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Labor Policy, 2007.
A review of Melvyn Dubofsky's book "The State and Labor in Modern America".
1,857 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes Melvyn Dubofsky's book, "The State and Labor in Modern America". The paper relates that, in the book, Dubofsky details the history of how the state in America has addressed issues involving employers and employees and how the state has shaped labor policy. The paper reviews the validity of Dubofsky's analyses and draws conclusions about the book's worth as a historical book.
From the Paper
"In the next few years, membership in the AFL declined. The steel strike of 1919 ended in failure, and business showed increasing hostility to labor through the "American Plan," essentially an antiunion, open-shop program that dominated the 1920s. The only substantial victory for labor during this period was the Railway Labor Act of 1926, but even this was only a qualified victory because it was a weak compromise of provisions that had been agreed to by rail labor and management."
"The role of labor would come to the fore once more with the New Deal, a series of regulations passed and agencies created to overcome the problems of the Great Depression. These acts brought the federal government more directly into many areas of American life, and especially into economic relations in an effort to restore confidence and solve some of the problems brought about by widespread unemployment, bank failures, and the like."
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Dependency Theory v. Modernization Theory, 2007.
A comparison of the modernization and dependency theories of under-development of third world countries.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the modernization and dependency perspectives commonly raised when explaining third-world under-development. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each theoretical paradigm and aims to determine which of the two is more effective at illustrating why so much of the world continues to lag behind North America and Europe.
From the Paper
"As one might expect, this theory is highly controversial - with apparent weaknesses and strengths. After all, it has now been decades since the fall of "old-fashioned" colonialism and one would think that Global South nations would have finally developed institutional and economic innovations capable of sustaining them and capable also of pushing them forward. Moreover, the supposed technological transfer from developed to developing nations would surely seem like a phenomenon capable of rescuing developing countries from their relative poverty. Seen in that light, the dependency theory may seem like so much "excuse-making" for incompetent and/or corrupt national regimes."
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Hong Kong and World War II, 2007.
A comparative analysis of three different articles relating to the 1941 attack of the Japanese army on Hong Kong and Japanese occupation till the end of the War in 1945.
3,226 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, from different perspectives, the 1941 attack of the Japanese Imperial Army on Hong Kong and the brutal Japanese occupation there till the end of the War in 1945. It examines three scholarly articles that are seen to relate to the same broad topic of how events during World War II in Asia continue to shape thinking on Japan, more than 50 years later, in matters of power and strategy involving China, Japan, the U.S. and other influences. June Teufel Dreyer is introduced as an American follower of East Asian affairs and the author of an article on Japan and China that seems more American in scope than Asian. Richard J. Aldrich's study of British secret intelligence in Asia during World War II is then discussed in relation to Hong Kong. The third paper is by Kent Fedorowich on a British diplomat's view of Hong Kong before the colony fell to the Japanese.
Outline:
Introduction
On Sino-Japanese Rivalry
Allied Intelligence in World War II - Hong Kong
Hong Kong on the Eve of its Occupation
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, civilians were interned and thousands of Indian, British and Canadian soldiers that had tried to defend the colony became prisoners of war, many of them dying of disease, starvation and general abuse. (CBC 1972) Consulting Greenhous's summary of the 2,000 Canadians defeated at Hong Kong's struggle against the Japanese showed the takeover as something that people in Hong Kong would remember for many years. (1997) The soldiers fought from December 8 to 18, 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army often killing the wounded just as they viciously attacked civilians. When the Japanese took control of the colony the people lived on tiny rations, the actual takeover as brutal as anywhere in Asia the Japanese conquered. The people of Hong Kong till the lapse of 1997 were used to seeing Communist China as a place of oppression and perhaps unwanted designs on the future of Hong Kong, but Japan stayed in mind as the greater enemy, and a potential new threat. "
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Christianity and Western Philosophy, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of Christianity on western philosophy from the time of the Roman Empire.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the rise of Christianity during the time of the Roman Empire, its contributions to western philosophical thought over the last fifteen hundred years, and some significant philosophical issues of the present day that have been "Christianized" and/or deeply influenced by Christianity. In particular, the paper contends that a case can be made that the works of Thomas Aquinas and Saint Augustine helped popularize Aristotelian and Platonic philosophy and laid the groundwork for the "man-centered" philosophical leanings of the early modern, Renaissance period.
From the Paper
"Similarly, the philosophical rise of Christianity in the first centuries after the death of Christ was helped immeasurably by the fact that its early adherents went to considerable lengths to defend the "logic" of Christianity and to link it to Neo-Platonism. One Christian theologian and philosopher of the late-second and early-third centuries AD, Origen, became especially influential by showing how Christianity had its philosophical antecedents in not only Neo-Platonism but in Greek and Roman Stoicism, as well. In the end, Christianity came into intellectual acceptance in part because its focus upon the existence of a "unified and perfect being" residing at the center of the transcendent world was comprehensible to educated Romans reared on the dictates of Neo-Platonism (McGill 2005). "
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History of Furniture Design, 2007.
This paper explores how the growth of domesticity in the Middle Ages affected furniture design.
2,618 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the evolution of the concept of domesticity - and its associated impact upon furniture design - was closely associated with the rise of the bourgeois or middle class and the gradual preeminence of urban living as the defining lifestyle of the Middle Ages. The paper shows how the merchant classes of medieval European cities were the primary agents of historical and social change and innovations in furniture design.
Outline:
Introduction
The Rise of the Middle Class
The Early Medieval Home and Furniture
The Evolution of the Language of Domesticity
The Signification of Furniture
From the Paper
"It must be acknowledged that in making the argument that it was the early European middle classes in their small city dwellings, and not the medieval nobility in their huge, picturesque castles, who were primarily significant in terms of the evolution of domesticity and furniture design one is challenging a popular image of medieval history. However, while the nobility were undeniably the ruling class in medieval Europe, the history of the Middle Ages can also be read as a history of the decline of aristocratic power and the rise of the middle class."
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American Revolution, 2007.
This paper looks at the various causes of the American Revolution.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the American Revolution has traditionally been taught as if it was one single, unified movement. The writer points out that, according to this view, all Americans rose heroically as one to challenge tyranny, motivated by their love of freedom and desire for self-governance. However, the writer maintains that more recent interpretations have challenged this simplistic interpretation. It is argued in this paper that it is more correct to see the American Revolution as "many revolutions," in that there were many contributing ideas and factors, rather than one simple movement.
From the Paper
"Now, while many Americans clearly agreed with this idea, the point is that the frameworks within which they agreed with it were highly diverse. For example, Calvinists in New England were searching through the Bible for indications of the will of God, while at the other extreme, rationalists in Virginia were studying nature to discern divine mechanics. The only thing that united these diverse approaches and ideas about the nature of reality was a shared belief that every event was meant to be, and was given meaning by God ... "
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Nuclear Confrontation Between India and Pakistan, 2007.
An analysis of the implications for the area of the continuing threat of nuclear confrontation between India and Pakistan.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the historical and ideological roots of the conflict between India and Pakistan and its contemporary nuclear manifestation. It discusses how this nuclear saber rattling, specifically over the continuing conflict in Kashmir, will continue to be a threat toward security for the region and how there is no likely resolution in the near future. It also analyzes the implications for the business community.
From the Paper
"Both India and Pakistan tested nuclear devices in May 1998 (Ganguly, 2002). This was a critical turning point in the political relations between Indian and Pakistan. Further it represents one of the most significant contemporary issues facing India. That the nuclear conflict is constructed on an historical conflict of control of the Kashmir region is only the background of the issue. Kashmir is a territory essentially caught in the middle of nuclear "saber rattling" (Oberoi, 2001). The real problem facing political stability in the region at this point is the proliferation of nuclear arms in both India and Pakistan. "
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Marcus Tullius Cicero, 2007.
An analysis of the self-serving nature of Marcus Tullius Cicero, as depicted in "Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" by Anthony Everitt.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the differing behaviors of Cicero within "Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician" by Anthony Everitt. Although Cicero is often historically described as a moral and unbiased figure within Roman politics, his self-serving and ambitious nature is often overlooked. The paper discusses how Everitt makes a clear case for this within his book, which reveals the error of Cicero's motivations for the Roman government.The paper also analyzes how Cicero's lack of forgiveness and spite ended his attempts to restore justice and virtue to Rome. In essence, the paper evaluates the self-serving and ruthless behaviors of Cicero within Everitt's historical analysis.
From the Paper
"The first part of Everitt's historical analysis instills the early ambitions of Cicero's father to instill in his son a good education, which would prepare him for a life in government. Everitt makes this clear when he states: "Cicero's father had high ambitions for his two sons and made sure they were given a good schooling" (Everitt 27). This course of thought is continually discussed within the book, especially when it becomes clear that Cicero actually follows his father's wishes to find fame through his education in the Roman government. Of course, Cicero came from an upper class family and connections with the very heart of the Roman Empire, the City of Rome. "
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Olympe de Gouge, 2007.
This paper discusses the life of Olympe de Gouge and her focus on liberating women.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that women in the 17th and 18th centuries had no rights; only the men could vote or participate in politics. The paper discusses the life of Olympe de Gouges, one of many women who sought freedom for women including the right to vote and to a higher education. The paper shows how her convictions ultimately led to her death.
Outline:
Women in the 17th and 18th Century
Olympe de Gouge
From the Paper
"Imagine living during the 17th and 18th Century where women had no rights in public nor in their homes. They did not have the right to vote nor were they encouraged to go to college. Olympe de Gouges was born as Marie Gouze in 1745. She was the daughter of a butcher and a washerwoman, but she changed her life when she married an older man who had sufficient funds to support herself in Paris (Olympe de Gouges p. 1). The 17th and 18th Century were difficult times for women who wanted their freedom to be writers, politicians, teachers, or the freedom to vote. Olympe de Gouges was one of many women who sought freedom for women including the right to vote and a higher education, but ultimately this led to her death."
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Greco-Roman Constructions of Sexuality, 2007.
A contrast between modern, Western and Greco-Roman concepts of sexuality.
2,372 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the variations in human sexuality between the modern era and the ancient Greco-Roman period. It discusses how, in the modern, Western society human sexuality is defined based on the gender, ethnicity, or social status of the individuals involved in the act. The paper then shows how, in contrast to Western society's concept of sexuality, Greco-Roman sexuality was characterized by a lack of interest in these individual characteristics and, instead, a concern with the role each individual played in an active/passive dichotomy.
From the Paper
"All of these historical examples exist in subtle contrast to the modern conception of sexuality. Elements of active/passive and power relationships still exist in modern, Western sexuality. However, the strict control of the active, powerful sexuality is no longer solely the domain of the elite men of society as it was in the Greco-Roman societies. Dissimilarly, the power relationships that exist in modern sexuality are somewhat more fluid and shift along lines such as gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and even personal fetish. Greco-Roman sexuality was characterized by a idealized adherence to power relationships in which men held sway over their wives, over women, over young boys, and sexual plunder in conquered domains. In all of these situations, sexuality is defined in terms of power as it exists between individuals of different social status."
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The Modernization of Naidu, 2007.
An analysis of the process of modernization of the small traditional village of Naidu in China.
1,571 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the political economy and modernization of a small-scale agricultural community, Naidu Village, Yunnan Province, China. It describes how it is a labor and production society characterized by reliance on a particular cash-crop - matsutake. The paper then discusses how this traditional society was forced into a process of modernization under market demand stemming from a foreign capitalist nation.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Paradigms of Economic Development
Modernization
A Political Economy Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Marxist thinking highlights the movement toward capitalist production in Naidu, an ideal also upheld by the theory of modernization. These changes have been clearly reflected in "community crafting and refining a process of rulemaking and implementation" (Menzies 37-38) in terms of Naidu's agricultural and political economy, including increased administration, military control and regimented labor under a probable advance to full-scale capitalism. When ones looks at the Naidu case from a global political economy perspective, the character (inevitably a fluctuating one) of the Japanese economy has a direct impact on Naidu, as Japan is its primary export partner - the implementation of government legislation and loss of villager control over production was, perhaps, inevitable, under this commoditization of matsutake."
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The Hong Kong SAR and Thereafter, 2007.
A literature review regarding the Hong Kong special administration region.
2,112 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Hong Kong special administrative region (SAR) and its supposed autonomy. It describes how this is under threat with Hong Kong's handover to China. The paper analyzes various sources that examine different aspects of Hong Kong and the SAR. It provides an overview of each source's content and then reviews the source and its validity.
Table of Contents:
The Dialectics
Thesis or Perspective
Organization
Conclusions
Knowledge Contribution
The Political Apparatus
Thesis or Perspective
Organization
Conclusions
Knowledge Contribution
The Policy Outcomes
Thesis or Perspective
Organization
Conclusions
Knowledge Contribution
From the Paper
"Chan has contributed much to an understanding of how the political climate in Hong Kong has devolved into a state of ideological divide where even employee unions have been co-opted by both sides of the political debate, those for more extensive economic and political integration with the Mainland and those for more democratic structures. As the author reveals, the result is there is less representation by unions for socio-economic advances that might actually benefit the individuals that they are supposed to represent as well as the population as a whole."
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A Re-evaluation of World History, 2007.
This paper discusses American historian Marshall G.S. Hodgson's essays entitled "Rethinking World History."
1,631 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper describes Marshall G.S. Hodgson as a non-conformist who sought to re-define the traditional scholarly interpretation of European history in a way that would place it within the true context of what was going on in the larger world. The paper discusses, for example, Hodgson's question as to why Europe is defined as a continent while India, which has essentially the same amount of linguistic, cultural and geographic diversity, is not defined as such. The paper does not approve of some of Hodgson's more strident rhetoric, but treats his work as a welcome corrective to chauvinistic depictions of the western world's historical narrative.
From the Paper
"Hodgson's work begins by looking at Europe within a global context and it does an estimable job of showing just how our paradigmatic view that places Europe at the center of all things manifests itself in the maps our school children see before them every day in class - or at least have seen until quite recently. For instance, the author points out that there is no geographical reason why Europe should be defined as a continent while India, which has essentially the same amount of linguistic, cultural and geographic diversity, is not defined as such. In Hodgson's view, this smacks of Euro-centrism and he insists that Europe's "continent status" is intended to give it a priority and significance disproportionate to its size. In fact, he goes so far as to define the traditional "Mercator map" as presenting a "Jim Crow projection" inasmuch as it shows Europe as being larger than Africa. Hodgson's critique is a powerful and evocative one and it needs to be looked at more closely because of the damning charges it brings and the important issues it raises."
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Trade and Civilization, 2007.
A review of K.N. Chaudhuri's book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750".
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses trade and civilization in and around the Indian Ocean. It begins by describing the general link between an ocean and the development of peoples and civilizations lying within geographic proximity of it. The paper then goes on to review K.N. Chaudhuri's book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750" that the contention he makes in the book that the Asian oceanic trade of the "Dark" and Middle Ages dramatically shaped Asian civilization.
From the Paper
"The last area of discussion is the manner by which the internal economies of the Asian societies were influenced and shaped into one form or another by the Indian Ocean. Without question, countries adopt their economies to the natural resources they have available to them. Trade can very easily lead to specialization in certain areas above and beyond all others and to economic and technological innovation of the highest magnitude. When examining pages 186 and 187 of Chaudhuri's text, one is immediately struck by how certain geographic locations specialized in certain export items, such as China specializing in the export of silk or rice. This development foreshadows in today's age of globalization, and it gives lie to the theory that the specialization brought about by a global market is somehow a twentieth century phenomenon. In a real sense, the indigenous economies of many Asian countries to the present have their antecedents in the Indian Ocean trade of the pre-modern epoch."
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Hezbollah: Israeli/Arab Enmity, 2007.
This paper examines the history and ideology of Hezbollah.
2,603 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Israeli/Arab enmity in the Middle East and the problem of religious extremism. The paper discusses the need for true democratization to emerge in Muslim states and for the replacement of current corrupt political systems controlled by leaders who manipulate their people in order to demonize Israel and maintain their power. The paper maintains that American and Israeli policies have been counterproductive, for they have radicalized millions of Muslims, who have responded with unprecedented support for extremist groups such as Hezbollah and Hamas.
From the Paper
"Examining the history and ideology of Hezbollah indicates that there is much merit to the accusations of the American and Israeli governments that it is a terrorist organization led by religious fanatics intent upon the destruction of Israel. In response, the leaders of Hezbollah and its supporters and sympathizers reject accusations that they are terrorists and religious fanatics, and insist that Hezbollah and similar groups such as Hamas are simply defending the rights of Muslims against American and Israeli aggression."
"As is the case with most controversies, the truth is somewhere in the middle, for the philosophical observation that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter certainly applies in the context of current Middle East unrest. According to Military.com (2006) Hezbollah's emergence in the aftermath of the Israeli occupation of Beirut and southern Lebanon in 1982 reflects these diametrically opposed perceptions, for it was due to the determination of Shi'ite Muslims to resist the Israeli presence and support Palestinians in their fight for statehood."
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Internet Historiography, 2007.
This paper examines Internet websites on the topic of the Vietnam war.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes several websites including Vietnampix.com, The History Place, Vietnamwar.com., Wikipedia.org and PBS.org. The paper looks at the historical reliability and quality of these sites. The paper concludes that the Internet has proven useful on many levels for establishing historiography.
From the Paper
"The Vietnam War was a seminal moment in U.S. history and provides an emotional backdrop for the U.S.' current dilemma in Iraq. Many veterans of the Vietnam War still suffer from its effects and most Americans are aware of the war's deep impact on that society. Researching the Vietnam War seems to be a topic that is well suited for internet based research as there are a plethora of sites devoted to the subject. The unique aspect of this topic vis-a-vis the internet and historiography is that the various websites consulted seem to run the gamut from the personal experience or memoir type of historical account to the clearly academic and all points in between. Vietnampix.com offered an oddly appropriate pictorial account of the Vietnam War which was, after all, the first major conflict brought into living rooms worldwide through the auspices of television and on ground photographers. Sites such as Wikipedia.org present a highly academic format regarding the war; its causes and its outcome. Yet, the accuracy, detail, and historical integrity of these sites and others, remains in question although the overall historical account that can be assembled from the collective whole is strong."
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Columbus: Greed and Racial Intolerance, 2007.
A look at Jan Carew's videotaped presentation "From Columbus to Castro - 500 Years of Race, Class and Culture Conflict in Our Americas".
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Jan Carew's videotaped presentation, "From Columbus to Castro - 500 Years of Race, Class and Culture Conflict in Our Americas" where he argues that Columbus' relentless drive for riches created a situation where innocent people were brutally exploited. The paper agrees with Carew that the legacy of European discovery was one of human greed, racial intolerance and bigotry. The paper concludes that the ancestors of American whites who sought to diminish others left behind the seeds for racial convolution and unrest today.
From the Paper
"To begin with, Mr. Carew rightly notes that Columbus did everything he did to aggrandize himself and the country of Spain - partly, it may be presumed, out of patriotism, but surely mostly out of a desire to satiate his own ambitions and to validate the support of powerful individuals in the upper reaches of Spanish society who had reposed their trust - and treasure - in him. In any case, it is known that Columbus was under great pressure to "deliver the goods" by returning to Spain with riches; to wit, his patrons - Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand - eagerly sought to spread Christianity to distant parts of the world, and the royal couple also were very much interested in finding a means by which Spain could compete with its bitter rival, Portugal, for spoils ("Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Empire," para.2)."
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Internet Research, 2007.
This paper discusses using the Internet as a historical source.
1,573 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the pros and cons of using the Internet as a historical source by looking at the Hindenburg tragedy of 1937. The writer then looks at the web sites which appear when a "Google search" is done of the event and of its aftermath. In a closely-related vein, the paper also appraises the authors/creators/backers of the pertinent sites that one comes across in the course of this exploration. Finally, the paper concludes with a look at the usefulness of the Internet (especially with regards to this topic) as a historical tool and a brief mention is made of the likely future for Internet research. In the final analysis, it may be said that the Internet really only functions as a productive research tool if it is utilized with scrupulous care and plenty of critical thought.
From the Paper
"For one thing, while there are many online locations dedicated to the Hindenburg Crash, there is little evidence to suggest that academics had a hand in all but a few of them. To put it another, a cursory view of the first five pages of site findings in Google reveals mostly "home-made" web pages and illustrations depicting merely what amateur sleuths or enthusiasts have been able to learn about the crash. Given that reality, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that any researcher looking into the Hindenburg disaster should only use the internet if he or she is seeking to uncover hard-to-find illustrations about the crash or if one is looking for audio descriptions of the crash from reporters alive at the time. At the risk of seeming uncharitable, the works seem generally to be only one or a few pages in size, are riddled (in most instances) with grammatical errors, and are written and presented in a casual, non-academic manner."
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