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The Nurse Practitioner, 2008.
This paper identifies the role and issues relating to a nurse practitioner.
722 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper highlights the need for nurse practitioners but points to a number of obstacles facing this role, such as out-dated policies, legislation and fee-for-service structures. The paper discusses how the general public and the government lack understanding of what the term nurse practitioner actually means, causing nurse practitioners to confront issues of identity, status and legitimacy. The paper concludes that one of the most essential needs is a common curriculum in education that will prepare nurse practitioners for practice.
From the Paper
"The role of the nurse practitioner is extremely important to nursing because it expands the scope of practice and opens new opportunities for meeting the needs of a changing health care system (CNO, 2005). Nurse practitioners work in many settings such as pediatric or family care, and specialize in illnesses such as AIDS. Melnechencko (2006) discusses the advanced practice role of the nurse practitioner in the field of acute geriatrics. She maintains that the nurse practitioner is a skilled nursing clinician as well as a practice leader who is capable of creating a significant impact on care in a wide variety of settings."
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Nutritional Needs for Preschool Children, 2008.
This paper is a review of literature that seeks to clarify nutritional needs for preschool children as required by parents.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while much is known about appropriate nutritional needs for infants and for children and adolescents, preschoolers are a demographic that is generally understudied in the nutritional literature. The author points out that nutrition for preschoolers is determined by the physiology of the child, the degree of activity expressed by the child and the context in which consumption of food occurs. The paper stresses that many of the rules of thumb that govern dietary habits for adults do not work in respect to preschoolers especially in the area of fat consumption. The author relates that preschoolers are predisposed towards diets that are high in fiber, such as grains and vegetables. The paper suggests that parents, who want to improve their children's nutritional health, should look to organic products.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Nutritional Needs for Preschoolers
Nutritional Determination and Preschoolers
Nutritional Environment and Preschoolers
Possible Threats to Appropriate Nutrition for Preschoolers
Summary: Recommendations for Parents of Preschoolers
From the Paper
"The National Agriculture Library indicates that most preschool children require a balanced diet from the "five food groups". These five food groups consist of grains, fruits and vegetables, meats, dairy, and foods with high fat and sugar content. In diet recommendations for preschoolers, the grains and vegetables are fundamental components. These diet recommendations are made with the exclusion of fruit: fruits contain high levels of natural sugar and should be minimized. This is likewise true for juice consumption, which also has a high level of sugar in it."
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A Diabetic Patient, 2008.
This paper is an interview of a diabetic patient and her family by a nurse and an evaluation of the implications and treatment of this chronic disease.
2,545 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the objective of both the interview and the assessment is to gain knowledge so that the patient and family learn what resources and choices they have in order to achieve greater control over the patient's chronic illness, diabetes. The author points out that the sudden development of the patient's diabetes without any warning symptoms combined with the sudden complication she faces, underscore that type 2 diabetes is one of the most complicated illnesses that health care providers encounter in primary care. The paper stresses that seeing the illness from the family's perspective ensures that the needs and concerns are identified properly and are given the right priority. The author believes that she needs to work on her communication skills to elicit illness narratives because the quality of information depends on effective communication.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Interview with Mr. and Mrs. Banar
Family Feedback
Analysis of Perceptions and Impact of Chronic Illness
The Canadian Diabetes Association
Author's Reaction to Interview
Appendix: Family Assessment
Appendix: Confidentiality Agreement
From the Paper
"It is not only the physical aspects of diabetes that create an impact. Psychosocial factors also play a very important role in the family management of diabetes. Diabetes can be difficult to manage in families because any negative psychosocial functioning in the family will affect adherence to the regimen along with glycemic control. In order to achieve control over diabetes, it is not just the patient but the involvement of the entire family that is needed. It can be observed that Mrs. Banar is supported by his wife, and this family further is supported by members of the extended family."
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Grounded Theory, 2008.
This paper discuses grounded theory, which is one method of qualitative research and a form of field research, and applies this approach to the field of nursing.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the outstanding feature of grounded theory is that researchers never begin with a theory but identify various constructs in the data generated by the study. The author points out that underlying grounded theory is the sociological perspective of symbolic interactionism. The paper defines the theory of symbolic interationism stating that the way people behave and interact is determined by the way they impose their meanings and interpret the symbolism they encounter in their lives. The author relates that grounded theory is of great value to nursing research because it can be empirically tested. The paper reports that grounded theory has been used effectively to investigate issues relating to the nursing profession such as nursing education, practice and administration.
From the Paper
"Any concepts and variables that emerge are then interrelated by using core variables. Core variables are extremely important as the discovery of a core variable is the whole purpose of grounded theory. The core variable is what gives meaning to the central theme and also explains what is taking place with the data. The core variable also is the central concept for the sake of theory generation and the entire value of the theory depends on that core variable. There are six features associated with the core variable."
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Abusing Nurses, 2008.
This paper explores the issue of nurse abuse and discusses the solutions.
2,203 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses how nurses experience intimidation, violence and harassment in the workplace. The paper relates that research indicates that the most effective means for eradicating bullying is through the use of multiple strategies. The paper looks at how a health care organization needs to enforce a clear policy of zero tolerance for any kind of abuse and to develop clear procedures for reporting, investigating and following up every incident. The paper also talks about the need for a health care organization to provide access to information that will increase staff awareness and aid effective communication.
Outline:
Introduction
Context
Violence and the Nursing Environment
Solutions
Evaluation of the Options
From the Paper
"Nurses experience intimidation, violence, and harassment in the workplace on such a scale that the problem is international in scope. Bullying or intimidation and aggression can come from many sources including the nurse's supervisor, but the most common form is from co-workers (Jackson, 2002; CNO, 2005). Whereas nurses would expect aggressive behaviour on a psychiatric unit or in emergency, nurses who work in general medical, surgical and high dependency areas also experience high levels of aggression from other nurses (O'Connell & Young, 2000). Aggression assumes many forms, a major one being intimidation which is synonymous with bullying. Bullying can be undetected for long periods because of the silent agreement of other nurses as well as the strategies used by the abuser. Research indicates that the most effective means for eradicating bullying is through the use of multiple strategies."
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Healthcare in Canada, 2008.
This paper discusses why healthcare has become an important issue for Canadians.
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that the issue of health care in Canada is an important one for debate because the country operates a health care system that is unique, particularly in comparison with systems of other developed countries. The writer points out that Canada's one-tier system based on publicly funded health care is in stark odds to the two-tier system (of both public and private health care) common to other advantaged countries, such as the United States and Australia. The writer maintains that this in itself has caused contention amongst Canadian proponents for system change even though a number of other issues also play a role in debating the validity and importance of Canada's healthcare system.
From the Paper
"Canada is unusual in that its health care system is wholly publicly funded, whilst the health care services are actually provided by private bodies. Healthcare is a hot issue in Canada, however; although the system appears to be a public one from the outside it is not in reality always so. In Canada, the health care system is paid for primarily by the government; however, at the other end of the spectrum, the government contributes so little to prescription drugs costs, and dental care, which is notoriously expensive.
"It is prudent for governments, researchers, critics and citizens to compare public national systems to those of other countries, not only as a basis for comparison but also in order to establish benefits of altering the existing system, if any positive changes are identified."
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A Two-Tier System of Health Care, 2008.
This paper explains why a two-tier health care system will impact the quality of healthcare provided to the less fortunate.
853 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the drawbacks of the two-tier health care system and uses Australia as an example to show how the introduction of a two-tier system was detrimental to the country's health care industry. The paper explains that in a two-tier health care system, resources and precedence is given to those who have paid for private healthcare. The paper explains how it is inevitable that two-tier health care systems benefit the rich at the expense of the poor and points to America as a perfect example of this. The paper concludes that Canada should retain its one-tier system if it wants to maintain health care privileges for all and not just some citizens.
From the Paper
"A two-tier health care system is a national form that is in place in a number of countries. The two tiers are: 1. the public health care system (which is generally guaranteed for all citizens) and 2. the private health care system. The latter typically is expensive and offers shorter service queues alongside "better" treatment for recipients. The problem with a two-tier system of health care is thus that the public system may not be able to provide adequate healthcare to the less fortunate, as resources and precedence is given to those who have paid for private healthcare."
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Mental Health and Stigma, 2008.
This paper looks at the effects of stigma as it relates to mental illness.
1,513 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the stigma attached to mental illness is found everywhere including the health care system. Stigma can be defined as attitudes, feelings and behaviors that cause a negative view towards individuals or groups. The writer maintains that such attitudes and behaviors are based on stereotyping and false notions such as the view that the mentally ill are always violent. The writer argues that stigma not only destroys self-esteem and limits opportunities for the person with a mental illness such as schizophrenia, but is a major barrier to recovery. The most serious effect of stigma is social isolation; stigma condemns the mentally ill to isolation and feelings of shame. The writer notes that stigma is so prevalent and embedded in society that it is almost impossible to eradicate, but there are strategies that can be effective.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Need
Objectives
Methods
Evaluation
From the Paper
"The mentally ill person is not able to participate like other people in society because stigma results in the mentally ill person having diminished social status. Schumacher, Corrigan and Dejong explain how stigma related to mental illness is based on three main cues consisting of bizarre behavior, poor social skills, and little physical attractiveness. Stigma also results in discrimination on the part of employers and landlords, leaving the mentally ill with few or no opportunities for a normal life. As a result of such discrimination, many of the mentally ill are unemployed and homeless. In contrast to the stigma associated with race or gender, stigma attached to mental illness is based on the cues of labels, bizarre behavior, poor social skills, and physical appearance. Furthermore, the most intense stigma is a reaction to bizarre behavior and perceived strangeness.
"Research studies have indicated that the most effective way to eradicate stigma is through developing contact between healthy individuals and the mentally ill person."
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Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease, 2008.
This paper focuses on the importance of neonatal screening for sickle cell disease.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that while researchers and the medical field are very concerned about this disease, nurses, other health providers and governments, Ontario's in particular, are not aware of the nature of sickle cell disease. The paper explains the factors that prevent individuals and groups from focusing on sickle cell disease as a significant issue. The paper discusses how neonatal screening identifies people at risk and allows for preventive measures to be taken. The paper shows how this is cost-effective because it will result in high savings for the health care system later on. The paper discusses how advocacy and a major program of health promotion could promote this issue of neonatal screening.
From the Paper
"In comparison with the United States, Canada is inconsistent in relation to newborn screening. Ontario especially is far behind other countries in this type of screening (Eggertson, 2005). Pediatricians, physicians, along with experts in sickle cell disease and thalessemia, are asking for a comprehensive program for newborn screening that will include the 29 treatable conditions recommended by the U.S. advisory committee. This is one area in which health professionals as a whole have failed to lobby, even though it involves primary prevention. Meanwhile researchers are struggling to find assessment tools to identify high risks for sickle cell disease. The issue here is that while researchers and the medical field are very concerned about this disease, nurses and other health providers along with the government - especially the Ontario government - are not aware of the nature of sickle cell disease."
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Elder Abuse, 2008.
This paper explores elder abuse and its implications for nursing.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how elder abuse is a problem around the world, both in private homes and in institutions such as nursing homes and hospitals. The paper relates that elder abuse can be in the form of physical, emotional, financial, sexual abuse and neglect. The paper looks at the nurse's role and explains that aside from identifying elder abuse, the nurse can provide the older person and the abuser with the information and the access to resources that they need to change the situation.
From the Paper
"Elder abuse is a problem around the world both in private homes and institutions such as nursing homes and hospitals. The reason that elder abuse is so prevalent is that the elderly in most areas of the world suffer from stigma. In our culture, the problem of ageism offers the idea that the elderly are unproductive and worthless. Many cultures hold the notion that the elderly are pessimistic and dependent (Anonymous, 2006). The results of such attitudes, as shown by reports, are that almost one-half of all nursing homes do not provide their residents with the minimum standards of medication (Anonymous, 2006). This type of neglect often leads to a deterioration of the person's condition."
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Nursing in the Intensive Care Unit, 2008.
An analysis of the problems in determining patient-staff ratios in the intensive care unit (ICU) and how to address this issue.
2,768 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of finding a reliable means of predicting the need for nursing care of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). It looks at present systems devised by nurses to establish nurse-patient ratios and explores these strategies and systems, as well as alternatives. The paper concludes that the preferable course will be a system designed by nurses; without that, legislation will be the only alternative. The paper also looks at the writer's point of view and the relevance of the issue to him.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Personal Relevance
Relevance to Nursing
The Issue: Nurse-Staff Ratios
Analysis
Alternatives: Staffing Models
Legislation
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another system for determining nurse-patient ratios is of more interest to the health organization and the government. The diagnostic related groups system is primarily based on the principal diagnosis. Comorbidities and other factors such as length of hospital stay allow outcomes to be costed. The diagnostic related groups are used as a means to calculate costs as well as a system to estimate the cost of nursing care. The problem with the diagnostic related groups system is that, although it is comprised of 475 diagnostic categories, they have never been evaluated in terms of the nursing workload linked with them (Adomat & Hewison, 2004). In general, no patient classification or dependency system that currently is in use is completely effective for determining nurse-patient ratios in the ICU. The problem is found in the variable nature of the ICU so that a set of circumstances cannot be projected onto even the immediate future."
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Health Care Delivery, 2008.
This paper discusses health care in the United States and Canada.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that a comparison of health care in the United States and Canada demonstrates one significant fact above all others: Canada has a national health care system, while the United States does not. The writer points out that it is interesting to note that many within Canada believe that the delivery of health care services in the United States is considered superior, while there are those within the United States that believe that Canada's health care system should be the model of national health care that the United States should adopt. In general, however, the writer maintains that it is evident that both nations spend a significant amount on health care each year and that both nations still are plagued with health care concerns that have not been resolved despite their advanced knowledge about health care delivery.
From the Paper
"In relation to infant mortality, it is evident that the primary concern for both nations is poverty. In the United States, as well as in Canada, poverty is widespread and impacts the health of mothers and children through lack of nourishment, lack of housing and lack of ability to receive health care. Although Canada has a national health care system, it may be unavailable to some residents of the nation that live in remote locations and do not have access to transportation. In the United States, however, access to health care for the poor most often occurs by impoverished citizens visiting emergency rooms and taking advantage of the law that states that all people must be served in these facilities, regardless of their ability to pay. The problem is, however, is that most Americans in this situation do not enter an emergency room until the health issue has become severe. In addition, follow up care and prescription medications are generally not sought, creating ongoing health issues for much of the poor population."
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Obesity and the Elderly, 2007.
This paper discuses health promotion and health teaching strategies for obesity and older people.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although weight loss is recommended for older adults who are overweight and obese in the same way as it is advised for younger adults, there are questions concerning the long-term health effects of weight loss for elderly individuals. The author points out that, if older people are very obese, they will experience acute and chronic problems, but being underweight is actually a more serious problem since it has a greater link with mortality than does obesity. The paper relates that, in identifying the older person's weight loss goals, it must be remembered that, in terms of mobility, intentional weight loss by the older person does not always produce benefits. The author suggests that the best point to begin is with some concern that the person has about the effects of their obesity.
Table of Contents
Health Teaching and Learning Strategies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are also cultural factors that include learned beliefs and traditions, as well as extrinsic factors such as advertising. Certain eating patterns, especially cultural ones, may contribute to the epidemic of obesity. For example, elderly Hispanics have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, systolic hypertension, and physical disability because their diets are high in refined grains. These patterns are based in the determinants of health because they illustrate the interactions between biology, culture, food availability, education and lifestyle."
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PSA Screening in Canada, 2007.
A discussion of the issues related to prostate-specific antigen (PSA)screening in Canada.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversial issue of screening for prostate cancer using the PSA test. It explains that PSA is used for its predictive value of prostate cancer in men and a value higher than 4.0 is positive and indicates the possibility of cancer; it is negative if less than 4.0. The paper discusses the serious issues related to the lack of physician adherence to guidelines in Canada and the out-of-pocket payment required of men in Ontario who wish to have the PSA test. The paper also points out that the central issue related to PSA screening is informed decision making as it concerns the patient and the clinician.
From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is prevalent in Canada which, in 2006, had about 10,700 new cases and 4,200 deaths from the disease (Beaulac, Fry & Onysko, 2006). The incidence rates for prostate cancer are low in Ontario, Quebec, and three of the western provinces. Incidence rates in Ontario are far below the national average. The low rates in Ontario appear to result from the use of PSA screening and other forms of early detection. A reduced incidence rate since 1993 across Canada seems to indicate that detection is now being undertaken in a consistent manner all over the country (Gaudette & Altmayer, 1998)."
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Malnutrition and the Elderly, 2008.
An analysis of the risk factors, assessment principles and possible interventions for malnutrition in the elderly.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the causes and contributing factors linked with malnutrition in the elderly. It also addresses ways to assess malnutrition in the aging population. The paper then focuses on interventions for malnutrition in the elderly in terms of health promotion principles and strategies. Additionally, the paper looks at primary, secondary and tertiary interventions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Significance for Elderly Population
Assessment
Health Teaching and Learning Strategies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One strategy for teaching and health promotion is to make use of mentors who also are peers of the elderly person. It is essential that, whatever the specific type of health promotion program, the elderly person participate fully. The strategy of using volunteer peer educators is based in social learning theory as defined by the World Health organization, and can be very effective for providing nutrition education for the elderly (Panayota & Amanatidou 2003). Peer mentors mainly act as a support system for providing reliable nutrition information as well as educational materials. These mentors need to understand and practice healthy nutrition and preferably also be somewhat experienced with teaching. It is preferable that these mentors be experts on nutrition because research indicates that older people prefer that all their information related to health should come from expert sources (Panayota & Amanatidou 2003)."
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Nursing Migration, 2008.
This paper looks at the popular migration of American nurses.
778 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the shortage of American nurses in the United States that may continue for an indefinite period. The paper explains that although health care systems may find the staff they require, American nurses will continue to seek better opportunities in other nations. The paper looks at the argument that the migration of nurses is a positive factor in health care throughout the world.
From the Paper
"In the past few decades the most significant issue facing the health care system has become the nursing shortage. It began when hospital systems found that in order to be increasingly competitive they would have to cut costs. Those cuts were directed to a large part on labor, causing millions of nurses to be unemployed and/or leave the profession of nursing altogether. What the hospital administrators did not plan for, however, was the mass retirement of the baby boomer generation. By 2010 there will be over 71 million Americans of this generation that will be of retirement age, beginning to call on the American health care system as never before. Because of this situation the health care system is attempting to attract nurses into the profession once again, which has caused many nurses to migrate from other countries to the United States."
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Nursing Recruitment and Retention Initiatives, 2008.
An analysis of the organizational and government policies to improve nursing recruitment and retention.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the health care policies that could support recruitment and retention initiatives for nurses. It discusses this at organizational and government levels. The paper specifically examines proposed government policies, as well the assessment of and solutions for the issue of retention and recruitment that are provided in the literature.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Currently, the government and health organizations are involved in seeking to maintain quality care during a critical time. Both the literature and the various levels of government agree about the causes and proposed policies that are needed to address the issue of nursing retention and recruitment. The government needs to invest substantial funding and implement legislation that will ensure nursing has a higher status. The nurse indeed comprises the frontline worker and patient well-being depends on nursing. The priorities are to create more full-time jobs for new nursing graduates as well as to provide them with greater incentives to stay in the country. Nurses need better compensation and more power. Perhaps the best option would be for Canada to imitate the United States to the extent of creating an environment that is fully supportive of Canadian nurses."
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Family Assessment, 2007.
A case study of how the family assessment model helps a family function and cope with stress.
1,104 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the family assessment model is used to help a specific family cope during a crisis. It explains that a family assessment model is effective because later nursing interventions correspond to and are based in a comprehensive family assessment. The paper looks at how in the family assessment model, the patient's needs are addressed by nursing interventions that follow directly from the assessment. The paper also notes that as this model reveals, while families experience problems and stressors, they also have coping mechanisms.
Outline:
Introduction
Developmental Stage
Family Function and Structure
Family Stress, Coping and Adaptation
Family Health Care Function
Identification of Priority Family Health Education Needs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Communication patterns for the family are open and effective. This family forms a cohesive group and has developed strong links beyond the immediate nuclear family, and demonstrates deep respect towards the elderly. Sylvia and Daniel are physically affectionate and warm towards their parents. Both children also exhibit respect and obedience toward the parents. The family furthermore is able to communicate effectively with the physicians and nurses who are involved in their care."
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