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Price Floors As Farm Policy, 1999.
Examines definition, purpose of subsidies, effectiveness, impact on consumers and alternatives. Uses supply/demand graphs.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Examines definition, purpose of subsidies, effectiveness, impact on consumers and alternatives. .
From the Paper
"Introduction
Historically, the family farm in the United States has been considered one of the cornerstones of both the economy and the culture. The pioneers who colonized the West did so on farms and ranches, and the family farm epitomizes American values. In recent years, however, farming has increasingly been influenced by agribusiness, which consists of large corporations bringing economies of scale to huge operations. Commodity prices have fallen, and the smaller farmers are often forced to sell their assets and find other means of employment. This research considers one of the strategies used to stem this trend, price floors, and the economic ramifications of this strategy.
Price Floors
Price floors are minimum prices that the government guarantees farmers. If a ..."
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"Irrigating Crops With Seawater" ( E.P. Glenn, J.J. Brown and J.W. O'leary ), 1999.
Reviews this article on experimental study testing feasibility of such irrigation.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Glenn, Brown, and O'Leary (1998) conducted an experimental study to find and develop crops which could be irrigated by seawater. As the population of the earth increases, the production of food becomes more and more of a problem in order to feed this growing number of people. One of the specific problems facing agriculturalists is the need for water. Fresh water is needed not only for irrigation but also for other human activities, and there is no process that is effective enough at desalinization to provide the volume of water human beings need. The authors also note that the top five plants eaten by people cannot tolerate salt, and these are wheat, corn, rice, potatoes, and soybeans. Since finding enough land and water to produce the foods needed by the world is an urgent problem, the authors ask how the supply of food can be augmented. They answer that one ..."
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Liguria, Italy, 1999.
Examines this region's cooking, food, major dishes, agriculture and tourism.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The cooking of Liguria, like that of most of Italy's regional cuisines, reflects the geography, history and economics of the region. Though it is, in large part, a cuisine in which the ingenuity of perennially poor people produced excellent food, some of its primary innovations--such as pesto--no longer seem to hint of poverty. Instead, Ligurian inventiveness has turned the region's limited resources into a distinctive cuisine. La cucina dei genovesi has developed from a means of meeting basic human needs , while alleviating boredom with invention, to a means of delighting everyone from residents to visitors with the sensual pleasures of eating.
Liguria, popularly known in America as the Italian Riviera, is the second-smallest of Italy's administrative regions. Approximately 2,000 square miles in size, it stretches 200 miles..."
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Production and Identification Of Wine, 1999.
Explores types of grapes, names, prime regions, climate, soil and focuses on French wines from Rhone Valley.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" Wine has one of the most precise and extensive systems of identification and production control of any food product. Although the great majority of the world's wine is ordinary table wine of no special distinction, most wines are labeled at least by region of production, type of grape or type of wine, and year of production. As the quality of wine increases the specifics of identification are more rigorous and, often, controlled by law. Systems by which wine production and identification is regulated in various countries are, in large part, based on the system developed in France, which is known generally as the appellation d'origine c?ntrol?e (AOC) or simply appellation c?ntrol?e (AC). The French system identifies the particular region in which a wine is made, such as Bordeaux, and subdivides the region into increasingly specific locales for which even types of grapes..."
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"Beyond Beef" ( Jeremy Rifkin ), 1999.
Summary and review of this work on the adverse role of cattle production and consumption in history and its destructive impact on ecology.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper consists of a summary and review of Jeremy Rifkin's book Beyond Beef.
Rifkin traces the changing but nonetheless central role of cattle as civilization evolved. In ancient cultures, such as that of Egypt, and in the later Roman Mithran cult, the bull was revered as a god and as a symbol of fertility and martial/masculine prowess. The great nomadic tribes of Central Asia valued cattle as possessions, as well as a blood sacrifice to the gods. As the European economies developed and their populations cultivated a taste for beef, cattle became a commodity and an important source of wealth and power. First introduced into the New World by the Spanish, cattle ranching dominated the societies of many Central and South American..."
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Agricultural Policies in U.S. & Europe, 1997.
Evolution of policy, economic theories & systems, pricing, treaties, effects of export subsidies on trade.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" This paper discusses agricultural subsidies in the United States and the European Community, and their effects on trade between the two trading areas. In this respect, the paper provides a brief overview of the European and U.S. agricultural policies and discusses subsidies in both trading areas and their effects on mutual trade.
Countries engage in international trade because it is a mutually beneficial process. At the macro level, national welfare increases. At the micro level, individual exporters earn profits, provide an additional source of employment, and supply convertible foreign exchange which is used to pay for imported goods and services.
In terms of national welfare and economic common sense, imports are the ultimate rationale for trade. By definition, a.."
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NAFTA & U.S. Agriculture, 1997.
Positive impact of trade agreements on global exports of U.S. vegetables, meat & dairy products.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"NAFTA AND UNITED STATES AGRICULTURE
Introduction
This research examines the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on agricultural industries in the United States. Within the agricultural sector, an emphasis is placed on the meat products industry, and within the meat products industry, an emphasis is placed on the beef industry.
From Perception to Reality
Many Americans tend to think that NAFTA will greatly harm the United States economy. This perception was supported by Republican presidential candidate Pat Buchanan in 1996 and by third-party candidate Ross Perot in 1992. The gist of this perception is that free trade generally and NAFTA specifically will rob the United States of industrial jobs and destroy global market.."
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Evolution of Agriculture, 1996.
Examines materialist & environmentalist theories on history & development of world agriculture.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Theories on the evolution of agriculture are numerous and contradictory. These theories fall into two main categories. The materialist theories have Marxist economic theory as the reason for agricultural development and the environmentalist theories which assume a change in the environment caused the beginnings of agriculture. Both of these groups of theorists agree on the probable time frame for the beginnings of agricultural evolution as the ending of the pleistocene era. Different theories place the area of the genesis of agriculture at various sites around the world. Most theories have agriculture's origins at more than one site. This paper will present some of the theories and hypotheses about the origins of agriculture. The debate is continuing as more archeological and biological data is accumulated. There is no consensus in the.."
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Precision Farming & Global Positioning Systems, 1996.
Use & effectiveness of satellite technology in development of modern agricultural techniques.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the impact of global positioning systems (GPSs) on precision farming. In the discussions that follow both GPS and precision farming are defined, non-agricultural applications of GPS are reviewed, the development of precision farming is traced, contemporary applications of GPS to precision farming are examined, and the future relationship between GPS and precision farming is considered.
Defining GPS and Precision Farming
Global positioning systems use satellite technology (Precision farming offers, 1995, p. 15). The primary system now in use is a network of military satellites that is used to determine ..."
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Teak Timber Industry, 1996.
Harvesting, pricing, impact on host countries' environment, competition, regulation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research reviews the harvest and pricing of teak timber. Teak is a tropical hardwood that varies slightly in appearance according to the country of origin (Kaiser, 1992, p. 44). Burma teak characteristically has a yellow-brown sapwood with a dark golden-brown heartwood. All teak darkens after exposure to the air. The grain can be straight, wavy or fiddleback. Teak has a coarse texture and is naturally oily. Teak has medium bending strength, low stiffness and shock resistance, high crushing strength and moderate steam bending rating (Kaiser, 1992, p. 44).
Teak grows naturally and also on plantations (Kaiser, 1992, p. 44). Teak has been transplanted to East and West Africa and to the Caribbean. The true, or..."
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European Community & Agricultural Reform, 1996.
Argues for reform of EU's Common Agricultural Policy to standardize equilibrium price & eliminate market inequalities.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The European Community needs a policy for agriculture to standardize the method of establishing an equilibrium price for agricultural commodities. Countries choose not to allow free-market pricing of agricultural commodities in order to ensure what the country perceives is a greater public good in the form of farm employment which remains stabilized, to increases in production, preservation of the country's agricultural heritage. The problem is that attempts to regulate the price of any commodity, arrives at a price schedule which is not efficient. This is the case with the prices set by the European Community on farm produce.
Inequalities exist in any market where the price paid by the consumer does not equal the cost of the producer to produce the item. Inequalities may also exist if their is substantial public..."
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The Ethical Treatment of Animals, 2001.
A paper which discusses the issue of factory farming.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The ethical treatment of animals in today's society has come to a crucial standoff between those who oppose any use of animals for testing along with the mistreatment of factory farm animals, and those who believe that the use of animals for such activities are important to protect and feed humans. The paper reflects where the line should be drawn - should animals have the same rights as humans, or are they of a lesser life-form and be used as a resource? This paper discusses the far extremes of this matter, being the absolute disregard for animals having any rights, versus the belief that animals are capable of feeling emotions and pain.
From the Paper
"A small rat sits alone in a cage. On an hourly basis a chemical is pumped through the air supply. This is a project that will eventually kill the rat, but it might just save millions of humans. "Every day, consumers in more than 140 countries purchase P&G (Proctor & Gamble) products - from deodorants and shampoos to laundry detergents and household cleaners. They take for granted that these products will be safe when used as instructed. " Five chickens are crammed in a cage so tight they cannot turn around thus, their energy is stored in the body to create more flesh. Their beaks have been removed by heated blade so that they do not peck each other to death. Their feathers have been rubbed off and their skins chaffed. These chickens are deprived of light so that they will eat larger amounts of food. They will provide more poultry meat than any free range chickens. This isn't Old MacDonald's Farm."
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Brazil and the Orange Industry, 2002.
An in-depth research paper which analyzes the role of oranges in the Brazilian economy.
5,616 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role orange growth and marketing plays in Brazil's economy. The Brazilian citrus industry, production, growth, processing, the various differences in production, trade, prices, tariff, industry structure and key strengths and weaknesses of the Brazilian industry are discussed. The paper also focuses on the production of frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and underlines those factors that have led to the development of this industry, including government initiatives, key drivers, success factors, the structure of the industry and its current state.
From the Paper
"The world wide market for citrus fruit juices has been growing very rapidly and is expected to grow further in the years to come. These expectations are based on the changes occurring in the: ? Geographic variables ? referring to the urbanization of the population all around the world, ? Demographic variables ? higher income, better education levels, working women outside, ? Psychological and Behavioural variables ? gradual shift towards a natural and healthy lifestyle, convenience which fits very well in the juice consumption. Of the citrus fruit juice trade, the frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) is a commodity whose consumption has been increasing steadily in the past 30 years. FCOJ is traded worldwide, with vast markets in U.S., Europe and Canada. Today, the world's largest producers of oranges and FCOJ are Brazil and the U.S. Brazilian production is mostly in Sao Paul, where about 95 % of the citrus trees are grown. Brazil is the world?s largest orange producer and exporter of FCOJ, a commodity that earned almost US $ 1.2 bn in trade revenue in 2001. During the marketing year 2000/01 Brazils orange production represented around 28% of the total world production. The domestic market in Brazil generally prefers fresh oranges, which are then squeezed for juice. Oranges that are processed for FCOJ are usually destined for export markets in the U.S., Europe and Asia."
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Isoproterenol's Effect on Chick Embryos, 2002.
An experiment which studies the effects of isoproterenol on 48-hour chick embryos.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper hypothesizes that Isoproterenol will increase the heart rate of a chick embryo heart, in which the chick was incubated for approximately 48 hours, when topically applied. The author of the paper shows that the reasoning for this hypothesis is that Isoproterenol acts as a sympathetic stimulant by stimulating the beta receptors found in the heart, and these kinds of stimulants (hence the name stimulant) tend to speed up actions. Especially since this chemical mimics norepinephrine?s effects, I deduced that this would speed up the heart rate. An experiment was performed on 48-hour chick embryos and the results are discussed in the paper.
From the Paper
"Description: An egg was incubated for approximately 48 hours. I am approximating 48-hours based on the comparison of my embryo to pictures of the different stages. Once removed from the incubator, I made an incision around the circumference of the egg and removed the roof, exposing the interior. The embryo with all structures still attached- in situ- (yolk, egg white, etc.) was poured into a dish of saline solution. The egg remained in the same position for a couple of hours, blunt-end up, so that the embryo conveniently lay on top. The temperature of the water was measured as 32?C and the normal heart rate of the chick was recorded as 76bpm."
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Genetically Engineered Crops, 2001.
Looks at the development & growth of genetically modified food. Examines results and safety standards; proponents & critics.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"For thousands of years, farmers have bred crops and animals to produce better outcomes in terms of crop yields, pest or drought resistance, speed of ripening, or growth rate. Now they are doing it with the aid of biotechnology by using genetically modified organisms to produce their desired results (Maynard, 2000). For instance: a stalk of corn that breeds pest-resistant corn, a potato that becomes resistant to the protein beetle, a strawberry that can withstand frost, and a soybean whose DNA is spliced with that of a petunia to produce a plant engineered to survive otherwise toxic doses of herbicide, are all products of genetically modified plants.
Traditional crossbreeding in plants requires the mixing of thousands of genes in the hopes of developing a plant with the desired trait. With biotechnology, characteristics can be ..."
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Genetically Engineered Tomatoes, 2001.
Technical discussion of genetic transformation of tomato plant to inhibit production of ethylene and modify ripening process to create longer shelf life.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The shelf life of fruits and vegetables is economically important to anyone in the farming of these goods or in the grocery business. It is also important in terms of transportation of these goods. Timing of harvest and arrangement of transportation are dependent on the rate of ripening of produce items. For this reason, genetic engineering may become an important asset in the produce industry. This paper will look at the genetic transformation of the tomato plant to inhibit the production of ethylene, a chemical known to be involved in the ripening process.
Genetic engineering has many applications, and it is beginning to play a significant role in agriculture. Introducing certain genes into plants can afford them protection against pests and against adverse climatic conditions."
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Agricultural Trade, 2001.
Discusses development of agricultural sector; issues; trade patterns; impact on International trade of GATT & AOA. World food problems.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"With the increase in international trade , it is now possible, and in some cases necessary, for food grown in one country to be exported to another country. In some cases, this has given rise to specialization with particular countries focusing on raising particular goods. In other cases, countries have been unable to produce necessary foodstuffs and are highly dependent on imported food products. As international trade has become more commonplace in the agricultural sector, trade patterns have emerged. These patterns are subject to the influence of domestic as well as international politics, and factors entirely unrelated directly to crops can affect the trade of agricultural products. This research considers agricultural trade and trade patterns, including considering the situation of agricultural trade in Africa.."
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Genetic Engineering, 2001.
Use in agriculture, methods used. Example of genetically engineered rice.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Genetic engineering is being used more and more in agriculture to produce plants which are resistant to disease and thus increase crop yields. This research paper will examine methods used to produce transgenic plants and an experiment which produced genetically engineered rice with resistance to sheath blight.
"Transgenic plants are produced for three major reasons. (Glick and Pasternack, 1998, p. 427). Firstly, transgenic plants often improve crop yields by inducing resistance to pests and other factors which affect the yield, or improving the ornamental value of plants by developing new colors, or strains resistance to certain climactic conditions. Secondly, transgenic plants can be used to produce medically and commercial important proteins and metabolites in large amounts under..."
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