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"Healing East and West: Ancient Wisdom and Modern Psychology.", 2008.
A discussion of the different methods of psychology applied in the Eastern and Western worlds.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Eastern and Western philosophies have differed in terms of medical treatment and knowledge for many centuries. It goes on to describe how the contents of "Healing East and West Ancient Wisdom and Modern Psychology", by Anees A, Sheikh and Katharina S. Sheikh, explores both the differences and similarities of the fundamental elements of each tradition's methods in the field of psychology, along with how they can be successfully integrated.
From the Paper
"For centuries, Eastern and Western philosophies have differed in terms of medical treatment and knowledge. These differences have been misinterpreted time and time again; however, many of the same basic elements of counseling are found in both traditions. The authors of Healing East and West Ancient Wisdom and Modern Psychology, Anees A, Sheikh and Katharina S. Sheikh, aim to explore both the differences and similarities of the fundamental elements of each tradition's methods in the field of psychology, along with how they can be successfully integrated."
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Theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 2008.
Looks at the life and teaching of anti-Nazi German theologian and philosopher Dietrich Bonhoeffer and reflects on his writings.
2,440 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, among the first German Protestants to perceive the diabolical nature of Nazism, was implicated in the plot to assassinate Hitler and destroy his Third Reich for which Bonhoeffer was hanged. The author explains that Bonhoeffer taught that ethical behavior was founded on the unification of the reality of the world, God and Christ and criticized other theories for their failure to confront evil directly. The paper reflects upon a major work by Bonhoeffer "The Cost of Discipleship", published in 1948, in which he discussed "costly grace" as the center of discipleship.
Table of Contents:
Life
Teachings
Reading Reflection
From the Paper
"Grace is cheap if the sin is blotted out but the sinner remains unjustified or remains feeling unjustified. No human being can do the job. God's free grace alone can do and does everything. Despite man's best efforts at living well, the world can only go the same old way and sinners will remain sinners. The sinner must feel forgiven if the forgiveness is real. Otherwise, it is only cheap grace and cheap grace is unreal. True forgiveness releases the sinner from the sin and makes the sin leave the sinner. Cheap grace is also only ministerial or external."
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Emile Durkheim and Max Weber on Religion, 2008.
A comparison of the writings of Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, focusing on their views on religion and society.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the ideas of the French thinker Emile Durkheim and the German economist Max Weber. The writer discusses how Durkheim was interested in defining and explaining religion as a force that drives people, whereas Max Weber focused on identifying its relationship to other social and economic phenomena. Durkheim believed that religion is the basis of social organization and behavior, while Max Weber did not look at the population as a whole when analyzing its religious aspects, but at each individual. The writer concludes that, although their views differed on how religion influences society, in attempting to establish new rules and view religion from different perspectives they represent, together with Karl Marx, the foundational sociological traditions examining the "institution" of religion.
From the Paper
"Both Emile Durkheim and Max Weber approached religion in order to identify its connections with external forces. While Durkheim looked at religion in terms of a social connection and a social determination, Weber analyzed it from the standpoint of economic development. The approach taken by Durkheim is more complex in regard to the actual religious features as it presents the sacred and profane division of human activities, whereas Weber's approach is more economic and tries to identify a connection between economically emerging countries and the religion practiced by its inhabitants."
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Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, 2008.
An analysis of the sociological philosophies of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.
1,646 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the major contributions to the field of sociology of Charles Horton Cooley (1864 to 1929) and George Herbert Mead (1863 to 1931). The paper discusses the sociological viewpoints of both philosophers and provides examples from some of their works. The paper discusses how their philosophies can be applied to the individual and society as a whole
From the Paper
"As a sociologist/philosopher, Mead was also extremely notable for his achievements related to what he calls the "Genesis of the Self," the genesis of human consciousness and the Self "through the gradually developing ability in childhood" to assume the role of another human being and to "visualize his own performance" from the viewpoint of significant others. In essence, Mead is attempting to explain through this genesis exactly how humans become conscious of their own Selves and their own minds. Once again, Mead's symbolic gestures play a pivotal role in the development of the Self, due to symbols arousing "in one's self what it arouses in the other individual" ("George Herbert Mead," 2006, Internet). This has much to do with emotional symbolism/gestures like crying, laughing, smiling or frowning, such as with a child who observes an adult laughing at a another person which arouses a similar reaction under similar circumstances in a social setting. Thus, as Mead understands it, the foundation of the human Self revolves around reflexes as they are generated in relation to society and its environment, for "through the individual's ability to take in his imagination the attitudes" and reflexes of other people, "his own self becomes an object of his own reflection" ("George Herbert Mead," 2006, Internet), something very closely akin to Cooley's "Looking Glass Self.""
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Employee Ethics, 2008.
This research paper discusses employee ethics and looks at how to change the ethical culture within the organization.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The writer of this research paper explains that employees of the company in this work have been observed by a fellow employee who has noted unethical issues in the workplace and specifically that employees are not honest with one another or with customers and moreover, recently employees of the company have sold products and services with known flaws. The writer points out that the company's decision-making appears more focused on avoidance of reprimands than on pursuing the 'right' or ethical behavior. The researcher has spoken with the company CEO concerning this issue in the organization with the CEO asking the researcher in this work what might be done to improve the situation. The writer justifies the need for the ethical response of employees and organization and secondly develops and defends measures that would be effective in bringing about an improvement in the organization's ethics and ethical decisions. Finally, this work also explains how the ethical climate of the company might be improved.
This paper includes figures.
Outline:
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Methodology
Literature Review
Findings of the Study
Recommendations for More Research
From the Paper
"The findings of the foregoing review of literature include the finding that ethical behavior in an organization does not 'just happen' but is intentional, incorporated, integrated, disseminated, communication, and woven into the very fabric of the organizational culture. Ideologically, ethics are demonstrated by those in leadership roles and younger employees are able to follow by the examples set in leadership. Ethics are existent or absent in an organizational culture are rarely in reality in what is commonly known as the gray area of what is acceptable. Ethical or unethical behavior is interwoven into every nook and cranny of the organization including purchasing, and sales, upper, middle and lower management levels. Ethical behavior either 'is' or 'is not' within the organizational behavior framework. Changing of the ethical culture of an organization requires training older and younger employees differently and requires individualization for different types of individuals in the organization. The findings that are considered key in this review of literature is as related that ethical behavior integrated into the organizational culture through leadership role models in ethical behavior. Finally, this work has reviewed the roles of Top- and Middle-management in supporting ethical behavior in the organization's culture as well as has this work related the roles of supervisors, coworkers and employees toward changing the organizational ethical culture."
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Heracles, Theseus, and Odysseus., 2008.
An essay describing the heroism of three characters in Greek mythology, namely Heracles, Theseus, and Odysseus.
1,173 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Greek heroes who were an integral part of Greek society and relates that they were held in esteem just below the gods and demi-gods of the Greek pantheon. The paper states that they were considered progeny of the gods, and as such, were favored by them as the gods and demi-gods who protected them. The paper specifically examines the nature of the heroism of three Greek heroes, Heracles, Theseus, and Odysseus.
From the Paper
"Another characteristic that ties mythological heroes together is their encounter with a femme fatale. Aside from the various monsters encountered along the quest, this femme fatale adds to the difficulties by attempting to attract the hero romantically and detract them from their quest. Odysseus had Circes and Calypso, who caused a considerable delay in his return home (Stewart, "Odysseus"). Theseus had Ariadne who cause delay in his return home when she was kidnapped (Plutarch, online version). Sometimes the femme fatale is hostile, as with Circes and Calypso. Other times the femme fatale is benevolent, as with Ariadne. Either way, the femme fatale causes the hero to stray off schedule and delay his quest."
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Plato on Education, 2008.
This paper discusses Plato's philosophy of education and its application in schools today.
1,659 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper describes Plato's ideas about a perfect educational system and shows how the educational system today actually incorporates some, but not all, of these ideas. The paper discusses how the education Plato proposes would not keep children up to date in this world we live in. The paper is of the opinion, however, that if we educated more by the ideals which Plato described, that is, teaching students to look beyond the obvious, to the truth and to critically analyze whatever they read, see and hear, we would be providing a better education.
From the Paper
"Plato believed that women were equal to men and that, though some women are smaller, some women are larger than some men and therefore should be allowed to learn the same skills that men do. Plato's Republic describes how male and female "guardians" receive the same education and be given the same duties in society. These guardians are the ones who will be in charge of the city-state which Plato envisioned for everyone, an ideal society, where philosophers are kings. In other words, thoughtful presidents who know how to think in terms of what is the good for all mankind and make their decisions based on that. He believed that politicians could be educated, as well, to think like philosophers. "
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The Divine Comedy and Carl Jung, 2008.
This paper discusses Dante's 'The Divine Comedy' as it relates to Jungian archetypal theory.
1,740 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the development of Dante's 'Divine Comedy' is a development of self. This individual travels from shallow to more authentic experiences as he or she travels through the different worlds or levels of hell. The writer points out that similarly Jungian archetypal theory demonstrates the same sort of idea. The individual travels through a traditional set of concepts that range in depth from very shallow to much deeper and more authentic, until one becomes what is considered the true self which is steeped in the concept of the old soul and is the mythic combined with the human. The writer maintains that the archetypes associated with Jungian theory are clearly and concisely illuminated in the depths of the 'Divine Comedy'. The writer concludes that each archetype is given its appropriate time and due character while Dante the pilgrim seeks to entertain how he above others can more closely live the life of the wise old man, who he assumed was Virgil but was really himself.
From the Paper
"The shadow coincides with early Dante, when he is drawn by sin and temptation and on the verge of suicide. He is in need of intervention, in this case Virgil (the wise old man) to accompany him and give him guidance as he does not know himself or his place in the world. He is also in need of Beatrice, his lost love to come to him and explain the virtue of the journey and to introduce him to his guide, the wise old man a concept illuminated later that will lead us between the acceptance of the feminine Animus within himself as nothing to fear. For Dante the shadow is really his grief, as he wanders about the world trying to do and say the right thing but not knowing himself well enough to known what the right or wrong thing for him is."
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Philosophies and Greek Literature, 2008.
This paper discusses perspectives and philosophies that are revealed in
Greek literature.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Greek literature reveals much about Greek and Roman culture. From reading ancient poems and epics, one gains a sense of understanding of the people, their culture, and beliefs. The writer discusses that Greek literature provides fascinating insights into people, societal norms, and beliefs. The writer also points out that because the society was an oral one, many of the early epics, such as Homer's 'The Iliad' and 'The Odyssey' are excellent resources as well as monumental pieces of literature. The writer maintains that with this literature one can gain insight into a segment of society's greatest and most mysterious people.
From the Paper
"Will Durant maintains there are essentially five elements that unify Greek society. They are a common language, a common intellectual life, a common passion for athletics, a love for beauty, and partially common religious beliefs and rituals. Regarding the aspect of literature uniting the Roman population, we can see how the belief of gods and goddesses was a prevalent, inviting force. The same can be said about the society's belief in war, heroism, and fighting for one's country. For example, in The Odyssey, one sees the presence of Athena, Hermes, Aeolus, and Poseidon - gods and goddesses that had incredible power and influence over society. In this drama, the gods are perceived as responsible for human fate. In contrast, The Iliad paints more reasonable picture of the gods - one that leaves the humans in control of their own fate. For example, in the Odyssey, the gods controlled Odysseus' journey. This play also shows how the gods conspire and work against each other."
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Rhetoric, 2008.
This paper provides a review of the concept of rhetoric.
2,383 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that rhetoric has come to mean the spoken word, in particular those words spoken by politicians. The writer then discusses that a review of the history of rhetoric reveals that rhetoric is quite different from popular definitions. This paper reviews and critiques what classical scholars and philosophers like Cicero, Plato and Aristotle believed about rhetoric. Their view that rhetoric, ethics and philosophy are interrelated is also presented in this paper, along with the New Rhetoric and instructions on how to properly engage in formal communication, which is also an important aspect of rhetoric.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
From the Paper
"The bigger picture of rhetoric is nothing like the political polemics that play out during campaigns for president. Rhetoric is speaking and writing, hopefully intelligent dialogue or speech making and worthy written narrative. Rhetoric is also a way of healing what hurts inside the heart and the spirit.
"To wit, Payne's points are appropriate because everyone on the planet, no matter what language they speak, no matter the culture or continent, can understand failure. What many individuals do not understand, however, is how to use rhetoric effectively to dig out of the hole created by the failure."
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Sir Isaac Newton, 2008.
A discussion of the philosophical views of Sir Isaac Newton and how they are connected to his scientific accomplishments..
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Sir Isaac Newton's vast scientific accomplishments and his philosophical views are essentially inseparable. Newton rests the entire foundation of his scientific discoveries on the existence of a moral order in the universe, which he believed was tempered and led by an omnipotent and omniscient force. The author points out that one of Newton's more curious philosophical efforts was to extract scientific information about the universe from the Bible. The paper discusses Newton's conception of the moral hierarchy.
From the Paper
"Newton viewed God as the masterful creator of the universe. In the face of the grandeur of all creation, he argued, how is it even possible that man could begin to deny God's existence? God enabled Newton to justify his natural philosophy, thus blurring the line that has traditionally separated science from religion. In explaining his view of astronomy, Newton asserted that it was necessary that there be a force behind it all to make it work."
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Nozick's Entitlement Theory, 2008.
Looks at the issue of distributive justice and evaluates Robert Nozick's entitlement theory.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the meaning of the concept of distributive justice, which guarantees that everyone is supplied with a certain level of material means, can be interpreted based on different philosophies. The author examines Robert Nozick's libertarian three-part entitlement theory and then compares with John Rawls' difference principle. The paper concludes by demonstrating why Nozick's theory fails the test of moral justification.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Distributive Justice
Literature Review
Robert Nozick
Comparing Nozick with Rawls
Nozick / Libertarianism
Nozick / Libertarianism II
Kantians
John Locke
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Like John Locke, Nozick basically believed that an individual has the right to: one, own what he makes; and two, to "appropriate [i.e., take] anything not already owned" with the proviso that in appropriating [taking possession of] the item that person leaves enough for others and certainly leaves them "no worse off" for having appropriated the item. And further, Nozick wrote that in appropriating the item (distributive justice in action) that act does not leave the other person in a lesser position in terms of being able to appropriate something he or she desires."
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Bronfenbrenner and Development, 2008.
This paper discusses Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development.
1,377 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in many ways, the ecological theory posited by Bronfenbrenner can be used to describe the levels of development in the writer's personal and academic life. This theory of development is based on interactive levels of input and experience that can be transposed and used to discuss the decisions made in the writer's personal life, which led to a change from a career focused on children and family services to the geriatric population and gerontology. This paper not only attempts to show how this personal development corresponds to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development but also analyzes and elucidates this theoretical standpoint and its ramifications.
From the Paper
"In essence, the theory put forward by Bronfenbrenner stresses the quality as well as the context of the developmental environment that extends from childhood to adulthood and to later life. A central facet that is emphasized in the theory is the interaction between the individual and the environment and the complexity of this interaction in the developmental process. Many of the above stages can be relate to the different dimensions of an individual's development. For example, the Macrosystem can present environmental factors that can both help or hinder the developmental progress of the childe or young adult. "
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Continental Philosophy, 2008.
An introduction to various philosophers.
1,003 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper puts forward various philosophical arguments from well known philosophers such as Georg Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. The author also explains how the existentialist challenge launched on Hegelian idealism is not complete without the existentialist icons of the 20th century, Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.
From the Paper
"Hegel's idealism, which can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosophers, was seriously questioned starting with the 19th century and the essential works of Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard, only to continue with Nietzsche and the phenomenology school in the last part of the 19th century and for much of the 20th century. The existentialist school of which these philosophers were part of launched the revolutionary idea that existence precedes the essence and that the human being exists before it starts defining itself. The assumption of existence as the core concept of their philosophical system brought about the anguish of existential loneliness, the negation of Divinity and the challenge of the individual's existence. Moving on from Hegel's alienation, existentialists and phenomenologists were able to make revolutionary changes to perceptions."
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Aristotle on Pleasure, 2008.
An analysis of Aristotle's views on pleasure, specifically in his work, "The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle."
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the views of Aristotle on the experience of pleasure in the world. The paper specifically focuses on "The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle" by Aristotle and discusses his views expressed in the work. The paper explains how pleasure for Aristotle is an aspect of human existence that guides action and can guide virtuous living.
From the Paper
"Moderation seems to be the stand of Aristotle on pleasure, somewhere in between the contrary idea of all pleasure being a bad thing for man and all pleasure being a good thing for man Aristotle hangs his idea of pleasure and pleasure seeking as a natural state of man seeking eudaimonia. If a man seeks pleasure that is derived form his own desire in a natural state he is seeking pleasure that is necessary for the completion of a virtuous life. If a man seeks pleasure from an unnatural state, such as in the state of illness he is seeking pleasure for un-virtuous reasons and therefore such acts and emotions cannot be considered pleasure."
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Truth, Goodness and the Character of God, 2008.
An analysis of the character of God in western culture.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the God of Judeo-Christian culture in terms of the concepts of truth and goodness. The paper points out that this is a critical God, who monitors human thought and activity, rewards good behavior and punishes bad. It also discusses the belief that this omniscient and omnipotent God demands our undivided allegiance. The paper concludes that any inventory of the hard plight of man throughout human history would suggest that either a just God of the type envisioned in Western culture does not exist or that God exists, but not necessarily a God of goodness at all.
Outline:
Introduction
God and Truth
God and Goodness
From the Paper
"However, even in discussing as profound a topic as the character of God, I believe that our beliefs - even concerning God - must be logically consistent. In that regard, the notion that "everything happens for a reason" is not logically consistent. If God is good, and to whatever extent God desires goodness for human beings, God could either choose to remain entirely uninvolved in human affairs or God could choose to intervene on our behalf. If God chooses to remain completely uninvolved in human affairs, then the concept of things happening "for a reason" is nonsensical, because God neither acts nor intervenes on our behalf at all."
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The Love Theme, 2008.
This paper discusses the love theme in the poems "Variation on the Word Sleep" by Margaret Atwood and Al Purdy's "Alive or Not".
1,644 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that love is, not surprisingly, one of the most frequent themes in all literary creations and especially in poetry. The writer points out that throughout the centuries, love has been represented in many different ways in poetry, according to the specific aspect that the poets were trying to communicate. The writer then notes that the two poems, 'Variation on the Word Sleep' by Margaret Atwood and 'Alive or Not' by Al Purdy appear to be dissimilar at a first glance, but, upon a more profound examination, the poems reveal a few common elements. While love is certainly the theme of both poems, it somehow seems to elude the reader at first. This is because the poems are somehow atypical: They seem to avoid the intensity of the actual feeling of love and focus on the representation of two dream sequences instead. The writer notes that Atwood's poem translates the author's wish to plunge into the dream of her lover, while Purdy's text relates a bizarre dream in which he is trying to save his wife from an accident. The writer maintains that both poems offer thus a different perspective on love from inside the dream, which focuses on its haunting power, and the way the feeling travels to the subconscious.
From the Paper
"It is evident though that the poem is not merely about sleeping and dreaming. The same is with Purdy's text which is in fact an account of an odd dream. Love is not mentioned in any way, but it is inherent in both poems. Atwood thus speaks about her wish to descend into her lover's sleep, that is, to dive deeply into his subconscious and meet his greatest fear and his greatest grief.
"This is certainly a different way of approaching the theme of love. Here, the union between the two lovers is not an ecstatic feeling, but a submerged, deep sensation. The imagery of the poem is quite very evocative and the tone is rather slumberous and heavy. The scenery depicted recalls a fairytale atmosphere, typical of dreams. The silver branch, the white flower, the boat, the stairway or the three moons are all symbolic dream-elements, signifying the journey or the descent into the dark subconscious state."
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Existentialism in Modern Education, 2008.
This paper discusses the application of an existential philosophical point of view to the role and methods of the modern educational process.
1,583 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that while only a small percentage of students study existentialist philosophy in a formal sense, all students can benefit from an educational environment that incorporates elements of its point of view. The paper explains the primary purpose of the modern educational system and how a more existential approach to education would encourage students to use their educational opportunities to identify their true talents and most genuine academic and life interests. The paper then focuses on the role of the existential educator.
Outline:
Existential Philosophy in Education
Existential Values and Benefits in Education
The Role of the Educator
From the Paper
"Applying existentialism to modern education differs from many other types of suggestions for changes to educational philosophy in that it pertains almost exclusively to the motivational component rather than to any operational or mechanical aspect of teaching. Furthermore, because it relates exclusively to motivation for learning, the existential approach to education is equally applicable to virtually every subject and to all types of instructional methodologies."
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