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Rowley vs. Board of Education, 2006.
A review of the case of Amy Rowley vs. the Board of Education of Hendrick Hudson District, in 1982.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Education of the Handicapped Act of 1975, which clearly states that children with disabilities should be assisted with supplemental services in order to provide them with "free appropriate public education". The paper reviews the case of Amy Rowley, a first grade student of Furnace Woods School in Hendrick Hudson District in New York, who suffers from a hearing disability.
Outline:
Issue
District Court Ruling
Supreme Court Ruling
Analysis of the Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The decision of the Supreme Court gave rise to an ethical debate as people argued that to deny the handicapped child additional assistance indeed violated his or her basic rights as the citizens of the United States. This is because the child was denied this assistance only because it was felt that while the government was responsible for providing appropriate education to handicapped children, it was not legally binding to achieve or maintain 'perfect equality'. This shows a hidden prejudice against such children and it is clear that decision was based on more than mere performance of the child. Everybody knows that children with hearing disability are unable to grasp and comprehend some of the instructions by the teachers and therefore fail to perform up to their full potential. "
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The Brown vs. Board of Education Ruling, 2007.
This paper examines the effects of the historic Supreme Court ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education.
2,259 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" had been intended to dramatically change the social and political dynamics of American society. The paper looks at the failure of the Brown ruling to make inroads into the social fabric of America and shows that although the ruling had been a historic moment in American history, cowardice and hypocrisy has helped in the unsuccessful implementation of desegregation. The paper asserts that the government needs to step up its effort to desegregate not only the American education system, but also other areas of the social and political system.
Outline:
The Immediate Aftermath of the Supreme Court's Decision
The Impact of the Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Almost a year and a half before Dwight D. Eisenhower had been elected as the American President, a pioneering and unprecedented ruling had been passed by a unanimous Supreme Court judiciary bench. This ruling, which had been lead by Chief Justice Earl Warren, had been intended to dramatically change the social and political dynamics of the American society. The Chief Justice speaking for the Supreme Court asserted, "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate-but-equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal (Charles, 2004).""
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Private and Public Accounting, 2007.
A discussion on the differences between government accounting systems and private sector accounting systems.
1,227 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the three major governmental levels that follow different accounting standards. These standards are worked out and monitored carefully by private organizations. The paper explores how the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) works out standards for the federal government, while the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and the Federal Accounting Standards Board (FASB) deliver standards for state and local governmental bodies respectively. The paper discusses how these accounting standards, at these three levels, differ significantly with those used by the private sector enterprises.
From the Paper
"The fact that shareholders of the company based on the cash flow the management has managed to generate, can any time withdraw the funds or fire the management, is a good controlling tool for the private sector while there is no such a clear controlling tool for governmental bodies. The funds inflow and outflow systems within the public and private sector companies vary: where in public sector beneficiaries do not pay for a piece of product or services they receive and government does not have to be reimbursed with interest for the money it grants to a public organization, in the private sector shareholders demand returns and pay back on cash they invest and clients pay price for each unit of goods they receive."
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"Silkwood", 2006.
This paper discusses the film "Silkwood", which represents a genre of films, including "Erin Brockovich", that exposes real cases of corporate greed and criminality in the area of environmental protection.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that "Silkwood" is a disturbing movie because, at first, the film comes across as being a horror story and then it strikes you that it is really a true story. The author explains that the movie is about Karen Silkwood, a chemical technician at the Kerr-McGee's plutonium fuels production plant in Oklahoma who investigates the breach of safety conditions at the plant and possible plutonium exposure, but soon dies in a suspicious car accident. The paper also relates what happened after Karen Silkwood's: After her death, her relatives sued the Kerr-McGee plutonium fuels production plant in a civil case for the inadequate health and safety conditions at the plant that led to Silkwood's contamination.
From the Paper
"Twelve years after Karen Silkwood's death, in 1986, the case benefited from a retrial, however it did not end up in front of a court and it was settled for the amount of $1.3 million . It seems that there was more to the story and some new evidence had surfaced in the case as the media of the time reported. There allegedly were ample pieces of evidence that Karen Silkwood had been deliberately contaminated with plutonium, only to be murdered some days later. The accusations from the trial had gone even further. It was alleged that Karen Silkwood had discovered a large conspiracy which involved a number of US public institutions regarding a network of international plutonium smuggling."
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Age Discrimination, 2007.
This paper presents a detailed examination of an age discrimination case.
2,836 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the nation's legislatures have made it illegal to intentionally discriminate against anyone based on his or her age. The paper examines the case of Gerald Woythal who filed a suit alleging age discrimination. The paper explains that while Woythal failed to prove his case, this lawsuit highlights several things his company should have done to prevent liability. The paper discusses the importance of documenting conversations, not making statements that can be construed as discriminatory and seeking legal counsel any time there are doubts about an upcoming action or decision to be made.
Outline:
Introduction
The Case
The Issues
Analysis
Decision
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Advances in medical science have made it possible to live longer than ever before. This increase in life span has also increased the number of years that many people choose to work. There are many benefits to working including personal fulfillment, additional income and social opportunities that would otherwise be missed. But what happens when a company decides an employee is to old to be productive? What happens when the company realizes that it can lay off an older worker and bring in two younger workers for the same price? These are issues being faced across the nation on a frequent basis by an aging workforce."
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The U.S. Constitution and Information Policy, 2006.
A review of the impact that the U.S. Constitution has had on the Internet.
1,157 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at how the U.S. Constitution uniquely set the foundation for, and precedents from, the meteoric growth of the Internet globally. The paper goes on to discuss how the First Amendment, which promises Freedom of Speech, and the Fourth Amendment, which provides for the protection of a person's property from search and seizure without probable cause, have both had a substantial impact on the Internet.
Outline:
First Amendment Implications on the Internet
Fourth Amendment Implications on the Internet
Government and Workplace Monitoring
From the Paper
"The second dynamic occurring today relative to the U.S. Constitution is the testing of the Fourth Amendment in light of the terrorist attacks in the United States. The Fourth Amendment states that "the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause" (U.S. Constitution, 1791). Yet today there is more monitoring, watching, logging, data mining and analyzing of Internet activity than ever before. In a recent survey 30% of companies are now monitoring their employee's activities in e-mail, on the phone, and over the Web. "
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Real Estate Investments, 2007.
A discussion on how to fund real estate investments.
11,417 words (approx. 45.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 223.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how it is in the field of internal or corporate finance that most innovation has been shown by property development companies over recent years. The range of devices, instruments and techniques has appeared endless, with many American mainstream corporate financing practices being adapted and adopted in global financial markets. The paper examines mortgages for residential properties and discusses what they are and how to obtain one.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Mortgages in Common Law
Traditional Mortgage Funding
Federal Housing Administration
Veteran's Assistance and Fannie Mae
The Development of Mortgage-Based Securities
What Are Mortgage-Based Securities?
Chapter Summary: Obtaining a Mortgage
Step-By-Step Guide
Funding For Commercial Real-Estate
References
From the Paper
"A careful review of how capital can be raised on the stock market is beyond the scope of this chapter; however, it is important to note that there are two types of new issue by which this can be achieved. First, the bringing to the market of companies that have not previously been quoted. Second, the raising of additional capital by companies already quoted. The former will normally be effected by an 'offer for sale', whereby an institution such as a merchant bank buys a block of shares from the existing shareholders and offers them to the general public at a fixed price; by a 'placing', where an institution may buy the stock or shares and arrange for the placing of the issue with various funds or companies known to be interested; an 'introduction' when a company already has many individual shareholdings and Stock Exchange quotation simply provides a public market for shares that previously could only be dealt in privately; or a 'tender', which is exactly the same as an offer for sale except that the price of the shares is not fixed in advance."
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Natural versus Legal Crimes, 2007.
This paper describes and contrasts natural crimes with legal crimes.
917 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of natural crimes compared to legal crimes. The writer explores the difference between natural and legal crimes, gives examples of both and discusses which crimes are wrong in themselves and which ones are only crimes because they are deemed illegal.
Outline:
Introduction
Natural Crimes
Legal Crimes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In civilized society there are natural crimes and legal crimes. While they are all crimes when held against the state, local or federal statutes they are viewed differently in the eyes of those who are mandated to uphold and obey them. For the purpose of discussion natural crimes are crimes that are morally and ethically wrong and would be wrong regardless of what the law said about them, while legal crimes will be discussed as crimes in which the only obvious rationale for them being deemed illegal is that the government has deemed them as such. "
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The Texas Constitution, 2007.
This paper examines the Texas Constitution, formed in 1876.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a brief description of why the Texas Constitution of 1876 was enacted. The paper discusses the characteristics and outline of the Constitution, as well as the concepts of popular sovereignty, compact theory, limited government and separation of powers. The paper discusses how critics consider it unwieldy and restrictive and have made several unsuccessful attempts to replace it, yet the document continues to survive.
Outline:
Why the Constitution of 1876 was Enacted
Characteristics & Outline of the Constitution of 1876
The Major Concepts
From the Paper
"Texas joined the United States in 1845, following which a new Constitution was drafted that lasted until Texas seceded from the Union in 1861 at the start of the Civil War and adopted a new Constitution which prohibited the freeing of slaves besides requiring the State officials to take a pledge of loyalty to the Confederacy (Dye, 322). After the defeat of the Confederacy in the Civil War, the State adopted a new Constitution in 1866, which abolished slavery and repudiated the right of secession. However, "Radical Reconstructionists" in Washington pressured the Texans to adopt a more activist Constitution that reflected the ideals of the newly dominant Republican Party--to enfranchise blacks and to follow an activist social agenda."
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Deaf Students, 2006.
This paper discusses the historical and socio-cultural effects of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and the subsequent least restrictive environment (LRE) provision on deaf students.
2,965 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper first explains the historical and legal background of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and the least restrictive environment (LRE) provision, as they apply to the general population. The author stresses the problems created when, by mandate, deaf students are put into mainstream classes, which most often results in more socio-cultural damage than good to the deaf community because it separates the deaf individuals from each other through language. The paper states that, if IDEA is properly implemented, deaf students and all special needs students could afford the opportunity to be placed in special education situations based on the fact that the conventional classroom cannot adequately meet their needs. The paper includes examples of court cases and personal experiences of students.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Framework of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Early Court Interpretations of the LRE Mandate
Recent Court Interpretations of the LRE Mandate
Socio-cultural Framework of LRE
Are Deaf Students Suffering in Silence?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cost arguments against specialized education for deaf students in favor of LRE also fail to make a valid point. Ostensibly, proponents of LRE claim that the provision of special education is cost prohibitive in an era of restrictive school budgets and an aging population that generates lower tax revenues which are needed to finance public education. However, when the cost of special education is weighed against the cost of institutionalizing, imprisoning, hospitalizing or keeping a special needs individual on the rolls of the welfare system because they cannot support themselves after high school, the investment in special education is a far better value from a multitude of points of view."
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Meaning of Justice, 2007.
This paper examines the meaning and the connotations of justice.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses what exactly justice means and how it applies to a criminal justice professional. The writer explains that justice, as such, refers to a sense of fairness and impartiality, an even-handedness, righteousness, and also objectivity and independence in making up one's opinions. Further, the writer notes that justice is the concept which must predominate when laws are being made, and for a layman, justice would mean that he would be safe and secure in the knowledge that he would be protected adequately by the law, and by the sense of justice that the law must uphold, no matter what. The writer concludes that although justice may have several different connotations, the bottom line is that the criminal has to be punished, and the victim awarded respite and retribution for the crime that he has suffered.
From the Paper
"When one wished to search for the true meaning to justice, one must first decide the method that he wished to use to search for it, because this would provide a rational answer to the problem. The meaning of justice can perhaps be taken therefore, from its use in legal theory, and thereafter, combining it with a concept of ethics. For a criminal justice professional, he would study social control, penal law, criminal procedures, social law, evidence, criminology, victimology, and various other components of the justice system. Each area of study is equally important, and unless all the areas are given equal justice, the professional would not be able to practice law in all fairness. He must be able to implement as many types of justice as are humanly possible in this world, and concentrate on being fair and just in all his judgments of criminal and social behavior."
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Punishing the Mentally Ill, 2007.
This paper discusses the punishment of crimes committed by the mentally ill.
2,040 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses criminal law and insanity. The writer notes that criminal law regulates behavior in society by punishing those who violate the penal code by committing a crime or offense. The writer points out that the legal test of insanity has changed through the past hundred years from social influences rather than scientific advances and insanity pleas have rarely succeeded. This indicates the general community standpoint that mental disease may motivate, but does not excuse, a crime, that the offender may simply fake being mad and that the mentally ill are a threat to the community. The writer concludes that the establishment of widespread systems should effectively address the required needs, such as assertive community programs, which would reduce criminalization in the country both by improving these services in the community and by providing appropriate treatment and support in the criminal justice systems.
From the Paper
"Of the more than 1,000 men and women put to death in the US by the end of December 2005, dozens had histories of serious mental illness before they were sentenced or by the time of their execution. Some were mentally retarded or suffered from mental illness or both. Their mental illness was mainly due to extreme childhood abuse, violence in prison, inherited or developed or made worse by their stay on death row. In many cases, a defendant's competence to stand trial has been seriously doubted as to whether he or she genuinely understands the nature and severity of the proceedings set against him or her or the capability to assist and cooperate in his or her defense. He or she may not possess the required competence to plead guilty or waive trial counsel. Some defendants are also said to have committed the crime in order to get a death sentence. Inadequate representation may evade the existence or the extent of mental impairment in the defendant. In other cases, defense lawyers do not have sufficient resources against the prosecution, the defendant's failure to cooperate may appear to the jury as a lack of remorse, or the defendant may refuse to reveal vital information on account of a suspicion of conspiracy against him or her."
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Capital Punishment, 2007.
This paper discusses the issue of capital punishment, which is presently one of the hottest and most controversial topics in the United States.
1,981 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer suggests that due to the growth and interest in the value of the individual, the philosophical and moral, social and economical implications of capital punishment become clear. The writer maintains that as the arguments based on morality and human rights lead to circular discussions with both sides having equally valid points, a decision on whether to support or fight the death penalty should logically be based on the argument that it is not an effective deterrent to violent crime and is ultimately more of a financial burden on taxpayers than lifetime incarceration. The writer claims that the arguments provide a strong, sound foundation to support the opinion that the death penalty should be abolished. The writer argues that the logic behind retaining a legal policy and carrying out a punishment that clearly does not have the effect it is supposed to have on the general population seems preposterous.
From the Paper
"The two opposing forces in this issue are essentially supporters of human rights versus supporters of punishment for crimes done. Unfortunately there is little common ground for these groups considering they often support exact opposites of each argument. Human rights advocates are interested in the dignity of the individual, the integrity of the justice system, and the moral implications that ending another human being's life entail. Supporters of capital punishment are only interested in the individual in as far as they are justly punished for the pain and trauma they have inflicted on the victims and their loved ones. They focus on the bigger picture of safety of the public in general."
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Sexually Harassing Conversations, 2007.
This paper describes sexual harassment in the workplace, with an emphasis on sexually harassing conversations.
2,002 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines what constitutes sexual harassment, especially sexually harassing conversations. The focus of the paper is sexual harassment in the workplace, although other situations are also described. The writer describes the motivation behind the inappropriate conversations, and how victims can bring charges against the perpetrators. Several law suits involving sexual harassment are presented.
From the Paper
"The restaurant industry in particular has seen its share of sexual harassment claims. It has been estimated that hundreds of thousands of dollars were spent by the foodservice industry in one year alone on sexual harassment claims. The State of California reported that there are anywhere from 1,163 and 1,275 reported cases of sexual harassment for restaurant employees alone (Allen, et.al, 2005). Pizza of Florida, a company who does business throughout the state under the name ABC Pizza was required to pay $225,000 for two sisters who had been subjected to the unwanted conversation of an adult manager. His conversation. The lawsuit was brought against the company by the EEOC and was particularly heinous since the victims were 16 and 17 years old at the time and placed with the company on a high school on-the-job training program. It was not noted whether the company instituted any training program or review of potentially hostile working environments within other stores. It would appear that this would be a especially important if this company hosts' minor in their stores as part of a work training program. While the young women received monetary compensation for their discomfort, it was also not noted whether the manager was terminated. "
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No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001, 2006.
This paper argues that the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 has a negative impact on teachers, students and parents.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are many positive goals associated with the NCLB Act; however, the Act ultimately takes the control of classrooms away from the schools, teachers, parents, and communities who are directly accountable to the children. The author points out that the national standards are forcing schools to move away from creative, individualized and caring programs, where teachers learn about each child's learning style, towards a generic program for all students. The paper states that schools are forced to eliminate excellent programs, which work under the challenging conditions of poverty and disease, and instead implement programs, which are effective simply because the groups being served are not as challenging.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Results of the Act
Impact on Assessment
Impact on Equity
Impact on Teachers, Parents and Schools
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to Robert Linn, the criterion of equity needs to be applied to any assessment. It is a mistake to assume that shifting from standardized tests to performance-based assessments will eliminate concerns about biases against racial/ethnic minorities or that such a shift will necessarily lead to equality of performance. Although many at-risk students come to school deficient in prior knowledge that is important to school achievement, teachers and schools can make a substantial difference through the construction of assessments that take into account the vast diversity of today's student populations."
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Supreme Court, 2007.
A discussion on two articles regarding the Supreme Court: "What Have They Done For us Lately?", by Linda Villarosa and "Assisted Suicide Gets a Boost", by Linda Greenhouse.
1,907 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the article "What Have They Done For us Lately?", written by Linda Villarosa, which addresses the issues of affirmative action, discrimination and the role of the Supreme Court in the United States in promoting equality. The paper then goes on to discuss another article entitled "Assisted Suicide Gets a Boost", written by Linda Greenhouse, which reports on the Supreme Court decision to remove John Ashcroft's block against the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. The paper presents the writer's opinion on the validity of the arguments presented in the articles.
Table of Contents:
Summary
Analysis
Summary
Analysis
From the Paper
"I both agree and disagree with the author. I agree in terms of affirmative action being a very important tool in the evolution of equality in the United States. Without it, the workplace today would still be dominated by a single sector of society. Because of affirmative action, as the author states, the workplace now benefits from the diversity of talent within the country. This provides an increase in quality and tolerance throughout the country. Obviously, the court cases she mentions are hard to disagree with. The decisions made by the court in the first two cited cases are discriminatory and unfair. Furthermore, it makes little sense that the law, including affirmative action as one of its aspects, does not provide protection to the very people it seeks to uplift."
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Autonomy of the Law, 2007.
This paper highlights the independence of the judiciary as an important pillar of the US government.
1,894 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the autonomy of the judiciary branch of the US government. The author presents a brief history as to how this independence was established and further discusses the importance of its autonomy. Several different perspectives of the judiciary system are considered.
Outline:
Introduction
Roosevelt's' New Deal Plan & Courts
The Internalist Approach
The Externalist Approach
Courts Handling of Commerce Power Issues
United States v. Lopez
Heart of Atlanta (Motel) v. the United States
Discussions and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The executive, legislature and judiciary are the three branches of the national government in United States. Speaking on the occasion of 2003 Law-Day, President Bush highlighted the independence of the judiciary as an important pillar of the administrative system. He said, "Our constitutional system of separation of powers places careful limits on the powers of judges and separates the responsibilities of making laws and interpreting laws between the Legislative and Judicial branches. Independent Federal judges have the autonomy to make decisions and interpret the law unfettered by outside influences. In this way, we are assured that our laws will be interpreted justly and applied with uniformity". "
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International Relations, 2007.
An analysis of the position of international law regarding local human rights issues.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses governmental attempts to alter the fate of minorities and how this often results in cries of interference in internal affairs or sovereignty. It explores whether this fact is an insoluble problem and whether human rights can be accommodated within the realm of international law. The paper argues that human rights can be accommodated within the realm of law with joint effort by multiple nations.
From the Paper
"Certainly Cerna is not alone in arguing for international instruments and systems to measure when states violate their obligations to protect human rights. Uribe (1997) and others also suggest that decisions to intervene in a state's sovereignty should not rest on singular nations alone, like the United States, but rather on the collective opinion of international human rights consulates whose goals should include protecting the rights of citizens in troubled states. The fact exists however that often time's protection that might be afforded by consular representatives is sometimes ignored, in part due to ignorance of international law and the responsibilities of international officials (Uribe, 1997). This suggests that combined with instruments and systems of measurement international authorities whose goals include protecting human rights must education affected nation states about their roles and responsibilities, as well as those of governing officials in the states impacted by interventions."
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