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The Fairness of Standardized Tests, 2006.
An examination of standardized tests which considers their fairness to minorities, those with cultural diversity, limited English and disabilities.
6,182 words (approx. 24.7 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This paper examines standardized tests with an emphasis on their fairness to minorities, those with cultural diversity, limited English and disabilities. The reliability of standardized tests as a fair indicator of school success is considered, focusing primarily on the experiences of African-American students. This paper concludes that standardized tests are not at all fair towards minorities - as indicated in the fact that several colleges, such as Holy Cross, are abandoning standardized tests in their admissions processes.
Introduction
Standardized Tests and Bias in College Admissions: Several Case Studies
The SAT's Racial Bias - If This Test Didn't Work, What of NCLB and AYP?
With This Discrepancy In Standardized Testing, How Are NCLB and AYP Affected?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Most alarmingly, of the seven tests addressing "African American issues," four or 57% were "negative" or culturally unflattering and unappealing in nature. Those tests focused on the slavery experience and on the diminished rights, poverty, and racial/ethnic chauvinism faced by Black people in the United States. (Fleming, 2000) The three "positive," or culturally celebratory, tests addressed Harlem (New York City) politics in transition, William H. Johnson's paintings, and a memoir of a Black leader - as the popular sarcastic phrase in the industry notes, the rest of the questions are about polo and fly fishing, activities in which, for both social and economic reasons, African Americans are hardly likely to engage. "
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The Influence of African-American Leaders on Society, 2006.
This paper shows the influence of famous African-American leaders on society.
2,385 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the lives of several critical African-American leaders in history. These leaders have not only revolutionized their own professions, but have rendered it much easier for future black leaders to forge paths in their own fields of interest and specialties. The paper examines not only the historically lauded black leaders, but those who have shaped culture as well, in the march towards equality and justice for all Americans. The African-American leaders that are discussed in this paper are Duke Ellington (music), Lola Faturoti (fashion), Martin Luther King Junior(politics), Jay-Z (business) and Thomas W. Burton (medicine). The paper shows how these leaders in society have influenced all aspects of culture in America and have forged a path of success for all future African-American and other minority leaders.
From the Paper
"America's history is filled with immensely touted African-American figures such as Martin Luther King, Jr, Malcolm X and W.E.B. DuBois who helped mold the freedom and civil rights movements.
"These individuals helped African-Americans emerge from literally centuries of slavery - and although equality is still not at our fingertips, it is undoubtedly a lot closer to a reality than during the 1960s.
"In fact, the cultural change engendered by the civil rights leaders is almost as impressive as the political change won. To think that just 40 years ago it was commonplace to believe that African-Americans were in some way inferior and not deserving of equal rights, the vote or even a seat at the front of the bus today is almost absurd."
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Job Market Prospects for the African-American, 2006.
An analysis of familial and environmental influences on job market prospects and quality of work life reported by African-Americans.
1,622 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the quality of work life as reported by African-Americans to be "plagued by inequality and lack of opportunity or stability" and examines the relationships that exist between familial influences, job market prospects and the environment. This paper intends to evaluate the impacts family rearing and environmental influence have on African-Americans' perceived job market opportunities and self reported quality of work life.
Contents:
Introduction
Need for the Study
Preliminary Review of the Literature
Methodology and Research Design
Discussion/Conclusions
From the Paper
"Many African Americans report their work life includes less than optimal working conditions, meager earnings, little autonomy and much instability which often results in decreased job satisfaction and perceived job opportunities (Riley, 2005). Still other research related to social psychology suggests "quality of work life may have pervasive consequences on one's sense of worth and sense of control" and that perceived job satisfaction can "spillover and influence behaviors in other spheres of life" (Riley, 1) Hence social psychological outcomes are affected by job related perceptions and self evaluation as well as general life satisfaction (Riley, 1).
The purpose of this research proposal is an evaluation of the impacts family rearing and environmental influence have on African American's perceived job market opportunities and self reported quality of work life. As an aside the researcher will also evaluate whether familial and environmental factors impact African American's perceived self esteem and subsequent success on the job and at home. To accomplish this the researcher will evaluate the following questions: (1) what if any familial influences determine job satisfaction and employment opportunities, (2) what if any environmental influences are likely to contribute to job status and perceived quality of work life, (3) whether other factors contribute to job status and self reported measures of self worth and self esteem and whether (4) self esteem directly or indirectly influences job status, environment or familial relationships among African American adults. "
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Langston Hughes, 2006.
A review of the life and achievements of poet, Langston Hughes.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of Langston Hughes and his literary works. Hughes has been said to have written in a
voice that was definitively African-American and defiantly pro-Black. Yet he spoke to all people--about about freedom, about dignity, about Black mothers and fathers, about Black American life and loves and dreams.
From the Paper
"As time when by, Hughes approach to the problem of race mellowed; his beliefs did not. He simply found a more palatable way to express them. IN the preface to "Simple States a Claim," written in 1957, Hughes noted that while the race problem in the U.S. was "serious business, "humor is a weapon, too, of no mean value against one's foes". By 1961, Hughes had even accepted the possibility that traditional Black music could be used at the same time for entertainment and education. That year, theatrical producer Gary Kramer asked Hughes to write a script based on a collection of Christmas tunes recorded by the gospel group, Stars of Faith. The result, "Black Nativity," opened off-Broadway in 1961 and "played to packed houses--first in American and then throughout Europe--for the next four years."
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Colorectal Cancer Screening, 2006.
Research regarding colorectal cancer screening in African-American women.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper researches the processes of colorectal cancer screening in African-American women and discusses serious issue of the the lack of utilization among African-American women aged 50 and older of colorectal screening implements.
Articles:
Colon Cancer Screening in African American Women
Elderly African American Women's Knowledge and Belief About Colorectal Cancer
Colon Cancer Screening Among Older Caregivers
From the Paper
"The sample size selected represents the sample most relevant in this case, as comprehensive information was gathered from previous studies directing the researcher to the correct sample size and population demographics for this particular study. The researchers make logical conclusions and the study presents multiple implications for future research in the health care arena. The research conclusions may apply to multiple patients facing educational barriers to healthcare screening and treatment. This research suggests that nursing practice would benefit by understanding the needs of divergent populations and accommodating their educational and informational needs accordingly. Knowledge about a particularly groups beliefs and concerns that may prevent adequate treatment can help guide nursing protocols and patient delivery in the future. "
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African American Males and the Criminal Justice System, 2006.
An in-depth look at African-American males and the correlation between affective disorders, substance abuse and the criminal justice system.
3,560 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 28 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the rise in crime amongst the African-American male population and the variety of social problems, such as a history of abuse and psychological disorders, that may be fuelling this criminal behaviour. This paper also takes a look at the fact that many African-American males are being released from prison with drug addictions that did not exist prior to their incarceration.
Contents
Introduction/Statement Problem
Significance of Problem
Purpose Of Proposed Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Studies Supporting African American Male Criminal Activity
Mental Health, Substance Abuse and Aggressive Behavior
The Link Between Victimization and Psychopathology
Summary of Preliminary Research
Limitations
Sample Size
Delimitations
Implications
From the Paper
"There is however much evidence pointing to affective disorders and substance abuse problems within the African American male population, which may contribute to drug dependence and criminal activity (Widom & White, 1997; Wagner, Loyd & Gil, 2002; Zeitlin, 1999; Gil, et. al, 2004). Still other evidence points to drug use early in adolescence as contributing to criminal behavior, and that early drug use may be associated with other domestic, violence or abuse problems and mental health disorders even in youth (Vega & Gil, 1998; Turner & Lloyd, 1995; Tubman, Langer & Calderon, 2001).
Other evidence suggests patterns of dependence symptoms and alcohol abuse may be linked with depressive or other disorders in adolescents, which may progress into adulthood leading to criminal activity (Martin, Kaczynski, Maisto & Bukstein, 1995; Kessler, et. al, 1996; Kilpatrick, et. al, 2000)."
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Modern Civil Rights Legislation, 2006.
A brief look at the growth of the modern Civil Rights Movement and civil rights legislation in the USA.
1,093 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the Civil Rights Acts of 1950s and 1960s, discussing the influential factors of determining the differences, and the effect that it had on the African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans and Native Alaskans.
From the Paper
"The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbade discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin, was the most far-reaching bill on civil rights of the modern era (Modern 156). The major provisions of this act outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration, barred discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels and restaurants, authorized federal prosecution to desegregate public schools and facilities and the withholding of federal funds, established the right to equality of opportunity in employment, and expanded the power of the Civil Rights Commission and extended it life (Modern 156).
Violence perpetrated against protesting African Americans and whites in the South led to a dramatic change in the climate of public opinion, thus spurring the passage of the 1964 act (Modern 156). Moreover, many believe that the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 had a significant effect on the national conscience, thus the act served as a tribute by Congress to the martyred President (Modern 156). However, the act was passed only after an eighty-three day filibuster, the longest in the history of the Senate, and cloture was imposed for the first time to cut off a civil rights filibuster (Modern 157). "
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African-American Housing Discrimination, 2006.
A thesis on Maryland's problem with African-American housing discrimination.
6,175 words (approx. 24.7 pages), 52 sources, MLA, $ 145.95
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Abstract
This thesis examines the reasons why blacks live in housing inferior to their white counterparts in the state of Maryland. The paper starts by giving a historical legal analysis, covering discrimination in housing from the late 1800s to today. The paper then discusses the numerous methods used to discriminate against African-Americans. The author looks at issues such as restrictive covenants, residential segregation ordinances, red lining and other real estate practices and the various forms of intimidation. The author looks at the impact of federal laws, and discusses the fact that the laws enacted by the U.S. government are not enough to rectify the housing situation of African-Americans living in Maryland.
From the Paper
"Corresponding to whites, blacks are more prone to have a lesser rate of home possession and to reside overfull, older, segregated, meager quality housing in essential cities of Maryland. So as to locate homes comparable to those of whites, blacks have got to recompense more and need to prevail over obstacles of either restrained or direct forms of racial prejudice. Statistics show that even today, in the State of Maryland, access to passable housing takes place along a color scale. Asians, for instance, have enhanced access to passable housing than other racial minorities, after that Hispanics and thereafter, American Indians. Blacks, generally, have not as much access to passable housing than other racial minorities in America, and black female-headed households have the least amount of access amongst all the minority groups."
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African-Americans and Childbirth, 2006.
This paper describes practices, rituals and beliefs common to African- Americans and how they have adapted to meet the cultural and environmental needs of the mother.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how African-Americans relate to pregnancy, labor, delivery and the neonatal period. Pregnancy is mostly a positive experience for them and the author writes how African American women associate it with greater self-esteem. This paper includes their cultural beliefs concerning pregnancy and studies postpartum depression in the light of their beliefs and values. The author concludes that African- Americans have maintained many of their traditional beliefs and values dear, however, there is a limit to which ancient values can withstand the tide of changing time.
Content:
Abstract
Introduction
Postpartum depression
Conclusion
From the Paper
"African Americans are a strong and vibrant community in the American societal setup. Their culture derives from their ancestral African origins which have shaped themselves according to the demands of changing time and evolving mankind. However, the essence of many of the rituals, a fundamental part of their traditions, has withstood the inquisitions of the logical mind. "Pregnancy is seen as an important milestone of life. African American women view it as a "significant demarcation in the women's lives." Motherhood is seen as a mostly positive experience while some African American women also identify the downside of becoming a mother. In the research entitled "Mothers and Others", the authors monitored the mothering habits of women and their reaction to pregnancy and childbirth (Gichia, 2000). It was found that most African American women were very close to families and at this time of their lives, they want their family members and relatives around. Women from this ethnic group are also known for understanding the significance of 'kin-work' at this time (Burton & Stack, 1992). Kin-work refers to distribution of work amongst family members and relatives when an African American woman is expecting a baby or is a new mother. This is almost a tradition in most urban African American households. Pregnancy is considered a clear step forward in life and African American women associate it with greater self-esteem (Mercer, 1995), a change in identity and daily routine (Preski & Walker, 1997)"
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African-American Males, 2005.
This paper discusses the correlation between affective disorders, substance abuse and the criminal justice system for African-American males.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the four models of Kimmel and Messner as a framework for studying the masculine development of African-American males are developmental pathways, social development, social ecological and contextualism models. The author points out that the problems of living in poverty, the extremely pressured yet loosely and poorly defined role of the African-American male and the severe lacking of a positive role model result in many misdirected and misguided youths using substance abuse, developing affective psychological disorders and becoming involved in crime. The paper stresses that societal forms of direction for positive role modeling do not exist in qualitative or quantitative forms to any great extent, which leaves the African-American male floundering as to what they should or could represent.
Table of Contents
Objective
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Models of Kimmel & Messner
Poverty: A Factor that Cannot Be Ignored
Treatment Options
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"The meaning of masculinity and associated norms of gender roles are stated to be the basis of "social constructionism" (Kimmel & Messner, 1989, 1992) Men tend to internalize their conceptions of what forms their masculinity from the culture they live in. 'Socialization' encourages men to attempt to live up to those standards that have been set within the culture. African-American men are "subject to a very different set of influences" socially than their white peers and therefore have a different masculinity as well as their social influences being quite different than those of white men."
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Jazz in "Invisible Man", 2005.
This paper examines the role of jazz in Ralph Ellison's novel "Invisible Man".
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man", placed within the broad historical context of ethnicity in twentieth century United States, emphasizes the unique character of jazz as a black and American form of expression. The author points out that jazz, blues, spirituals and black folk religion have been powerful forces within the black American community; however, as Ellison approached it, the problem was that these aspects of American life were routinely rejected, hidden or suppressed by the dominant culture. The paper relates that it is significant that the narrator spends his time writing his story and listening to Louis Armstrong's "What Did I Do to Be So Black and Blue" because jazz provides a sense of individuality, enabling him to create his own identity through the words as he listens to music.
From the Paper
"Overall, the narrator has trouble shaping an identity for himself in a society that wants to continually fit him into a prescribed role of a black man in a white man's world. In theory, the misconceptions of others should not centrally alter who the narrator is able to become; however, he finds that the prejudiced visions of others work to limit the courses of action that he is able to take. Since he cannot act as he wishes, he cannot be the person that he might otherwise have become. Precisely what is required, accordingly, is a choice: either the narrator--or black Americans in general--can choose to embrace their invisibility within the racialized setting of the United States, or he can choose to chart a new course in an attempt to contribute their own distinctive personal gifts to society."
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The Slave Narrative is Born, 2006.
Introduces, discusses and analyzes Olaudah Equiano's classic slave narrative.
1,724 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes the slave narrative, "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African" by Olaudah Equiano. The paper explains that Equiano's narrative was special because of the language Equiano employs, the descriptions of his experiences as a slave that it includes and the message it conveys about examining our own lives and what we are meant to accomplish with our lives.
From the Paper
"Author Equiano's experiences were varied and unusual. His goal to share them with his readers caused him to pen his narrative, hoping to urge others to follow the same spiritual path he chose. As a young boy, he served on board an English fighting ship for his master. He fought in the French & Indian War alongside this man. He viewed slaves mistreated in the West Indies, and was cheated out of the freedom he worked for by a dishonest owner. With experience and his wits, he developed into a businessperson, traveled the world including the North Pole, helped resettle slaves to their native Africa, toured and spoke out loudly against slavery, and wrote a narrative describing his many experiences that brought the horrors of slavery home to many. In the end, publishers (including himself) published twenty-two editions of his book, and it remained popular literary material even after his death in 1797. All of these experiences added to the treasure trove of experience that created a compelling and admired narrative."
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Cultural Diversity and Team Performance, 2006.
Examines the effects of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity on group and team performance.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
In today's sports, business, academic and other professional environments, conventional wisdom suggests that demographic and cultural diversity contribute positively to enhanced performance by groups or teams. Recent research suggests, however, that while diverse skills and abilities may in fact enhance group or team performance, demographic diversity (e.g. differences among team or group members in language, cultural, referential, or social background) may detract from it. This paper explores factors that make a group into a winning team, as well as analyzes both positive and negative effects of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity, on group and team behavior and performance.
From the Paper
"As demonstrated, then, within research; current events, and popular culture alike, demographic and/or cultural diversity either may or may not enhance a team's or a group's performance, depending on the group or team itself; its members; its management and/or other influences; and its shared values, goals, and philosophies. Diversity of skill and ability, research shows, is in general more likely to enhance group or team performance than is cultural diversity."
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"A Lesson Before Dying" by Ernest J. Gaines, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the 1993 novel "A Lesson Before Dying" written by African-American author Ernest J. Gaines.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and details the plot while focusing on the main characters of Jefferson and Grant in Gaines' novel. The writer of this paper contends and explains why this particular novel, which deals with racism, injustice and the pain of life and death, should be required reading in schools across America. This paper examines the judicial system in 1940s America particularly as seen through the eyes of a falsely convicted African-American man. This paper explores the close bond between Jefferson and Grant as well as the author's underlying themes of injustice and prejudice as they relate to the rights of African-Americans in the early 20th century. The writer also discusses Gaines' clear message pertaining to the value of each and every human being, regardless of race.
From the Paper
"Another important aspect of this novel is the certainty of death. Everyone faces it - it is how he or she faces it that makes the difference. Gaines writes, "I don't know when I'm going to die, Jefferson. Maybe tomorrow, maybe next week, maybe today. That's why I try to live as well as I can every day and not hurt people." Jefferson faces his death with dignity, which he learns in part from his interact with Grant. Critic Beavers notes, "Though Jefferson's death is certain, Grant's task -- which becomes Jefferson's legacy -- is to impart some of himself, to demonstrate to Jefferson a way to improvise upon a negative situation till he discovers dignity and purpose" (Beavers 31). Each man learns something valuable from the other, and that is another major point of the novel. Gaines is showing the reader they can learn from anyone, no matter how "insignificant" they may seem. Everyone has a lesson and everyone can be a pupil, no matter who they are or what they do in life."
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Analyzing the African-American Male, 2006.
This brief yet concise paper examines and analyzes the results of four specific social and psychological theories and the manner in which they relate to the behavior and socialization patterns of African-American males.
768 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and details the reasoning behind and the various aspects of the developmental pathways model, the social development model, the social ecological model and contextualism which was introduced in 1942 and originally known as 'pragmatism.' This paper delves into the manner in which the theories listed above were used to explore and understand particular behavioral patterns inherent in African-American men. The writer of this paper also discusses and analyzes the results found in each of the theories mentioned in this paper.
Table of Contents:
Developmental Pathways Model
Social Development Model
Social Ecological Model
Contextualism
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to Morris, Pepper's use of the term "contextualism" first occurred during 1932, where he referred to John Dewey's pragmatism. According to this philosophy, context refers to the influence of history and the changing context of meaning. What this means is that a specific time frame produces specific effects in behavior. Thus, a perception of behavior in African-American males during a specific time frame influences behavior in their peers. Drug use among young African American males is then to be analyzed according to the context of broader influences than merely the family. This is particularly relevant in a world that has become increasingly globalized by developments in technology and trade. The world beyond the immediate boundaries of city and country has become immediately accessible by means of the Internet, e-mail and cellular technology."
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'Ride-Alongs' and Privacy, 2006.
A paper about the privacy issues involved in press presence during police arrests.
5,984 words (approx. 23.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a case study of the "Wilson vs. Layne" case, a case in which news media agents took photographs of a mistaken arrest in a private house. The paper explains the legal process involved with the case, stating that while there were severe privacy breeches in the case, the court was unable to say that the homeowner, Charles Wilson, had experienced a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. The paper then discusses the issue of media "ride-alongs," a practice in which police take media agents with them to capture images of arrests and police actions. The paper discusses the role of the press in police work, and points out the privacy violations which are a risk of the practice of "ride-alongs."
From the Paper
"When the appeal was sent to the Supreme Court, the Court granted Charles the 'certiorari'. The case of Wilson vs. Layne gave rise to the question of whether or not when federal and state officials issue an arrest warrant to a citizen, either at his home or elsewhere, can they allow the media to accompany them on their official duty? And would such an arrest warrant, when it is issued at the home of the individual, be considered to be a violation of a homeowner's Fourth Amendment protection as under 'unlawful search and seizure'? In this particular case, the Court held the ruling that if the media were to be present during the execution of an arrest warrant, then it was to be considered that it was in no way at all related to what the officials were doing during their course of work. The media dose in no way assist the officials, and in the same manner, they have nothing whatsoever to do with the execution of the arrest warrant."
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The Civil Rights Movement, 2006.
An overview of the struggle for equal civil rights in the U.S.A.
2,961 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
Whole books have been written on the subject of the civil rights struggle of African-Americans in the United States, a struggle that undoubtedly began when the first African slaves were brought to North America against their will. The paper shows, however, that in recent history, the period of time in the 1950's and 1960's were pivotal because of the significant gains made. This period of change was driven by changes in government policy as reflected by both civil rights laws passed and amendments made to the American Constitution.
From the Paper
"In spite of multiple amendments to the Constitution as well as culturally accepted statements regarding the rights of all people to dignity and equality, by the mid 1950's African Americans were still openly and systematically oppressed in much of the United States. These attitudes toward people of culture had become embedded in social culture and embraced by people who believed themselves to be law-abiding Americans and patriots. However, little by little, social consciousness began to shift. The Supreme Court played an important role in forcing acceptance of change."
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Islam in America, 2005.
This paper discusses characteristics of the Islamic religion and some of its leaders and movements in the U.S.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Islam draws no difference between religious and secular life; thus, sharia includes not only holy rites but also many features of everyday life. The author describes Noble Drew Ali, born Timothy Drew in North Carolina in 1886, who founded the Moorish Science Temple of America, one group of which had the leadership from Elijah Muhammadhb and became the Nation of Islam. The paper relates that, in the present day, the Tablighi Jama'at is the major Islamic movement in relation to both the number of campaigners and geographical spread and plays a major part in publicizing Islamic consciousness and awareness at the ground level.
Table of Contents
Shari'ah
Umma
Noble Drew Ali
Warith al-Din Muhammad
Kunta Kinte
Tablighis Movement
Elijah Muhammad
From the Paper
"Elijah Muhammad from 1897-1975 was the head of the Nation of Islam also known as Black Muslims during their time of maximum growth in the mid-20th century. Elijah Mohammad was born on October 7, 1897 near Sandersville in Georgia. His parents were also slaves who worked on cotton plantation as sharecroppers and his father was also a considered as a Baptist preacher. As a child Elijah worked in the fields and on the railroad, but he left home at age 16 to tour and work at unusual jobs. He settled down in Detroit in the year 1923 and was working on a Chevrolet assembly line. Later in Chicago, away from aggressive Muslim factions in Detroit, Muhammad formed what quickly became the most significant center of the movement."
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