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The Federal Highway Act of 1956, 2002.
This paper discusses the role that the Federal Highway Act of 1956 played in helping to determine what shape America would take over the last half of the twentieth century.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the largest public works project of its time, the Federal Highway Act of 1956. The paper looks at the the historical events that led up to President Eisenhower's signing of the Act. It then goes on to discuss the positive impact that it would have on the U.S. economy, looking at such topics as employment, land development, travel, retail competition and lower consumer prices and freight prices. The paper then examines the negative impact the Act would have on the economy looking at such areas as mass transit, mass migration, travel and air pollution. The final are that the paper deals with is the cultural impact. The author feels that based upon their analysis of the Act, it had a fundamentally positive affect in shaping America over the past fifty years.
From the Paper
"The construction of this system has provided Americans with access to valuable land, which encouraged construction and development of real estate including residential, industrial and commercial. Residential properties created as a result of the interstate system most often comes in the form of single-family homes. All over the country residential areas run alongside interstate highways. The system has created a variety of commercial development including roadside businesses, such as hotels and restaurants. The interstate system also aided in the development of industrial properties including nuclear power plants."
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Cloning, 2002.
This paper examines the issues surrounding cloning.
805 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of cloning. This paper looks at Dolly, the sheep, the first cloned mammal and discusses how the field has progressed since 1997. The paper also discusses the ethical issues that have come up in discussions about human cloning since the field is still so new and fells that many of the concerns expressed are a result of the unknown. The paper details the different arguments against human cloning , as well as the potential scientific advances that may come as a result of its use. The author argues that human cloning and genetic engineering may eventually gain more acceptance as did IVF, birth control pills and other medical procedures which were also challenged when they first were introduced.
From the Paper
"Bioethics, which is the study of value judgments pertaining to human conduct in the area of biology and includes those related to the practice of medicine, has been an important aspect of all areas in the scientific field (Bernstein, Maurice, M.D.). It is one of the factors that says whether or not certain scientific research can go on, and if it can, under which rules and regulations it must abide by. One of the most recent and controversial issues facing our society today is the idea of cloning. Dolly the sheep, was the first mammal clone, and was born in February 1997, in Edinburgh, Scotland. After considerable of news coverage, genetic engineering of DNA was in the spotlight. The world has had heatedly discussions over the issues surrounding cloning ever since."
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Ethernet System, 2001.
The following paper describes the shift from a hub-based token ring system to an Ethernet system.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons for the shift from a hub-based token ring system to an Ethernet system. The author discusses the desire for increased speed, greater bandwidth and general updating of the system to be more compatible with other contemporary systems.
From the Paper
"The Ethernet originated as a laboratory project at Xerox Corporation in 1974. It was developed as an inexpensive way of sending information quickly between office machines connected together in a single room or building thus serving in essentially the same way that a local area network functions but it rapidly became a standard computer interconnection method in large measure because of the speed at which it is capable of transmitting data, which is 10 megabits per second. The Ethernet originally required a coaxial cable as its communications medium, but this is no longer the case."
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Nuclear Radiation Shielding, 2002.
A detailed report of an experiment testing the shielding of radiation by various materials.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Discusses an experiment of the shielding of radiation. The experiment uses fluid flow measurements and the method of continuous flow to determine the coefficient of viscosity. Includes the calculations and results of the said experiment as well as diagrams. Discusses the conclusions and several human errors that happened when carrying out the experiment.
From the Paper
"There are two different ways water can flow this can be either streamline or turbulent. When a liquid has a streamline its particles flow in regular and smooth paths called streamlines. In this type of motion the viscous drag opposing the flow is proportional to the average velocity of the liquid. In turbulent flow, the particles have irregular motion therefore the viscous drag is proportional to the square of the velocity. "
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Solid Propulsion, 2000.
An essay outlining the history and modern use of solid propulsion in comparison to other types of propulsion.
1,145 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines the history of solid propulsion and black powder and discusses how it was used. It also looks at the advantages and disadvantages of solid propulsion in relation to its liquid counterparts.
From the Paper
"The first solid propulsion engines were invented by the Chinese early in the 13th century in use of fireworks. These homemade rockets were propelled by black powder. The first recorded military use was in 1232 in a military siege where the powder propelled rockets were used to set fire to tents. It wasn?t until years later around the early 15th century when they started becoming used in Europe and equipped with a payload. Gunpowder started being used as it burned slower than black powder. The two have same the same ingredients but in different proportions. A large step forward was when the solid propulsion rockets were used to carry rope from distressed ships to shore in stormy conditions. The sailors would use the rope as a lifeline in their rowboats. However this relied on the fact that the shore could only be as far away as the longest rope."
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Engineering Experiment on Friction, 2002.
This paper tests the co-efficient of friction and how it differs when weight and surface type are changed.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The folowing paper aims to find the force required to move blocks of different weights across different surfaces, thus finding a value for friction and comparing the results with that of a textbook and recording any differences. The conclusion found in this paper is that friction is directly proportional to the weight force applied and is measured in terms of the coefficient of friction, represented by the Greek letter mu (m).
From the Paper
"The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force present and the normal reaction to the mating surfaces and is represented as,
m = Ff ? Rn
Rn = Normal reaction, weight force
Fn = Frictional force
But may also be worked out by dividing the force required in Kg by the weight of the object. Eg the force required to move a 25Kg object is 5Kg so to work out the coefficient of the object we would divide 5 by 25 to give a coefficient of 0.2.
Because of this the surface area of the block is independent to that of the coefficient and is not needed when determining a value for friction.
The coefficient of wood against wood is 0.35 giving a relatively low value for friction whereas rubber against concrete is 0.8 meaning it would be hard to slide rubber on concrete. The coefficient can be greatly reduced if a lubricant of some sort is applied in between the surfaces as it forms a layer preventing the bumps on the surfaces rubbing together making it easier to slide the objects past each other."
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Heat Transfer and the Space Shuttle, 2002.
This paper was written to explain the Thermal Protective Systems (TPS) of the space shuttle to a non-scientific audience.
3,270 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper talks about the ways in which the shuttle is designed to overcome basic heat transfer problems during launch, orbit and re-entry. The main points in this paper are the active and passive systems in the TPS and the history of the shuttle design.
From the Paper
"10...9...8...Patiently the Space Shuttle waits on the launch pad...7...6... everything is in place...5...4... all functions are working properly...3... the conditions are comfortable on the coast of Florida, and the temperature is nice and warm...2...1... IGNITION! (Figure #1) The sudden burn of the rockets jolts the humongous craft to life. As streams of flame shoot out its lower portion, the craft begins to inch skyward. In no time its speed has increased, and it begins hurtling through the air towards its mission. While still inside Earth's atmosphere, the airflow over the Shuttle begins to warm the craft's surface, until it becomes "white hot." Then, the craft breaks free of the atmosphere's restraints, plunging into the freezing void of outer space. The Space Shuttle must be able to withstand these temperature extremes and still accomplish its mission objectives. After the mission, as the craft returns to Earth, it again encounters tremendously high temperatures as it re-enters Earth's atmosphere. The Shuttle encounters a lot of atmospheric resistance and slows itself down through this phase, then finally glides to a comfortable rest at Edwards Air Force Base in sunny Southern California, where the astronauts and craft must prepare to begin the process all over again. These intense hot and cold extremes drive scientists and design engineers as they work to control the internal temperature of the space shuttle throughout the various phases of its journey. They do this by using many creative systems such as specially designed tiles and radiator systems, to both reflect and radiate heat that would otherwise be dangerous to the craft and crew."
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Integrated Urban Port and Harbor Planning, 2002.
A study into port planning as a multi-faceted project, with an environmental assessment and coast guard facilities.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how port planning involves technical, operational, economic, social and environmental aspects. The author shows how the projects range from terminal rehabilitation until altering the whole area into a communal park, involving several different aspects in economic, social, cultural, ethical and environmental goals.
From the Paper
"The Land Use Coding Manual has classified land use based on the people-oriented activities. A port or harbor should meet this expectance, that the land use should be maximized in a concentrated manufacturing center, which will give sufficient income not only to the harbor but also to the local people. In the more detailed plan, ports and harbors are usually planned to be the good housing and within convenient public access for cargo, shipping, fishing and docking business, and other related industries. Any decisions have to refer to support this goals, such as infrastructure development, providing effective traffic line in the area, closing less incompetent facilities and deciding which area will be the center of public, recreational, and/or manufacturing activities."
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The Development of Nuclear Fusion Reactors, 2001.
This paper tries to externalize the feasibility and optimality of the development of a nuclear fusion reactor as a source of energy for future consumption.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the inevitable need for developing alternative sources of energy in order to bridge the gap between the rapidly increasing fuel demand and the depleting resources available. This paper tries to analyze the potentials of nuclear fusion reactors as a reliable alternative to overcome this energy crisis. Though the theories propounded are still in the state of infancy, they hold relevance for satisfying the fuel demand in the future in both on earth as well in space stations. Fusion, explains the author, is a source of the sun?s energy that offers a clean, potentially limitless source of electricity and power. Hence a magnetic fusion reactor by using plasma would manage to bring about the nuclear fusion reaction in a controlled way.The author shows how plasmais a new state of matter in which most of the atoms are ionized due to some sort of 'violence' and breaking away of the originally bound electrons. Within the plasma, colliding deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse into helium nuclei and release energy to be converted into electricity.
From the Paper
"The concept of generation of usable energy from the nuclear fusion reactor is still at its state of infancy. Though both Bose and Einstein , in 1925 predicted the condensation of atoms into super dense states but still even after 76 years of extensive research the idea of a nuclear fusion reactor has not been physically implementable. Though nuclear fusion is the primary governing factor in the nuclear reactor design but a number of complex systems and their analysis need to be incorporated for its success. Currently, a number of significant projects are being pursued individually by the developed nations like the SST project, the Magnetic Mirror project and the combined efforts of scientists and governments from all over the world pooling their intelligence and resources to develop the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)."
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DNA Based Computing, 2002.
An analysis at how engineering and biology have surpassed the silicone chip. It looks at this new technology and its contributions.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This report compares the silicon-based computer and the emerging DNA-based computer. The study focuses on the major components involved in both, their method of use, and general reasons for use, all centered around the engineering and biological principals that are critical to the success of the DNA-based computer. Detailed and scientifically rigorous statements of the principles are provided along with a detailed definition of key terms, which can be found in the glossary at the end of this report. Sample problems and calculations are provided throughout the report to illustrate the method of use and abilities of this new way of computing. Based on the computing abilities and potential of the DNA-based computer, a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the social and ethical concerns associated with the technology is presented.
Table of Contents
Abstract
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Overview and Background
3.0 Major Components Involved
4.0 Method of Use
5.0 General Reasons for Use
6.0 Advantages and Disadvantages
7.0 Social and Ethical Concerns
8.0 Conclusion
References
Glossary
From the Paper
"The abilities and power of computers to this day have increased, almost exponentially, since the dawn of their creation. Every year the speeds of microchips more than double while their size continues to shrink. This exponential growth of silicon chip speed and inverse of size has come to be known as Moore?s Law . As advancements in micro silicon chip production continue, however, more and more obstacles are faced due to the increase in complexities of the problems for which they are required. More computing power is required while costs need to be controlled. The answer to this is to build a radically different type of computer that uses DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) as oppose to silicon to store and manipulate data. The practicality of this new design is still far off, however, it is believed that this new technology can produce DNA-based computers that would be far superior than today?s supercomputers at a fraction of their size and, ultimately, their costs. A part-by-part comparison of both the silicon-based computer and the emerging DNA-based computer under the conditions of the major components involved in both, their method of use, and general reasons for use, will be discussed. Also, their potential in society will be evaluated based on their advantages and disadvantages in regards to storage abilities, cost effectiveness, and reliability of use, as well as, social and ethical concerns involving their effect on the future of computing, society, way of life, and potential misuses of this new technology. This report describes and evaluates the emerging technology of DNA based computers based on their engineering and biological principals, and provides a comparison of this prospect to the silicon-based computers used widely in all areas of today?s society."
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A Call for Safer Methods of Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2001.
A call to action for safer methods of disposal of nuclear waste and other radioactive material.
665 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper, exploring the chemical make up of uranium, showing that it is extremely difficult to dispose of this material in a complete way. It looks at current disposal practices in the world and analyzes their pros and cons.
From the Paper
"Radioactive material is defined as having atoms with extremely excited outer electron shells. This makes them unstable, excitable and an efficient means of providing energy to a population that can afford a nuclear power plant. The main source of this energy is Uranium. This is a naturally occurring element found in rocks and seawater. It is the most heavy element in the periodic table, having 146 neutrons and 92 protons in its stable form. The instable form has 143 neutrons and this is the kind that is used in cores to create energy (UIC website)."
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Quantum and Biological Computing, 2001.
A comparative look at two new technologies in computing - quantum and biological.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the differences between two new technologies, quantum and biological computing, examining how they can be used in different fields. It examines problems experienced in the development of these computing techniques but also shows how much of an impact they would have on current technology. The writer explains that instead of using microchips, a quantum computer uses a liquid of appropriate molecule which is more accurate.
From the Paper
"Quantum and Biological computing are two technologies which are on the forefront of advancement in computers today. Both technologies are relatively in their infancy, but so far there have been a good amount of promising results in both research and prototypical experimentation. The reason behind the quest for a different type of computing system is not simply for the purpose of advancement for the sake of advancement; but rather because conventional microchips are nearing the apex of their computation ability for certain applications. There is a lot of competition in the field of quantum computing, both for the financial gain, and scientific breakthroughs which would result in a practical quantum computer. The field of Biological computing is one which does not hold the promise of quantum computing, as far as practical application; But does open new doors into the realm of computing without being tied to digital circuits and all the limitations they possess. Conventional computers can be improved by further miniaturization of circuits, but the major roadblock is that transistors and electrical wiring can ultimately only be made as slim as the width of one atom. Once again business and science are teaming up in order to benefit each other, and bring about the next great evolution in computing technology."
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"Frankenstein" and Cloning, 2001.
This paper examines the ethical issues of human cloning using "Frankenstein" as a lesson against the practice.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at how Mary Shelley's " Frankenstein" is a story that is the possible precursor of a modern cloning experiment gone bad. The author discusses the ethical problems related to human cloning, and how the monster created by Dr. Frankenstein serves as a warning against mankind's efforts to interfere with nature.
From the Paper
"The story of Dr. Frankenstein and his unfortunate monster illustrates how much havoc could be wreaked on society by anyone person who attempts to "play God". In the nineteenth century, there was a far greater belief that the creation of life was the province of God alone. Now technologically advanced science is a multi-billion dollar industry and the progress of genetics in the last decade is far outpacing the legislation that society has to monitor its application. Even in 1818, Mary Shelley raises the idea that we, as a society, were in grave danger of becoming far cleverer and more scientifically able than we were wise. It is for these reasons that Mary Shelley makes some of Dr. Frankenstein last words, in Chapter XIII, read like a terrible warning to mankind, one that stands against cloning today: ?Man," I cried, "how ignorant art thou in thy pride of wisdom! Cease; you know not what it is you say."
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The World Trade Center Bombing, 2001.
This paper studies the World Trade Center Bombing and the physical forces that were responsible for it.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the physical process of the World Trade Center collapse. It examines the building's structure and components and analyzes the impact of the collision with the aircraft. It gives an engineer's analysis of the collapse and several reasons for it. It concludes that the exact reason for the collapse of the skyscraper is still unknown and will continue to be studied in the future.
From the Paper
"The World Trade Center, erected as "a living symbol of man's dedication to world peace," (Wetxstein- 2001) was the most valuable commercial property in the history of New York City until terrorist attacks reduced it to rubble. The buildings towered over lower Manhattan for nearly thirty years; an icon of financial power.The buildings contained more than 200,000 tons of steel, 425,000 cubic yards of concrete and 600,000 square feet of glass in 43,000 windows. Each floor, a reinforced concrete pad on a metal deck supported by steel cross beams, was about one acre and weighed about 4.8 million pounds. The building was designed to withstand the impact of a 707 commercial airliner. It was the largest commercial airliner built at the time the World Trade Center was designed. This was a factor considered due to the accident in 1945, where a B-25 crashed into the Empire State building."
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United States Nuclear Power Plant Vulnerabilities, 2002.
This essay discusses the need for improved protection of our nuclear power plants from an air attack.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the safety of nuclear power plants in the event of attack. It looks at the safety features included in the design of a nuclear reactor and discusses the ability of those features to withstand an actual air attack. Expert opinions and test information are given.
From the Paper
"In light of the Al-Qaeda?s most recent weapon of choice used in New York and Washington D.C., more needs to be done to protect our nuclear power plants from an air attack. Mohamed ElBaradei who is the Director of the International Atomic Energy Agency was quoted in the December 2001 issue of Nuclear Engineering International when addressing the UN General Assembly in New York as saying, ?the terrorist attacks on September 11 had [have] been a wake up call to the industry that more could and should be done to bolster security."
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Nuclear Superpowers, 2001.
This paper looks at the world's leading nuclear superpowers.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 117.95
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Abstract
The writer asks the question whether a country can remain superpower if it does not have nuclear weapons. A few countries are analyzed such as United States, Soviet Union, Japan and Korea. It also looks at the move for nuclear proliferation and examines this trend.
Table of Contents:
I. Question and Thesis
II. The Move to Multipolar Notions of Power in the World?
III. The Specific Example of the Soviet Union: Military Strength, Economic Failure
IV. Japan: A Small Land still Rising?
V. Nuclear Proliferation
VI. The Middle East, The Common Market;Uncertain Kinds of Economic Strength, Millennial Ways of Becoming a World Power.
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"The cost of developing a nuclear capability, the political costs associated with their use, and the difficulty of hiding their development make them less likely to emerge as a primary method of state policy, says the U.S. Commission of National Security for the 21st Century. Thus we are assured we have less to fear than we ever had from a nation using a nuclear threat as a deterrent. (51) As any good student of rational-actor theory knows, the fear and threat of actual nuclear war is so great, it would be ridiculous, not to say M.A.D. for any nation to embark upon mutual destruction with another nation, should that other nation have nuclear weapons.
"This attitude discounts the increasing concern over the proliferation of nuclear weapons among nations in a world not dominated on every level by two major nuclear powers. It also does not take into consideration the possibilities of actors with vastly different interests than nations, such as terrorist groups, gaining access to such weapons. And from a less vital point of view security-wise, but of equal theoretical interest is the notion of how nuclear weapons function as bargaining chips in negotiation, regardless of their likely use as weapons, and as symbolic examples of state power."
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Solar Cells, 2001.
A look at solar cells and the technology behind them.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what solar cells are, how they are created and the technological history behind their development. It provides scientific theories to support this information and explains the uses of solar cells in today's technology.
From the Paper
"A solar cell is any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not utilize chemical reactions to produce electric power, and, unlike electric generators, they do not have any moving parts. Solar cells are also called solar batteries and, as the term solar implies, they are in most cases designed for converting sunlight into electrical energy.
"In the basic structure of a typical solar cell, light enters the device through a layer of material called the antireflection layer. The function of this layer is to trap the light falling on the solar cell and to promote the transmission of this light into the energy-conversion layers below. Such materials as silicon oxides or titanium dioxide are employed as the antireflection layer in solar cells."
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New Urbanism: A Smart Way to Grow, 2002.
This paper provides a look at the principles of New Urbanism, a land development movement designed to combat ugly urban sprawl, by redeveloping inner cities and/or making the most efficient use of open space development.
1,923 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the topic, New Urbanism, synonymous with the term "Smart Growth" which is a way to develop land efficiently, whether it may be a new development using open space land, or a redevelopment of a part of an inner city- called "infilling". The paper explores the ten principles that New Urbanism is guided by and gives examples of developments across the country that have used this method and prospered.
From the Paper
"Small, picturesque towns like Nantucket and Savannah dot the eastern landscape of the country. These towns are the illustration of the principles America was founded upon: closeness, unity, community, and family. The neighborhoods were compact and had mixed-uses. Everything a family needed in the normal course of the week was all within walking distance. There was a town square where the townspeople met and talked. In the youth of this country small developments like these were common, however in the last 50 years America has seen development practices take a turn for the worse. The current practice of building suburbs nationwide sprang up after World War II, and development has sacrificed hundreds of thousands of acres to this practice ever since. Now the majority of U.S. citizens now live in automobile-oriented, unattractive suburbs full of strip malls and four-lane roads with four-foot sidewalks. Although this is still the norm, there is a new kind of development that is making an impact on the way communities are built. This new method, called New Urbanism or Smart Growth, has caught on in the last 20 years and is now popping up all over the country. New Urbanism is a way to combat ugly urban sprawl, replacing it instead with small, interconnected communities that are pedestrian-friendly and contain housing, work places, shops, entertainment, schools, parks, and other amenities essential to the daily lives of residents, all within easy walking distance of each other. New Urbanism involves using the principles it sets forth to fix and redevelop existing cities, called ?infilling?, as well as to create new, high-density, compact towns and villages."
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