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Who is the Buddha?, 2007.
An analysis of the life and wanderings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.
1,737 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Siddhartha Gautama, who was revered by his disciples (Buddhists) as the Buddha, or the "Awakened One". It describes the history of Buddhism as a distinct religious tradition and the life of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. The paper focuses on the narrative of Buddha's life, his wanderings and his Buddhist followers.
From the Paper
"After his mother died Siddhartha was nursed and raised by his mother's sister, who was the second cohort of his father, the King Suddhodana. They lived in the capital Kapilavatthu. His father, the King surrounded his son with luxury and pleasures out of fear that the young prince would abandon his royal place and position and he would not have a successor. He lived the life of privilege in accordance to his father's position, with servants. Historically, "we do not know anything about his physical stature or facial appearance. We know little about his personality with absolute certainty" (Olson, 2005, p.22). Many narrators of the Buddha narrative have attributed Siddhartha with great physical beauty and strength, as well as cleverness and intellect. In due time Siddhartha married a woman named Yasodhara and had a son named Rahula with her."
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Chinese Literary Modernism, 2007.
An overview of Chinese literary modernism with a focus on Ja Bin's novel "Cold Night".
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Shanghai's modernist literary movement popularly associated with the interval of 1917 to 1937. A second topic is introduced of how Ja Bin's novel of 1947, "Cold Night", describes the plight of the individual in relation to his or her connection to the state during the Sino-Japanese War, which inflicted such widespread and extreme suffering and destruction in China.
Outline:
Introduction
Lee, Shih and What Happened in Shanghai
"Cold Nights"
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Literary modernism in Shanghai, as a 'movement' evolving between 1917 and 1937, continues to fascinate scholars of literature as much as those of modern Chinese history. Indeed, pre-World War II Shanghai continues to intrigue a variety of Westerners in particular as shown by a strong tourism industry of the present, visitors wishing to see what survives of "old" Shanghai, meaning the world of China's westernized elite, Chiang Kai Shek, or where the Soong Sisters liked to take cocktails in the evenings on visits, there. What some Chinese have regarded as run down, pre-War hotels and other structures of the past hold a powerful romantic or nostalgia appeal to visitors that may or may not have much to do with what Shanghai's literary scene was like through the 1920s and 1930s."
Mao, Nathan. "Pa Chin's Journey in Sentiment from Hope to Despair." Journal of the Chinese
Language Teachers' Association. 11. (1976): 131-137.
Shih, Shu-meih. The Lure of the Modern - Writing Modernism in Semi-Colonial China, 1917-
1937. Berkeley Interdisciplinary Studies of China Series No. 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.
Tang, Xiaobing. "The Last Tubercular in Modern Chinese Literature - on Ba Jin's Cold
Nights," in Chinese Modernism - the Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000, 131-160.
& course materials, University of Toronto, 2006-2007.
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Egypt and Monumental Architecture, 2007.
An analysis of the centrality of Egyptian monuments and architecture to the religion of ancient Egypt.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the monumental architecture in Egypt that was associated with worship of the gods and with funeral customs. The paper discusses the building and development of the pyramids and the purposes that they served. It then shows how the cycle of birth and rebirth is expressed in much Egyptian art and is central to the religion of ancient Egypt.
From the Paper
"The pyramids, of course, are massive tombs for high-born rulers, while smaller tombs or burial sites have been found for people of lesser rank, including massive underground structures housing hundreds of mummies in some cases. The huge statues in the Valley of the Kings were also dedicated to rulers who had died and were carved in stone so they would be remembered. The polytheistic religion of the Egyptians supported their ideas about the after-life and about how their rulers would join the gods after death, just as they represented the gods in this world."
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The Effect of Ideology on Soviet Science, 2007.
An analysis of the negative effects of Marxist-Leninist ideologies on Soviet science.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of ideology on Soviet science during the communist era of leadership and the negative ways in which it was manifested. The paper looks at some of the benefits that were provided by Soviet science, but then argues that Soviet science during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the Communist Party that it became discredited in the eyes of most of the world.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the negative effect of Marxist-Leninist ideology on Soviet science was manifested in a variety of ways, from the systematic propagandizing of dialectic materialism as a science to the undermining of science itself in the form of theories such as Lysenkoism. Although Soviet science provided some benefits in the form of discoveries in the field of space medicine, the development of space exploration, and the use of nuclear power to generate electricity for Soviet towns and cities, science in the USSR during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the government that it was reduced in most cases to pseudo-science and became an object of ridicule throughout most of the world."
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Tecumseh and Tribal Unity, 2007.
A look at Indian leader Tecumseh and what tribal unity under his leadership would have meant for American expansionism.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Indian leader, Tecumseh, and his goal of uniting the Indian tribes into a powerful Indian nation capable of ending American expansion westwards. The paper discusses how the focus of American policy makers, on Canada and Royal Navy seizure of American sailors on the high seas on the eve of the War of 1812, prevented most of them from realizing that the Indian tribes on the frontier were the greatest threat to future American expansion.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, the potential path of the United States in regard to this Indian Nation may have been similar to how we dealt with Spanish Florida, or it may have resembled our approach to dealing with British Canada, or it may have been patterned after our policies in the Mexican Southwest. Spanish Florida had been incorporated into the United States through treaty and purchase, British Canada had not been acquired at all, and the Mexican Southwest had been taken by winning the Mexican War and demanding territorial concessions."
"In dealing with Tecumseh's tribal nation, the United States would have had the option in coming decades of expanding through brute military force as it had against Mexico, of seeking new territorial acquisitions through treaty negotiations and purchase agreements with Tecumseh as had been the case with Spanish Florida, or of conceding that expansion would be stopped, as had been the case with British Canada. Which option would have ultimately been pursued would have depended primarily upon Tecumseh's ability to keep the tribes united under his leadership."
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Myths and American Culture, 2007.
An examination of the cultural connections between the "myth of the cowboy" and the "myth of origins" in American cultural history.
1,159 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the "myth of the cowboy" and the "myth of origins" in American cultural history. It specifically focuses on the cultural connection between the two myths. The paper argues that these two mythic narratives may be seen to be fundamentally identical in that their narrative elements and ultimate purpose are to justify the expansion and assertion of Euro-American power in the New World.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, it is clear that the "cowboy myth" is a potent cultural construction that - while distinct from the "myths of origin" in terms of time frame - nonetheless may be seen to be intimately related to these myths in how it justifies the extension of European settlement and authority over North America. The myths together effectively displace the Aboriginal First Nations of the continent from their historical role as the first settlers of these lands, and thus achieves on the level of cultural history what European power achieved on the landscape of the continent itself: the displacement and marginalization of Aboriginal culture. In this way, we can see how cultural narratives, while not even historically valid, can possess enormous power to create meanings and determine how we understand our histories and ourselves."
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Germany: 1945 to 1949, 2007.
An examination of the social characteristics of German society from 1945 to 1949.
1,551 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses German society's happiness, during the years from 1945-1949, over the demise of the old Nazi and moneyed elite, as well as the society's fanciful desire to "forget" the past. The paper also looks at the persistence of racist attitudes and the ideological and social divide between east and west which accompanied the partition of Germany by the occupying Allied powers. The paper argues that the German social situation in the late 1940s was one where the German people sought to escape the past, but found that geopolitical encumbrances, old attitudes and a divided land made that impossible.
From the Paper
"Most obviously from a social perspective, the end of the war meant the end of the ancient regime which had dominated Germany prior to the war and then during the course of the war. The erstwhile Nazi officials who remained as the war drew to a close "crawled and lick-spittled" as they sought to gain favor with the collapse of the Third Reich. At the same time, the youth of the land were angry and aggrieved at those who had callously called them forth into battle and then abandoned them when things were direst. Finally, the great masses of the German people were eager to be rid of National Socialism and receptive to re-education (Malzahn, 36).'
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Canadian Maple Leaf, 2007.
This paper looks at the evolution and history of the Canadian maple as a symbol of Canada.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the Canadian maple leaf as a symbol. Particularly, the paper looks at the significance of the maple leaf to nineteenth century forebears and how the national flag gradually evolved from prominently featuring the British Union Jack to not featuring it at all. Attention is also devoted to outlining how the maple leaf - unpretentious though it may be - is intended to serve as a symbol of strength and resiliency. The writer notes that ultimately, the maple leaf reveals the spirit of the nation as well as its growth as an independent entity.
From the Paper
"The maple leaf has always been a potent symbol for Canadian nationalists. For example, as early 1805 - fully 62 years before Confederation - the Quebec Gazette was praising the unprepossessing maple leaf as emblematic of French Canada; the following year, the rival le Canadien pronounced it suitable for the entire fledgling territory of all British North America. Why this might be so is a question which can lead to many different answers, but one of the most compelling ones put forward is that the maple leaf tree was seen by early nineteenth-century nationalists as a sturdy thing which endured storms and the vulnerability of youth to gradually emerge strong, free, and tall and capable of withstanding tempests; for the early nationalists, the tough and resilient maple tree was emblematic of the Canadian people. In fact, the maple leaf was so well-established in the popular iconography that Canadian officials actually wore maple leaf lapels and brooches during official royal visits in the nineteenth century - such as one celebrated visitation from the Prince of Wales in 1860 which was a major social event in Canada."
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Business Development in Haiti, 2007.
An analysis of the history and political environment in Haiti and how that is affecting the development of new business in the country.
984 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the possibilities for business development in Haiti. It outlines the country's development environment and uses this to describe possibilities for opening and operating new businesses. The paper begins by discussing Haiti's colonial heritage and its history of failed authoritarian government and economic chaos. The paper finally shows how development of business and economy in Haiti is closely linked with political stability and internal security, mobility and resources.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Culture, Geography and History
Government and Politics
Business Development
From the Paper
"In Haiti, development of business and economy is closely linked with political stability and internal security, mobility, and resources. Without addressing these concerns, outside businesses will not relocate to Haiti and the poor local and uneducated local population will not have the resources to overcome obstacles to self-direct their own development. The nation has many natural allies. Its proximity to the U.S. and Canada offer it a market for its products and a generally reliable provider of aid. However, without addressing internal problems, Haiti cannot count on these resources to be extended and cannot expect them to be successfully deployed toward sustainable development. Fortunately, recent evidence suggests that Haiti's government system may be reaching a point of critical understanding in which hopes and promises of development may finally be realized (Charles)."
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The Middle Ages, 2007.
The paper examines Morris Bishop's evidence of the vitality of the Middle Ages.
864 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the dramatic period that was the Middle Ages, noting that the religious, economic, political, social and educational continuities and innovations of the period have been often unjustly dismissed by scholars. The paper looks at Bishop's discussion of how Roman and classical education re-asserted itself in the Middle Ages in the grammar schools while the old pagan rites did not fade away in the Age of Christianity. The paper also explores the rise to semi-respectability of women and the progression of certain disparate groups from tribal-hood to nation-hood. The paper concludes that Bishop's evidence of the dynamism of the age is convincing.
From the Paper
"The middle ages were the continuation of "Old Rome" in matters such as "race, language, institutions, law, literature, (and) the arts" (Bishop, 7). In almost the next breath, Bishop writes that the middle ages were a continuation of cultures such as the Franks and Saxons, the Greeks and Arabs, and - not least of all - of an ancient peasant culture (Bishop, 7). At the same time, it was a period which saw the rise of the Christian church in the West and the epoch bore witness to the rise of the Church's institutions - such as the pilgrimage, the system of penance, the emergence of the modern-day liturgy. As an added note pertaining to the Old Rome of the classical period, Bishop writes that the language and institutions of the Ancients survived even with the arrival of barbarian domination (Bishop, 12 and 15)."
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The Cyclades and Greek Art, 2007.
This paper examines the archaeological evidence of the Cyclades, as well as later Greek works.
2,671 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the artifacts found from the Cyclades sites and pottery from the same region. The paper describes how the style of the Cyclades statuettes fits with other works from different parts of the near east and shows how it influenced later classical Greek and Roman sculpture. The paper discusses the many shifts in aesthetic viewpoint in this century, when art was redefined in terms of the existing social relations and prevalent aesthetic ideas. The paper also looks at the geometric style in Greece and the relationship of art, mathematics and computer technology today.
Outline:
Introduction
Findings
Pottery
Developments
From the Paper
"The Cyclades are a group of islands in the Aegean Sea where neolithic burial sites have been found. The figurines found tend to be stylized and abstract in form (Fiero 8). The clay figurines in this culture are in place of the neolithic idols made of clay from other regions. The marble quarried on these islands made it possible for the workshops of the culture to flourish. Products made by artisans on the Cyclades made their way to Crete and also to the mainland. Most of the statuettes are naked female figurines with their arms crossed over the abdomen, and they are generally not designed to stand erect."
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"The Proud Tower", 2007.
A review of the writing style and historical validity of Barbara Tuchman's book, "The Proud Tower."
1,467 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews Barbara Tuchman's book, "The Proud Tower." It assesses how Tuchman handles the twenty-four year period in Europe which preceded the Great War. The paper specifically examines Tuchman's writing style. Finally, it analyzes her failing to make the linkage between the horrific events of late summer 1914 and the Bismarckian diplomacy, which helped to make the great conflagration inevitable.
From the Paper
"As a final comment upon the book, it should be added that the text, while it does passably well at describing the state of affairs in each of the major nations, never really explores the ugly situation in the Balkans - principally between Serbia and Austria, but also between each of the Balkan states. As a result, the internal divisions which were tearing apart what was left of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire by 1914 (and which certainly helped precipitate war) are given "short shrift" in the text. This oversight, at least in the view of this writer, diminishes Tuchman's chapter on the European and American anarchists (63-117) insofar as an exposition of the problems facing the Austrians as they clung to the remnants of empire would have given the novice reader a greater understanding of what socio-political dynamics made a hate-filled and destructive (and anti-government) movement like the Black Hand (and others) so appealing to disenchanted Serbians and to disenchanted young Eastern Europeans in general."
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New Inequality in the People's Republic of China, 2007.
An analysis of the socioeconomic and regional disparity that has occurred in the People's Republic of China.
828 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the reform era in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the resulting disparity and inequality that has occurred. It specifically discusses the socioeconomic disparity rooted in the varied ability of people to take up capitalist activities. It also looks at the regional disparity in the PRC, owing to past patterns of economic activity, location and acumen.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Acumen, Consumption and Class
Regional Disparities and the Future
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"New wealth, foreign investment, and strong export markets are achievements but some timeless problems of old China are not being solved and may grow worse in the future. Scholars of disparity describe its growth in class and regional terms, in a civilization that has often known very large class differences and regional identities. The CCP "empire" may yet break down, its myths of citizen equality and building a new China not working any more. The militarization of the PRC since the 1990s has caused some foreign alarm in a state project that engages millions of ordinary Chinese, directly or indirectly, but where will this lead, and what about guarantees for the poor that the CCP once offered? Why are people from the north-west on the move, forming camps in the capital? Why do Mongols and others trade beyond the PRC border, ignoring what the centre wants? Need the conditions of workers be so rough, despite recent efforts to clean up industrial pollution? These are questions that all involve aspects of disparity in the present PRC and also, point to realities that are extremely old, depending on how one sees China. It seems wiser to remember a China of many centuries' patterns, rather than an economic boom of less than 30 years' standing."
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Civil War and the South, 2007.
This paper examines the impact of the Civil War on life in the South.
2,729 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the epic struggle in the US between the Union and the Confederacy that left hundreds of thousands dead, the South devastated and American life changed forever. The paper explores how the Civil War had a profound influence upon life in the South in terms of politics, economics and social values.
From the Paper
"The simmering political disagreement regarding the nature of the Union may have remained academic had it not been for slavery, upon which Southern economics, society, and culture were largely based. The South had an agrarian economy, depended upon crop production and cotton for fiscal solvency, and relied upon millions of slaves to tend the fields of Southern plantations. Slaves played a vital role in the Southern economy, for they provided the free labor which enabled Southern planters to prosper."
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Michael Collins, 2007.
This paper discusses the guerilla tactics used by Michael Collins in Ireland.
713 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how, like most controversial political figures, Collins was both admired and despised. The paper explains that loyal supporters of Collins saw him as a fighter for Irish freedom and independence, while the British and some in Ireland saw him as a violent radical. The paper discusses the film "Michael Collins" by Neil Jordan that illustrates Collin's tactics of guerrilla warfare and shows how violence inevitably has tragic consequences.
From the Paper
"Like most controversial political figures, Michael Collins was both admired and despised. The adage that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter definitely applies to Collins, for he was idolized across much of Ireland as a patriot, but was condemned by the British as a villain. Loyal supporters of Collins saw him as a fighter for Irish freedom and independence, while the British and some in Ireland saw him as a violent radical."
"In his film "Michael Collins" Director Neil Jordan (1996) portrays the violent final hours of the Easter Rising, during which British troops suppressed the rebellion and executed the Irish leaders by firing squad. Jordan's portrayal of the guerilla tactics of Michael Collins reveals why the British considered him a terrorist, for he targeted the British leadership in Ireland for assassination in order to create chaos and compel the British to grant the Irish independence."
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Immigrant Experience in America, 2007.
An analysis of the experiences of immigrant to America between 1898 and 1919.
1,885 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses immigrant's experiences in America in 1898-1919. It describes the changes that were experienced by immigrants in the later part of the 19th century. The paper discusses the beliefs that people held at that time and looks at the types of jobs that people had to work. It describes the discrimination against all immigrant groups and the reasons why immigrants still came to America.
From the Paper
"Immigration in America 1898-1919 was the last great wave of people seeking the dignity of honest work with freedom. 1950-1969 saw less than half their number arrive, but they did not have to endure the miserable ocean voyage, the horrendous, unsafe conditions of the tenements and sweatshops, the covert and sometimes quite overt anti-foreigner sentiment of the established middle classes or the Old Stock elite who still remained entrenched in power. They were not as wretchedly without protection, not as poor without work as those at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. There is something about the courage of these people, their hope, their endurance in the face of the tremendous upheavals in American life from 1898-1919, and their stubborn refusal to be beaten down by the recurrent pattern of American racism and internal jingoism. It is one view of immigration to America at that time. Those who survived are became American; those who did not or were broken are the price that was paid for the good life and the citizenship they now enjoy."
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A Euro-centric Outlook, 2007.
An analysis of "The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Are Some So Rich and Others So Poor" by David Landes.
1,682 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at David Landes' thesis about the causes of the current highly divergent economic destinies of the world's nations, in his work, "The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Are Some So Rich and Others So Poor". The paper discusses Landes' contention that Europe and other dominant Western societies have prospered because of Western values. The paper summarizes Landes' main arguments, but is of the opinion that although Landes' book is interesting, original and very well written, his arguments are not on the whole convincing. The paper demonstrates how the book is too Europe-biased and downgrades the role of Asian industrial growth.
Outline:
Introduction
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Summary and Review
Further Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A person who has studied the history of the global economy ought to be able to express his educated opinions. However, does this person's very learnedness mean we have to agree with these opinions? David S. Landes, Emeritus Professor of Economics and former Coolidge Professor of History at Harvard University, is no stranger amongst academic circles. His reputation and reach has even spread further than those interested in economic development, perhaps because of the author's highly controversial opinions. In his book "The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Are Some So Rich and Others So Poor" Landes looks at the potential causes for the current highly divergent economic destinies of the world's nations. In other words, he asks why is it that some nations have flourished while others have floundered? Is it really owing to the geological disparity attributed by many economists and historians?"
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Eastern, Central and Western Europe, 2007.
This paper reviews Ivan T. Berend's "History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe during the Long Nineteenth Century".
1,348 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that Ivan T. Berend, in his book "History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe during the Long Nineteenth Century", discusses the perceptible insecurity of Eastern and Central Europe as it witnessed the dramatic rise of Western Europe to global prominence. The paper then examines Berend's failure, in the book, to draw the explicit linkages that might make the unfolding of Central and Eastern European history more comprehensible to first-time students. Additionally, the paper points out the strong and lucid organization of Berend's work but concludes that, while a generally engaging and well-written text, Berend's work is certainly not without its apparent flaws. .
From the Paper
"To begin with, Berend does a capable job of outlining the instigating factors which made it incumbent upon Eastern Europe to "modernize". Not least of all, Eastern and Central Europe was compelled to re-assess its own progress and economic system in light of the startling ascendancy of the west. Most crucial of all, Berend touches upon the fact that Eastern European and Central European nations felt themselves not only backward relative to the west, but also vulnerable to any expansionist ambitions their western colleagues might contemplate. In a related vein, the elite of the aforementioned nations was troubled by the fact that it was being consigned (indeed, already was consigned) to the continental periphery (Berend, 1; for a further discussion of Western European ascendancy, please see also pages 5-8). The inclusion of such sentiments in the book may seem a small matter, but what Berend has done is remind readers of how so much of what passed for Central and European politics in the "long nineteenth century" was motivated feelings of fear and pangs of insecurity."
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