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War on Drugs, 2007. This paper analyzes past, present and future implications of the criminal justice system for the war on drugs. 1,668 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 54.95 »
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Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the past history of the war on drugs is centered on the arrests made against non-violent criminals who were found guilt of carrying, using, and dealing many different types of drugs. In many cases, non-violent drug offenders were often placed into prisons or jails with violent offenders. The writer points out that this was often the case with the war on drugs, as the charges brought against these offenders would often bring about stiff sentences that made them eligible to be placed alongside violent criminals in prison populations. The writer then looks at changes in legislation regarding the use of drugs. The writer also discusses how the legalization of marijuana could be helpful in solving the high prison populations and growing violence associated with drug offenses. The writer concludes that the criminal justice system must begin to realize the inefficacy of inappropriate prison sentencing and brutal reactionary police force that is currently doing very little to help fight the war on drugs.
Outline:
A Past History: High Arrest Rates and Violent Crime for the War on Drugs
Present Issues in the Criminal Justice System and the Affects of the Drug War on Prison Populations
Legalization: Future Implications for the War on Drugs
From the Paper "Since President Nixon officially declared war on the drug markets in America, these legislative actions have led to the arrest of many thousands of drug offenders nationwide. Ronald Reagan played a large part in organizing funding for police and for the prisons that would incarcerate drug offenders after arrests were made. The 1970s and the 1980s saw a steady growth of law enforcement directives that sought to arrest and take off the streets drugs that were said to be causing urban decay and increasing violence in local communities. The criminal justice system was given the edict of minimum sentences for drug abusers and dealers, since the law dictated an unlimited amount of prison time for persons carrying even the smallest amount of drugs in their position."
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Cluster Bombs, 2007. This paper presents a persuasive argument for outlawing the use of the cluster bomb. 1,558 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses the Iraq conflict with regard to the issues surrounding cluster bombs and the humanitarian threat their legality poses. The paper explains that cluster bombs are not always discriminating in their targets, and once fallen, bomblets can remain inactive for some time before exploding. The paper contends that cluster bombs pose an unacceptable risk to civilians, especially children and discusses the lack of global legislation forbidding cluster bomb use. The paper looks at some nations' actions in improving the reliability of cluster munitions, but claims that this does not help when countries use old stockpiles. The paper strongly asserts that it is time for the cluster bomb to be made illegal on the international stage.
Outline:
Introduction
Cluster Bombs: The Facts At A Glance
Cluster Bombs: Position By Country
Are Cluster Bombs Illegal?
Why Cluster Bombs Should Be Made Illegal
Conclusion
From the Paper "The cluster bomb and its legitimacy as a weapon of war has recently come under fire, hot on the tails of use during recent conflicts in Iraq, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Concerns over the power of the weapon have primarily been humanitarian, as cluster bombs - shells which release submunitions, or bomblets, from either air or land, with the intention of killing "soft" targets such as enemy soldiers - are unreliable, shedding highly explosive and volatile submunitions over a wide area, often failing to explode on immediate impact. As the target area related to the cluster bomb is wide, and as apparently faulty cluster bombs may be later activated by accidental interference, the threat to civilians lives from delayed detonation is high. Recent media attention on cluster bombs has focused on the loss of civilian life in Iraq, one of the most prominent armed conflicts of recent times."
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Intellectual Property, 2007. An examination of how intellectual property will impact the legal profession. 921 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses the ways in which the field of intellectual property and property rights impacts the future of the legal profession. It discusses ways in which law will change due to this new form of property rights. The paper also discusses how this change in law has affected the writer of this article and how it impacts his future career plans.
From the Paper "Before I bring this paper to a close, I also want to add that the field of intellectual property rights will increasingly impact the legal profession simply because the growth of an innovation-driven service-based economy will bring into ever-sharper focus the tension between ensuring that private companies have every opportunity to protect themselves from others "stealing" their ideas (this is a central aim of trade secret law, or so it seems) and ensuring that the public is able to fully avail itself of every idea that springs from the minds of men and women (Shilling, 18B). As someone interested in both the free flow of ideas and in securing for as many people as possible the full riches "they have coming" for a new innovation, this underlying tension is an extraordinarily rich and exciting topic for me to explore."
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Title IX, 2007. An analysis of the impact of Title IX on sports participation opportunities in college. 719 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses the impact of Title IX on college sports. The paper discusses the effects of activists using Title IX empowerment to advocate for women's sports teams and how and why conservatives resisted their efforts. It shows the development of the concept of women's sports teams and how participation opportunities for both male and female athletes have significantly increased since the passage of Title IX into law during the Nixon Administration.
From the Paper "In conclusion, Title IX was signed into law by President Nixon on June 23, 1972 and prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity, within an institution receiving any type of Federal financial assistance. Because of the broad nature of Title IX legal language and the attitudes of some conservatives about the role of women in society, Title IX has been controversial. But since it became law it has enabled millions of women to participate in college sports, and that benefit far outweighs any relatively minor impact on men's teams or university budgets."
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Crime Environment, 2007. This paper discusses the role of environment in crime research. 1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 49.95 »
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Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that crime and the physical environment, as criminologists and researchers state, are two closely related concepts. The writer then notes that the exact nature of the relationship between crime and the environment has, however, come under much debate. The writer discusses that, though studies reveal a multitude of conflicting findings, it appears that the correlation between crime and the environment is determined by interactive and complex factors, involving much variation at the level of spatial and temporal determination. The writer maintains that crime and environment are interwoven in a complex tapestry of factors interpreted by the criminal, such as nodes, paths, edges, and the environmental backcloth of the situation - of which the criminal himself is an integral part.
Outline:
Introduction
Crime & The Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper "The researchers believe that crime should be investigated as a broad range of behaviour which comes from individual incentives. The environment works primarily in that it makes the offender feel comfortable about committing the crime. An individual may feel that an environment is suitable for crime based on physical factors such as the type of neighbourhood, the crime site's exact location, the crime's surrounding street layout and other factors that are social, psychological and physical. These latter factors include the location's sense of territoriality, the socioeconomic status of the criminal and crime area inhabitants, the readiness of the criminal, triggers, the criminal's routine behaviour and familiarity with a crime area, awareness and activity space, opportunity, layout of the city and streets, potential suitable targets, surveillability of the crime area, the building construction within crime areas and edges and nodes defining the crime area."
"People have been long aware of the effect the environment has upon criminal behaviour. In fact, historically crime was viewed as very environment-based and solutions to crime were based on environmental changes."
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Tort of Negligence and Patient Information, 2007. A case study presentation discussing the issues of consent and liability in the Australian medical field. 4,357 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 114.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses a shift in Australian law towards the rights of the patient as compared to medical standards or the expertise and discretion of the doctor. It focuses on how this shift has created a crisis of insurance and malpractice claims in Australia. The paper presents a hypothetical case study centered on a patient, Rhonda, advised to undergo surgery in order to investigate a possible malignancy situated near the spinal column. The paper then discusses the consent and liability issues that are associated with the case.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Refusal versus Consent
If Consent was Given
The Hospital's Possible Liability
Defences against Rhonda's Possible Claims
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "An obvious weakness in the Patient's Rights approach which demands that physicians produce all possible information regarding proposed procedures or treatments towards informed patient consent rests in matters of sheer information, the ability of the patient to interpret it, and with doctors relying on the research community as a kind of de facto alibi it is not meant to be in order to reduce their personal liability. One does see the room for sometimes ludicrous results in cases of routine procedures, not to mention in dealings with patients or their guardians of kinds apt to sue opportunistically. Despite altered tort law hoped to remove the worst effects of the medical indemnity and insurance crises it seems likely that conservatism may prevail, for some years, in Australian medicine. As in the U.S. and elsewhere affected by much litigation, a typical response on the part of doctors is to recommend treatments including surgery sparingly."
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Online Gambling, 2007. A discussion on the legalization of online gambling. 2,276 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 70.95 »
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Abstract This paper looks at both sides of the argument for Internet gambling. It discusses how the uncertainty about the legal status of gambling has not prevented millions from continuing to use online services. It also discusses how, to a degree, online gambling is de facto legalized already just because there seems to be no way to stop it and how what might be preferable would be for the government to regulate online gambling in order to protect the consumer, tax revenues, and keep children from gambling.
From the Paper "Congress has been considering whether to regulate Internet gambling and how to do so, but observers note that lawmakers are facing great odds in doing so. Some one million Americans are believed to place bets online each day, which makes online gambling a $6 billion industry. One count has it that some 4.5 million Americans have placed a bet online at some time. This includes horse race bets, which can be placed in twelve states. Existing law makes it illegal to use businesses that use telephones or any "wire communication facility" to place bets across state lines. The Justice Department believes that this includes the Internet, though that has not been firmly established in case law to date: "Because the betting is done privately, on personal computers in homes, college dorms and office cubicles, it is difficult for states to prosecute" (Wendland, 2003, para. 10). It is even more difficult to b ring a case against the operators of online sites because they often operate from overseas. "
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"Vindicating the Founders", 2007. An analysis of Robert G. West's history book "Vindicating the Founders". 2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 72.95 »
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Abstract This paper looks at how Robert G. West, in "Vindicating the Founders", analyzes the actions of the Founding Fathers and discusses the factors that influenced them as they debated the framework of American government. The paper shows how West is critical of the ambivalence of many modern historians and political scientists regarding the Founding Fathers. The paper discusses how West strives to refute the negative portrayals recent scholars have presented, especially in terms of their allegations that many of the Founders had racist, elitist and sexist worldviews. The paper notes the strengths and weaknesses of the book and concludes with a strong recommendation.
From the Paper "Vindicating the Founders is convincing and provides much needed balance to recent historiography, for too many recent biographies and histories have minimized the triumphs "that they won on behalf of freedom" and focused far too much on "their supposed racism, sexism, and elitism." (West XI) West clarifies these issues by explaining the commonly held political and social beliefs of the Founding Fathers, which serves to debunk the various myths and misrepresentations offered by both liberals and conservatives, in academia as well as politics."
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Mental Illness and Employment Discrimination, 2007. This paper discusses a 1996 Supreme Court case of discrimination as detailed by the online "Canadian Human Rights Reporter." 1,094 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95 »
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Abstract The paper discusses the ruling in a case in the Canadian Supreme Court that expressly forbids organizations from providing benefits and disabilities packages to those who are mentally ill (or disabled) which are inferior to those that are granted to the physically disabled. The paper provides a brief synopsis of the case and the reasoning behind the final decision. The paper explores what the ruling means for human resources departments across Canada.
From the Paper "The case in question is a 1996 case, Gibbs v. Battlefords and Dist. Co-operative Ltd., in which the Supreme Court determined that the aforementioned Co-operative discriminated against Betty-Lu Clara Gibbs (who was suffering from a mental illness at the time she departed the company for personal reasons) via an "employment-related" insurance plan that stipulated that an employee who was rendered unable to work because of a mental disability was to be furnished with "replacement pay" by the co-operative for only two years - whereas colleagues who were similarly disadvantaged by a physical disability could receive the above pay up to the age of 65 or for as long as the employee could not work. "
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The Canada-US Softwood Lumber Dispute, 2007. An analysis of the terms and implications of the Canada-US Softwood Lumber agreement. 2,489 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 75.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses the 1996 Canada-US Softwood Lumber agreement. It describes the terms of the agreement and the differing interests of the federal and provincial governments in the agreement. The paper then looks at the differing roles that the federal and provincial governments play in implementing the agreement. Next, the paper discusses Canada's objectives in entering into the two free trade agreements, the FTA and the NAFTA and discusses how the Softwood Lumber Agreement fits into these. Finally, the paper looks at the BC Lumber Trade Council and what it represents.
From the Paper " The Council advocated to the provincial and federal governments on the basis of the lumber industry and the best interests of the forestry industry as well as of Canada. The Council advocated finding "a durable, long-term solution to the Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute and respect for the rules of trade under NAFTA" (BC Lumber Trade Council 1). The Council also upholds certain aspects of the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement along with the interests of the firms in the industry that the Council represents. Advocacy on the part of the Council includes using threats to the federal government. Such threats involve the potential for embarrassment on the international scale along with local disgrace in the event that the agreement is implemented without feedback and influence from the BC Lumber Trade Council. The strategies employed in the advocacy of related to the proposed softwood lumber agreement represent the intensity of feeling surrounding the issues in the dispute. The Council's advocacy measures also are influenced by the extreme significance of the softwood lumber agreement for the lumber industry in British Columbia. The BC Lumber Trade Council also has threatened to sabotage the agreement in the event that their demands are not realized."
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Illinois General Assembly Bill HB0759, 2007. This paper describes the Illinois General Assembly Bill HB0759. 1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 44.95 »
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Abstract This paper explains why Illinois General Assembly Bill HB0759 was proposed, who championed the bill and what changes have been made to this piece of legislation. The paper is of the opinion that this bill is an exemplary one insofar as it seeks to protect the most vulnerable members of Illinois society.
From the Paper "Naturally enough, it is vital that any reader have a solid understanding of just what bill HB0759 entails. For one thing, the original bill, as introduced, amends the state Children and Family Services Act by providing that every eligible child with a diagnosis of a mental illness shall receive mental health services. More specifically, the bill calls for the state Department of Child and Family Services (DCFS) to assess each mental health community network in the State to ascertain what needs to be done in order for each network to provide appropriate mental health services for vulnerable children. At the same time, the bill mandates that the Department of Child and Family Services (DCFS) must submit a report detailing the department's assessment of the health community networks as well as a plan outlining the identified needs; this plan must be submitted to the Governor and to the General Assembly."
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Business Law: The Case of Luke Cool, 2007. This paper discuses the complex case of Luke Cool, who is suing Bobby's Super Bikes and La Brute Manufacturing. 805 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95 »
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Abstract This paper explains that the likelihood of Luke Cool's receiving damages in this case depends on whether the actions of Super Bikes and La Brute Manufacturing can be described as having been executed using "reasonable care". The author points out that Luke may be entitled to both pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages from La Brute; however, Luke will likely only receive pecuniary damages in his suit against Super Bikes, as in contract law recovery of non-pecuniary damages is very rare. The paper concludes that, given that Luke was extraordinarily negligent in this case by not only continuing to ride the bike knowing it had a dangerous flaw, but also by riding on a difficult path and without a safety helmet, it is likely that his award in this case will be reduced significantly.
From the Paper "Luke would have no likelihood of successfully suing the employee of Super Bikes who sold him the bike, or the employee who told him to return another day as the part was not in stock, as the law generally distinguishes between those who have a contractual obligation to perform, and those who may due the actual work. While he may sue the employees on the basis of tort of negligence, this is unlikely to be successful due to negligence being defined in the law as failure to show "reasonable care"."
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Age Discrimination in the Workplace, 2007. This paper explores the issue of age discrimination in business today. 1,068 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95 »
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Abstract This paper explains that companies fire their older workers in order to avoid having to pay retirement or medical benefits or to hire a younger and less expensive replacement. The paper examines the various federal anti-discrimination laws and looks at numerous lawsuits that have been brought over age discrimination. The paper discusses how age is the new battleground for many workers, a situation that is increasing in importance as the baby boom generation reaches retirement age.
From the Paper "Age discrimination is an issue today, perhaps more than ever in an era when companies seek to avoid having to pay retirement or medical benefits and do so by firing older employees who might be about to invest in their pension or who might need medical attention. Another reason is that older employees may be paid more than new hires, so companies replace older workers with new workers just for that reason. This type of change is in addition to those who are simply biased against older workers and who take any opportunity to remove older works and bring in new blood."
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Criminal Justice and Victims' Rights, 2007. An analysis of the history, development and success of the victim's rights movement in the United States. 3,349 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 95.95 »
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Abstract This paper looks closely at the victims' rights movement in the United States. The paper especially looks at the history of the movement - largely from the late 1960s onwards - and considers the dramatic changes in the legal system it has provoked. The paper also delves into the prerogatives of victims today (courtesy of the victims' rights movement) and examines the ways in which victims' rights and their cries for restitution are being enforced across America. Finally, the paper ponders the impact of the movement upon, not only victims, but also upon judges and criminals and looks ahead briefly to what the future might hold.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Victim's Rights in America: An Exploration
From the Paper "It does not take an expert's analysis to lead one to the conclusion that the victims' rights movement has been a great success. The many laws and victims' rights delineated in earlier pages do not have to be recounted here, but they are major advances upon what was once commonplace. At the same time, if Fletcher is correct, many victims' rights groups are now looking to attack the legal rights of defendants even more than they have, including launching campaigns to revise procedural laws pertaining to the admittance of various types of evidence (among other things). It seems probable that such groups are also interested in striking from the books the ability of a judge to use discretionary sentencing for many crimes, replacing this with mandatory minimum sentences. These goals are not necessarily ill-founded, but there is the danger that they lead to the presumption of innocence at the heart of the American criminal justice system being turned on its head."
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Workplace Safety Laws, 2007. This paper explores the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration and its jurisdiction over the American workforce. 2,437 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 74.95 »
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Abstract The paper looks at the legislation giving the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) its powers as well as the standards it has in place to protect workers from unsafe working conditions. The paper examines the legal defenses which can be mounted by employers who find themselves accused of failing in their general duty of care. The paper shows how this is an enormously complex administration and concludes that the rapid growth of the American economy means that it will continue to play an integral role in how employers and employees interact.
From the Paper "To start with, the legislative framework within which the OSH must operate is clearly important. Simply stated, the purpose of the OSH Act of 1970 was to ensure that the working conditions of American men and women would be safe (at least relatively so) and that a common set of safety standards would be applied universally across the breadth and width of the United States. At the same time, the Act was meant to "encourage" states in their efforts to make working conditions safer and it was also meant to serve as an impetus for greater occupational training, research and education (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2004). In any event, the Act "covers" work-related situations in which some "risk" might be involved (presumably psychological as well as physical) and its writ extends to workplaces in all American states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. Virgin Islands, "American Samoa", The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the "Trust Territory" of the Pacific Islands, Outer Continental Shelf Lands as defined by the Act of the same name, and the canal zone; basically, every area that is a protectorate of the U.S. and which falls under its explicit control (Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 2006a)."
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Is the U.S. Constitution Color-Blind?, 2007. An analysis of the degree to which the U.S. Constitution may be said to be "color-blind". 1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 50.95 »
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Abstract This paper explores the degree to which the U.S. Constitution may be said to be "color-blind". It argues that the Constitution is not color-blind because it permits many instances of bigotry to go unchecked in private life. To bolster this claim, the paper places a great deal of emphasis upon the work of Dr. Neil Gotanda, entitled A Critique of "Our Constitution is Color-Blind". The paper also focuses on the controversial case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which racism was seen to be upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court despite the eloquent protests of one of the presiding Justices.
From the Paper "Gotanda also insists that the First Amendment - specifically its Freedom of Speech Clause - has been used by the federal courts to strike down government efforts to outlaw "racial domination". What Gotanda appears to mean when he talks of "racial domination" is that recent years (Gotanda was writing in the early 1990s) have seen the "resurgence" of racist speech on university campuses after decades of determined effort by non-whites to wrestle back control of the image-making process from Caucasians. As a result, racially motivated speech which defames - or at least casts in a negative light different - groups has been protected by a Constitution that is allegedly "non-racial" in construction. In any case, Dr. Gotanda, if this writer understands him correctly, is putting forward the notion that American society has always been dominated by Caucasians and, therefore, permitting racially-offensive discourses on university campuses allows the dominant group in society to continue to articulate views supporting invidious distinctions between races without fear of any disciplinary action being taken. In other words, whites have crafted negative images of non-whites since the founding of America and this group, so powerful in the media, in the judiciary and even still in academia, is allowed to continue on with making negative distinctions because the Constitution - written as it was and amended as it has been by (predominantly) Caucasian males of property and significance - permits it."
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Criminology Theories, 2007. This paper discusses four criminological theories and explanations for crime. 1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95 »
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Abstract This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.
Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime
From the Paper "Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."
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Breaking Confidentiality in a Rural Teaching Environment, 2007. A case study presentation discussing the confidentiality rights of students. 1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95 »
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Abstract This paper presents a case study of a teacher in a rural environment who broke the confidentiality of a student. It explains the case and then discusses the rights of students in general. The paper presents and discusses laws that exist to protect those student rights. Finally, the paper describes how this particular case was resolved with the teacher and presents the writer's personal concluding remarks.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Rights and Law
Reflection
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "Also, a farmer who taught school as a young man called on Ms. X at the school and just happened to speak of his own days as a teacher and how one had to learn to maintain confidentiality regarding each and every student as one of the profession's challenges. Naturally, all of these events were known to us because we heard our parents and family friends discussing them, in the spirit of a decent approach to correcting an unthinking teacher, letting her know that the community expected her to respond to the boy who could be difficult, in awareness of his home life. In hindsight, it is obvious that Ms. X received the message kindly yet clearly that her remarks were intolerable, must never occur again, and that the community expected her to address the student and his classmates differently."
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