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"Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle "( Stephen Jay Gould ), 1997.
Reviews work on evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time in 17th Cent.-19th Cent.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"In Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, Stephen Jay Gould discusses the evolution of geologists' understanding of the concept of deep time. Gould studied texts by Thomas Burnet, James Hutton, and Charles Lyell--three scientific writers who approached this question in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Traditionally, readings of these three writers tended to focus on the degree to which each man employed the scientific method in investigating the question of the Earth's age. The greater the scientist's dependence on scientific method, the historians reasoned, the closer he came to the truth. Thus, these scientists have often been ranked, and understood, on the basis of their adherence to standards that are familiar to the twentieth century, but were still evolving when they wrote. In the course of his repeated close readings of the texts, in which.."
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El Nino Southern Oscillation, 1996.
Causes & global effects on oceans & land of turbulent climatic phenomenon. Definition, history, examples, phases.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"The El Ni o Southern Oscillation phenomenon affects the global climate; it is important that scientists, economists and medical personnel understand El Ni o implications on the climate. The El Ni o phenomenon is part of the larger climatic phenomenon known as the Southern Oscillation. The joint actions of these two weather phenomenon are known as ENSO (El Ni o-Southern Oscillation) events. The extreme weather patterns which can be produced by an ENSO event can cause devastation around the world. El Ni o is associated with ecological, economic, and medical disasters that coincide with torrential floods in the eastern Pacific, devastating droughts over the western tropical Pacific, and unusual weather throughout the rest of the world (6, 4). Teleconnection to most of the world's climate mean that changes in the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation are felt globally."
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Springtime Storms, 1996.
Causes & effects, models, features, dangers for pilots.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Springtime storms can be exceptionally severe. These atmospheric disturbances may be associated with low pressure, unstable air, southwesterly airflow, and occluded fronts. In addition to severe turbulence, they can spawn both thunderstorms and tornadoes. Although hurricanes are larger and generally cause more property damage, springtime storms can potentially result in a greater loss of life. They may, in fact, produce the most violent weather in the United States.
Individual storms can exhibit considerable variability (Whitaker & Dole, 1995, p. 1178). However, certain factors are thought to promote severe storm formation. Such circumstances may relate to atmospheric pressure, temperature, and wind direction. In addition, meso-scale features can also play a..."
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Hurricanes, 1996.
Examines the social & economic impact of three recent major storms: Hurricane Andrew (1992), Hurricane Opal (1995), & Hurricane Marilyn (1995).
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Each year, portions of the United States are battered by the high winds and rains of hurricanes. These storms can cause massive damage depending on the speed of the winds and the precise areas of land where the storms come ashore. These storms are carefully tacked by various scientific and governmental entities which measure the speed of the wind, the direction of the storm, and the course of the devastation wrought by them. During the hurricane season, there are likely to be a succession of such storms which fortunately do not usually assault the same locales and which may also miss the land altogether or dissipate before reaching land. An analysis of three recent storms will show the sort of devastation they can bring.
Probably the major storm of 1992 was Hurricane Andrew, which left behind considerable devastation in Florida and other regions so ..."
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The Kobe Earthquake, 1996.
Reviews typical earthquake characteristics. Describes the on in Kobe in 1/17/95. Assesses environmental impact of quake. Analyzes mitigation & repair efforts.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"A simple definition of an earthquake would be the shaking of the Earth caused by a sudden movement of rock beneath its surface (USGS, 1996a). A more definitive explanation of earthquakes would focus on the passage of seismic waves which in turn create the violent shaking or vibrating motion of the ground. These motions are termed tremors. Seismic waves are caused by the release of energy from a sudden movement along a fault. A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust where there has been a displacement of rock (Marsh, 1987, 292).
The movement of air and water is easy to accept because we experience these things everyday. In truth, the physics behind..."
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Tsunami of Papua. New Guinea, 2002.
An analysis of the geological phenomenon known as a tsunami, which was caused by an earthquake near New Guinea.
2,633 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive description of the cause and effect of the tsunami that hit Papua. New Guinea in 1998. The paper outlines and explains the issues involved in platetectonics and the physicality of tsunamis. Pictures are brought to illustrate the different aspects of the geography of the area and the geological occurances before, during and after the tsunami.
From the Paper
"An earthquake with a magnitude of approximately 7.1 on the Richter scale occurred at 8:49 UTC, (Coordinated Universal Time) in the Bismarck Sea, on July 17th 1998 in the South Pacific Region, off the Northern coast of New Guinea, causing a geological phenomenon known as a tsunami. The earthquake was followed by a series of three waves affecting a 40-km length of coastline from the mouth of the Bliri River east of the Sierra Villages, to the town of Aitape; a tsunami wave of catastrophic proportions hit the shores of Papua New Guinea causing massive loss of life and millions of dollars of damage. The South Pacific is indigenous to tsunamis, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions within the Pacific plate and the Australian plate. 2182 people died as a result of the Tsunami and the run up of water that was associated with the tsunami. (ITST 1998)"
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Mt Hood Eruptions, 2001.
Technical discussion of geological history of the volcano. Atmospheric affects.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 16 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Analysis: Effect of Mt. Hood Eruption on Atmosphere
Introduction
Each of three major eruptive periods at Mount Hood (12,000-
15,000), 1,500-1,800, and 200-300 years ago) produced dacite
domes, pyroclastic flows, and mudflows, but virtually no pumice.
Most of the fine lithic ash that mantles the slopes of the volcano and the adjacent mountains fell from ash clouds that accompanied the pyroclastic flows. Widely scattered pumice lapilli that are present at the ground surface on the south, east, and north sides of Mount Hood may have been erupted during the mid-1800's, when the last known activity of the volcano occurred (REPORT: Recent Eruptive History..., 1998).
The geologically recent history of Mount Hood suggests that
the most likely eruptive event in the future will be the .."
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The PaleoIndians, 2002.
A study of the first inhabitants of North America who came at the end of the Ice Age by way of a land bridge that connects Siberia and Alaska.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The main focus of this paper is the establishment of the thesis that the first known inhabitants of America were the PaleoIndians of the Ice Age time period. This thesis is supported by studies and secondary sources that support this claim. In addition to the geological evidence found, the lifestyle, culture and tools of the PaleoIndians is discussed.
From the Paper
"The Clovis point is a piece of tool that was first found in Siberia. Several pieces of the same kind of tool was found in the U.S. states of New Mexico, Montana, and Colorado (Rose 1997). The tool was discovered after geologists studied the layering of soil, part of a study that might help lead to the discovery of an important artifact or preserved fossil resulting in evidence of the first inhabitants of America. The Clovis point was a crudely shaped hunting tool made of stone, often referred to as a ?spearpoint.? This tool became the key to the discovery of various information about the culture of the PaleoIndians."
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Earth and Mars, 2002.
A comparison of the two planets discussing whether Earth can become extinct the way Mars did.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper details the similarities between Earth and Mars explaining that Mars once had its own water cycle. The paper explains what an asteroid is and asserts that asteroids probably destroyed Mars. It speculates whether an asteroid can destroy Earth and discusses ways to prevent this from happening.
From the Paper
"A billion or so years ago, a frozen lake covered the plains that were alive. Most of the other volcanoes had stopped spewing gases, the temperature and atmospheric pressure on Mars were so low that ice from the lake surface sublimated. These formed into vapor without melting as water. The water vapor formed clouds that dropped snow onto the volcano?s slopes. The volcano?s magma chamber warmed the slopes enough to melt the bottom layers of the deep snow pack."
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Global Warming, 2002.
An insight into the cause and effect of global warming on the environment.
2,642 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what global warming is and gives an in depth analysis of its long term affect. It describes what we can expect if the temperature of the Earth continues to rise. Between flooding and coastal erosion, severe weather, disease, loss of farming, hunting and grazing land and the loss of inhabitable territory, the very existence of the human race would be threatened. Although we do not expect to feel the effects for at least another 200 years, examples of natural disasters in recent history are linked to possible effects of global warming.
From the Paper
"Scientific speculations about the possibility of global warming have been ongoing for years. During the last two decades, the truth about global warming was frequently called into question, and hotly debated. Conservatives, big business, and even many well-intentioned and intelligent scientists all proclaimed such scientific prophecies to be at best an error in computation, or at worst outright deception. Many condemned the prophecies as just another attempt by radical anti-technology, anti-human environmentalist-wackos to stifle everyone?s fun."
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Global Warming, 2002.
This paper discusses the debate surrounding the environmental phenomenon of global warming.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the article ?Until We Know More About Global Warming, the Best Policy is a Highly Flexible One?, written for ?The Chronicle of Higher Education?, by Warwick J. McKibbin and Peter J. Wilcoxen. It reviews the authors? discussion on the social and economic problems of global warming. It also reviews their comments on the effects of global warming on the environment and the global economy. Furthermore, the paper looks at the authors? reasons for their views. The paper concludes with an evaluation on the worth of these views by the writer.
From the Paper
"The article is one of the superbly written socio-economic principles that emerge every now and again from scientists and economists who have very little left to debate. As a result they bring forth the ideals and personalities that they feel should be discussed and leave out the basic issues as to how it truly effects the environment and also the inhabitants of the planet.
"The writers of the article are more concerned with the economics of the policies rather than the logistics. However it is a reasonably well written article that will undoubtedly leave those that can understand the socio-economic jargon feeling either some what perplexed, angered or concurring."
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Volcanoes, 2002.
A study on the causes and effects of volcanic eruptions.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the causes of eruptions and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. It also studies the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. It concludes with a discussion on recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat.
From the Paper
"Volcanoes are mountains that are created by an accumulation of materials that erupt through vents. Most volcanoes are beneath the sea but the volcanoes that most people are aware of are above sea level. The Smithsonian Institution reports that there are 1511 active above-sea volcanoes during the past 10,000 years. Five hundred and thirty-nine of these have erupted at least once during recorded history. An average fifty-five above-sea volcanoes worldwide are active in any given year; about half of these are continuations of eruptions from previous years, and the rest are new.(?Volcano?) The purpose of this discussion is to examine why eruptions occur and the difference between explosive and non-explosive eruptions. We will also explore the effects of volcanic eruptions on people and the environment. Finally we will discuss recent eruptions in Hawaii and on the island of Montserrat."
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Global Warming, 2002.
An examination of human impact on the Earth's climate.
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The growing population of humans on Earth has led to some undesirable outcomes, namely a population of industrial producers. This paper looks at some of the scientific data that supports the idea that the Earth?s temperatures are rising. The paper shows how greenhouse gases produced by humans can be held accountable for at least some of these drastic changes to the environment. Today global warming is one of the most discussed and debated environmental concerns. Global warming concerns every life form on earth, and can cause major ecological disruptions. The paper discusses how the ozone layer forms and breaks up continuously and how there are several pollutants that can cause ozone to breakup more rapidly than it does naturally. It shows how the most drastic changes in the ozone layer are visible over the Antarctic continent, where a hole in the ozone has formed.
From the Paper
"Planet Earth is able to support life with the help of trapped radiation from the sun. Known as the greenhouse effect, radiation is absorbed by the Earth?s surface warming the oceans and land. Varying season to season, the sun heats the Earth creating sustainable temperatures for life. This sustainability has developed an overabundance of life, and helped human population soar. The growing population of humans on earth has led to some undesirable outcomes, namely a population of industrial producers. There is much scientific data that supports the idea that the Earth?s temperatures are rising. Greenhouse gases produced by humans can be held accountable for at least some of these drastic changes to the environment."
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Weather Patterns and Storms, 2002.
This paper discusses weather patterns with an emphasis on storms.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the different weather patterns focusing on storms. The paper deals with small-scale weather patterns, the causes of storms and the nine different types of storms. The paper concludes with a discussion on predicting storms.
From the Paper
"The primary weather producers in the middle latitudes are large centers of low pressure that generally move from west to east, called middle-latitude cyclones. Middle-latitude cyclones begin along a front where air masses are moving in opposite directions. The frontal surface usually takes on a wave shape, which becomes more defined as the cyclone matures, and a cold and a warm front evolve."
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Volcanoes, 2002.
An insight into volcanoes - what they are, what lava is and how they erupt.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomena of the volcano. It describes the constituent elements of lava and the different kinds of lava that exist. It analyzes how the lava is ejected from the volcano and the effect it has on the surrounding environment.
From the Paper
"The makeup of magma determines how it moves, and magma with less than 55 percent silica (basalt) flows easily, while magma with more than 70 percent silica (rhyolite) flows with greater difficulty. Low-viscosity basaltic lava involves the rapid escape of gas which produces fountains of incandescent lava in blobs and drops. Such magma is often fluid enough when it reaches the ground to coalesce and form lava flows. The more high-viscosity rhyolite lava is such that gas cannot readily escape unless there is sufficient pressure. "
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Global Warming and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions, 2002.
A paper which discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
A paper which examines the arguments that refute that it is not accurate to mainly attribute the problem of global warming to the increasing carbon dioxide emission caused by human activities. The paper discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming. This paper provides the necessary information needed to support the argument presented, as well as discusses and analyzes the opposing arguments that are given in light of this controversial environmental issue. In the last part of the paper the author contends that despite opposing claims refuting the main argument, increased carbon dioxide emissions are still the primary reason why global warming has been prevalent over the years.
From the Paper
"There are significant effects in the health of human beings and the environment due to global warming. Human health is threatened because too much heat in the atmosphere causes certain deadly diseases to propagate. Malaria is an example of this disease, which propagate under local climates (hot and humid climates). Excessive heat also result to respiratory ailments and death. Heat strokes attack many people especially when they encounter heat more than their body temperature can take or adapt to. Environmental elements such as water resources dry up due to excessive evaporation. Climate changes occur when excessive precipitation happens because of uncontrollable conditions in the atmosphere. Different landforms become barren and dry, making it impossible for plants to thrive. When this happens, animals that live in their habitats will leave, and may not survive. All of these effects in the environment contribute to the imbalance in ecological diversity."
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Global Warming: Fact or Fiction?, 2002.
An argument presenting both sides of the global warming issue, focusing on whether it is a real issue or merely a hypothesis concocted by scientists to prevent environmental pollution.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines both sides of the global warming issue. The writer discusses the first issue, by making reference to ecological perspectives that claim that certain human activity such as population growth, deforestation, and fossil fuel burning, have lead to increasing solar radiation or heat in the earth's atmosphere, thus increasing the natural temperature of the earth. The paper also deals with the reverse argument which questions whether humans are really increasing the earth's temperature at a alarming rate, or whether humanity is just a ripple in the earth's pool of history, and warmth is simply nature taking its course.
From the Paper
"Global warming is a very important environmental issue concerning the world today and the future of humanity. The issue with global warming is certain human activity such as population growth, deforestation, and fossil fuel burning, have lead some scientists to hypothesize that humans are increasing solar radiation or heat in the earth's atmosphere, thus increasing the natural temperature of the earth. Some greenhouse gases are naturally produced in the Earth's atmosphere from water vapor, and carbon dioxide. The earth's history also shows how the overall temperature of the earth's surface has fluctuated throughout its existence. A problem that arises with the global warming debate is weather patterns have only been traced back to about one hundred and fifty years; therefore it is hard to predict the outcome of the future with such a short past. Another argument surrounding global warming is, are humans really increasing the earth's temperature at a alarming rate, or is humanity just a ripple in the earth's pool of history, and this warmth is nature taking its course? The answers to these questions depend on who you ask, or your view of nature's role on earth."
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Radiometric (Radioactive) Dating, 2002.
An examination of Radiometric dating, also known as carbon-12 or carbon-14 dating, including a look at dating using other radioactive methods.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
A paper which explains the beginning of radioactive dating - a process which can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began. The paper explores the progression of this method and its uses today, as well as discusses different methods that are used, other than carbon-12, such as potassium or argon dating.
From the Paper
"Many view radioactivity as the end of the world in the event of a nuclear war. With its astonishing power, radioactivity could perhaps destroy and thus end the world. What many don't know about radioactivity is that is has the potential to tell scientists the age - or the beginning - of the Earth. Quite ironically, radioactivity could very well be responsible for both showing the beginning and the ending of Earth. A process called radiometric dating can give scientists the age of rocks and other materials and help us to identify when Earth began."
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