryptography.
1,906 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how quantum cryptography is a fast growing form of encryption that is not based upon the difficulty of mathematical algorithms and instead employs quantum physics to encrypt information on the physical level. It emphasizes the need for an innovative cipher as well as the need to inform the IT community regarding the commercial application of quantum cryptography. It also provides a broad overview of the quantum cryptographic protocol and operation using fiber optic media.
From the Paper
"The integrity of information between sender and receiver relies upon secure channels and more importantly the ability to protect the information from unauthorized recipients. The transmission of information can be compromised when a third party listens in on the transmission media measuring the physical object. Consequently, the eavesdropper can effectively intercept the contents of a communication. Certain types of classical cryptography have proven vulnerable to the interception of data and the incident can remain undetected during the entire transmission. This idea of a man-in-the-middle attack on communication media using quantum cryptography is not possible due to the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum superposition's and quantum entanglement are two properties of quantum physics used to detect eavesdropping. "
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Introduction to Quasicrystals, 2007.
An introduction to quasicrystals, looking at their discovery, symmetry, properties and applications.
3,259 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses crystallography, which is the scientific study of crystals. The paper specifically introduces quasicrystals and discusses their discovery in 1982. The paper goes on to analyze the properties, symmetry and application of quasicrystals, looking closely at how they differ from classical crystals. The paper includes many diagrams to illustrate its points.
Table of Contents:
Classical Crystals and Quasicrystals: An Overview
Quasicrystals in Focus
Symmetry of Quasicrystals and the Concept of Higher Dimensional Space
Types of Quasicrystals
Structure Models, Structure Solution Techniques, and Software Modeling
Properties of Quasicrystals
Applications of Quasicrystals and Research Areas in Quasicrystallography
From the Paper
Crystallography, the scientific study of crystals, can be traced as far back as the 17th century, when scientists such as Johannes Kepler and "Robert Hooke published works presenting ideas on the microscopic structure of crystals. Numerous studies in this field resulted in the systematized discipline of crystals as it is known today. Following these developments, "crystallography" evolved from "the scientific study of crystals" to "the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids." This evolution to cover all possible atomic arrangement was inevitable especially with the discovery of solids that cannot be confined within the conventional definition of a crystal."
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Lead-Tin Phase Diagram, 2004.
Examines an experiment that involves a phase diagram.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The experiment discussed in this paper aims to generate experimentally the lead-tin phase diagram from various proportions of the two metals in this binary system. It involves the preparation and heating in a test tube of mixtures containing 90%Pb-10%Sn, 80%Pb-20%Sn, 60%Pb-40%Sn, 40%Pb-60%Sn, and 20%Pb-80%Sn. The paper explains that the experiment requires the use of a thermocouple to monitor the temperature reading every 5 seconds until it drops off to 160 degrees C. Five cooling curves (temperature versus time), 1 for each mixture are generated, taking notes on the points of arrest and the critical temperatures. The paper shows that the integration of all the cooling curves produces the lead-tin phase diagram. The paper includes diagrams.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Preparation of Set up and Samples
Experiment Proper
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendix
From the Paper
"The simplest phase diagrams are those of the binary alloys, a binary alloy being one that contains two components. In this type of phase diagram, temperature and composition are the variable parameters, the temperature usually being relegated to the y-axis and the composition to the x-axis (where the two composition scales of the two components run opposite to each other in magnitude, the 100% composition of each component coinciding with the 0% composition of the other component, and vice versa)."
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Sintering, 2004.
Examines the sintering of Cu and Cu-Zn pellets and recrystallization of brass.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
Sintering, which is a stage of powder metallurgy, is a thermal process that creates inter-particle welds. It is where powder compacts are annealed in a controlled atmosphere to a temperature at which solid-state diffusion occurs. On the other hand, recrystallization is the process of the formation of new strain-free grains from initially cold-worked grains. This paper examines an experiment that had, as its objectives, the intention of examining of the effects of sintering and recrystallization on the microstructure and the hardness of the specimens. The samples used are copper and copper-zinc powders for sintering and brass for recrystallization. The paper shows that the copper and copper-zinc powders are compacted and are sintered in a nitrogen-containing atmosphere at different temperature and time settings. The brass samples are cold-worked and are annealed at different temperature and time settings. The paper includes tables.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"When a polycrystalline metal is cold worked, the grain boundaries act to interrupt the slip processes that occur in the crystals. The lattice adjacent to the grain boundaries is much more distorted in the center of the grains. Decreasing the grain size increases the grain boundary area and, as a consequence, the volume and the uniformity of the distorted metal. This effect decreases the number of possible sites of nucleation and, therefore, the smaller the grains of the metal before cold work, the greater will be the rate of nucleation and the smaller the recrystallized grain size for a given degree of deformation."
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Heat Treatment of Steel, 2004.
Examines a process that increases the hardness of steel.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
When steel is heat treated, the size and morphology of its phases are changed. The samples used in this paper are AISI 1045 and 4140 steels. Four samples each of AISI 1045 and AISI 4140 are shown to be subjected to annealing and quenching while eight samples of AISI 1045 are subjected to tempering. Photomicrographs and hardness of each sample are taken. From the results, the paper shows that quenching increases the hardness of steel and increasing the cooling rate increases the hardness of the sample due to the formation of fine grains of pearlite. Increasing the tempering temperature reduces the hardness of a specimen. The paper includes graphs.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Section
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Theoretically, a quenched specimen should be harder than tempered specimens. This is due to the interstitial carbon atoms that deter dislocations along the lattice. The relatively higher hardness of a quenched specimen may also be attributed to the few slip systems of the BCT crystal structure. From the microstructure, the trapped carbon atoms are evident as the black regions."
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Economic Thermodynamics, 2006.
A discussion regarding thermodynamics and economics.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the question of including thermodynamics in the study of economics. It is very important to include it when studying neo-classical economics and free-market activity because it alone seems capable of introducing consumption pattern analysis into the study of economics. Thermodynamics is important within ecological economics and within economics in general because the environment within which all economies function is anchored in a finite system that is constrained by its very nature and character.
From the Paper
"Resources are limited and many are not reproducible in any type of practical natural sense that would allow even sustainable growth models to be applicable. Petroleum will eventually be completely depleted and the natural process of producing it is simply not a practical option that would result in sustainable consumption patterns. "
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The Nantucket Sound Wind Farm Proposal, 2006.
This paper discusses the Nantucket Sound wind farm proposal, and it's value to the USA.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issues of should the Nantucket Sound wind farm be allowed to proceed and do the apparent benefits outweigh the risks that opponents have outlined? In a word: yes. According to the paper, the Nantucket Sound wind farm proposal should move forward in its development. It represents a renewable source of clean electricity that has minimal impact upon the region--both environmentally and economically. The coming years will see ever-increasing costs for nonrenewable sources of electricity such as coal and natural gas. The Nantucket Sound region has the ability to produce much of its own electricity, cheaply and efficiently. The region should take advantage of that resource.
From the Paper
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Development of Science, 2006.
This paper looks at the development of science and technology as it relates to the effects of World War II.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This essay examines and discusses the impact of World War II on the development of science and technology. The discussion includes several examples, mainly pertaining to the development of nuclear science, weapons, medical research and genetics. The writer points out that since the end of World War II there has been an almost complete merger of science and technology, and governments and the industry now support most pure science research. Further, the writer notes that according to McClellan and Dorn, the example of the atomic bomb development in the US during World War II marks a watershed in the history of modern science and technology.
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Electrical Stimulation, 2006.
A discussion regarding electricity and the role it plays in the field of medicine.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how with the advent of electricity in the 19th Century, there came many changes to the field of medicine. Some of these were quack remedies or methods (such as electroshock therapy) which have fallen out of favor. Yet, today, there are still applications for electricity and electrical stimulation that are used in medicine. This paper summarizes the research and activity being done regarding the following topics: electricity in medicine, electrophysiology, electrotherapeutics, magnetic fields and neural stimulation. The paper further relates each of these areas to the human brain.
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