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"Globalization: Wonder land or Waste Land?", 2008.
An analysis of Murray Weidenbaum's arguments regarding globalization in his T.S. Eliot Lecture, delivered at the University of London in January of 2002, entitled "Globalization: Wonder land or Waste Land?"
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques Murray Weidenbaum's T.S. Eliot Lecture, delivered at the University of London in January of 2002, entitled "Globalization: Wonder land or Waste Land?" The paper discusses Weidenbaum's arguments in favor of globalization and the benefits that can be achieved for the world as a whole, by utilizing it to its full potential.
From the Paper
"Given Weidenbaum's professional background and admitted bias, it is admirable that he manages to do precisely this - look at both the bright side and the dark side. His approach and suggestions are so realistic and pragmatic, and so unbiased, that it is hard to imagine that any but the most rabid fanatic on either side of the debate would not admit that he makes a valuable contribution with this speech. The strength of the speech derives from two aspects - the fact that he does manage to look at both sides, and that his suggestions have the refreshing ring of being attainable in the real world."
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Clinton and NAFTA, 2008.
Examines President Clinton's acceptance of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) through a discussion of Robert Putnam's two-level game theory.
1,946 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 32 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the link between international policy, especially international economic policy, and domestic issues. The writer notes that Robert Putnam has developed the view that a President negotiating an international economic agreement stands in two spheres. He deals in the international arena, and he deals in the domestic arena. The writer maintains that the negotiation and adoption of NAFTA fits the two-level paradigm that Putnam developed. Indeed, it shows that often American presidents can secure international agreements more easily than domestic compromise. In this case, Bill Clinton had to build a coalition to get NAFTA through. The writer concludes that negotiating the supplemental agreements proved easier than getting the enabling legislation through Congress.
From the Paper
"It was a difficult issue for Clinton, because labor opposed the pact vehemently, while business interests thought it was a major breakthrough.
"On September 8, Bush released the text of NAFTA, a 7-inch thick document. Trying to fend off Clinton, Bush criticized him as indecisive on the pact. Notably, Mr. Bush had early secured extraordinary legislative authority to negotiate NAFTA. The President would submit the Agreement, which had in effect been given prior approval by the Congress. The key vote would come later, when Congress would adopt or reject enabling legislation that would put the Agreement into effect. While the legislation could supplement NAFTA, it could not contradict it."
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Solving World Hunger, 2008.
This paper discusses solutions for eliminating hunger in third world
countries.
1,421 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that instituting democracy and establishing stable economies are necessary in order to resolve the chronic political and economic problems that cause hunger and poverty. The paper argues further that globalization undermines democratic institutions and, therefore, people should be aware of the dangers of globalization in order to avoid being exploited by the wealthy and the powerful.
From the Paper
"Comprehensive solutions to resolving world hunger have been elusive because of the multitude of economic and political factors which cause hunger and poverty. Some solutions have been offered based upon establishing the provision of foreign aid and the establishment of food security, but these measures cannot guarantee self-sufficiency, which is one of the fundamental prerequisites for maintaining a sufficient food supply in underdeveloped countries."
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The Rise of Inequality in China, 2008.
An analysis of the historic development and implications for China of its growing economic inequality.
3,702 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the issue of growing economic inequality in China. It discusses the issue in terms of its historic development and how it has shaped China today. It also describes its implications for China's future social and economic evolution and discusses the reason that this problem has been masked in the popular view of China today as an economic superpower.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Ideology of Equality in Communist China
China's Economic Reforms and Increasing Inequality
The Scale Inequality in Contemporary China
Inequality and Political and Migration Pressures
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the increasing levels of inequality in China - not only in terms of rural vs. urban, but also inland vs. coastal - present a clear and present threat to the legitimacy of the Communist government given its ideological origins in socialist egalitarianism. While the economic development of China and its opening to world trade has brought great wealth and development to parts of the country, other parts have suffered even more so. The geographic localization of this problem in rural/inland areas, as well as the discontent of many migrant workers in the urban areas, represents a disturbing prospect for the future of not only stable economic development in China, but for the continued rule of the Communist party and political stability in China as a whole."
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The History of the Federal Reserve System, 2008.
An examination of how the history of the Federal Reserve System has paralleled the history of economics in the United States.
3,406 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the Federal Reserve System, the push towards centralized banking in the United States, the panic of 1907, the evolution of the Federal Reserve during the 20th century, and the future of the institution.The paper highlights the significant role that the Federal Reserve System has played in the history of the United States since its creation. The paper explains that the Federal Reserve System was the final and most successful attempt by the United States government to create a centralized banking system for the nation that could help stabilize the economy and centrally coordinate financial policy-making. The paper then points out that, though significant criticism has been leveled at the Federal Reserve, throughout its history, there are few indications that the Federal Reserve will be abolished in the near future. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the foreseeable future, the Federal Reserve System will be an undeniable feature of American political and economic life.
Outline:
Introduction
What Is the Federal Reserve System?
Early History of Banking the United States, 1791-1913
The Panic of 1907 and the Birth of the Federal Reserve
From 1913 to the Present: The Evolution of the Fed
Criticism and the Future of the Fed
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was first established in the wake of the Panic of 1907. Earlier attempts to create such a system of federal banks had failed, but the Panic provided the impetus by apparently highlighting the need for a system like the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) called for a system of eight to twelve mostly autonomous regional reserve banks. These banks would be owned by commercial banking interests, but coordinated by a committee appointed by the President of the United States (Flaherty sec. 13). In this way, the Federal Reserve System was originally devised as a private banking system that could operate largely in the public interest."
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Domestic Labor in the Global Economy, 2008.
This paper looks at domestic labor in the global economy and discusses whether such women are really "servants of globalization".
1,721 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that labor migration vis-a-vis female domestic labor is the temporary movement of women, predominantly, but not exclusively, from the third world, to another global region wherein they work as servants so as to accumulate capital that they then can return to their families back home in the form of remittances. Besides being a highly gendered phenomenon, some have argued that the aforementioned labor migration renders these women little more than the contemporary "servants of globalization." The writer argues that this both is, and is not, the case. Specifically, the writer maintains that while these women certainly do serve the interests of others and certainly do find themselves performing menial tasks, they do not necessarily face the same burdens as "servants" from previous ages; that is to say, there are legal protections in place for all workers in developed lands and the increased scrutiny now surrounding the phenomenon of third-world labor migration makes it less likely for these women to be taken advantage of. The writer concludes that while it is largely true that domestic laborers are the "servants of (twenty-first century) globalization," one must be careful to avoid associating their plight with the truly harrowing plight of previous generations of servants.
From the Paper
"In addition, while the global economy may make it easier for affluent individuals in the developed world to find cheap domestic labor abroad, the highly-integrated global economy also allows domestic laborers alternatives that might not have been available even a generation ago. To wit, if a domestic worker or care-giver is unsatisfied with the state of things in one part of the world, she can utilize the internet, liberalized rules (in most countries) vis-a-vis work visas and citizenship application, and the assistance of mass communication technology that allows for expeditious communication between global networks of similarly-situated workers, to find a position more in keeping with her desires.
"The idea of globalization serving domestic laborers by bringing them into contact with other, similarly-situated individuals through mass communication (even as it also isolates them from loved ones) deserves some further illustration."
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Macroeconomics, 2008.
An analysis of convergence, focusing on the Sub-Saharan Africa region and the East Asian financial crisis.
1,616 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses macroeconomic issues, such as the types of convergence that exists. It focuses its discussion on the Sub-Saharan Africa region and describes its structural difficulties in implementing economic reforms. Finally, the paper examines the issues surrounding the East Asian financial crisis (or IMF crisis) that occurred in 1997.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Convergence
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asian Financial Crisis
From the Paper
"South Korea, by this example, had average gross domestic product (GDP) rates of over 8% and this, combined with huge inflows of investment capital had given South Korea the veneer of an unassailable economic success (Chun & Kirkby, 2002, p.82). Yet, underlying the financial crisis among the affected countries were vast current account deficits that were simply not sustainable as well as a system of pegged exchange rates that encourage speculative behavior both internally and externally. In spite of the attention being paid to foreign speculators as well as to heavy borrowing by the countries themselves in order to support the system of pegged currencies, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) received much of the blame as well as ire due to its handling of the crisis."
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Railway Expansion and U.S. Economic Growth, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of railway expansion in the United States on the country's economic growth.
1,028 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the economic development of the United States during the early 1800s. In particular, the paper looks at the influence that the development of the railroad as the predominant method of inland transportation during the 19th century and thereafter had on the country's economic growth. The paper also look briefly at the sources of investment into the railways.
From the Paper
"In any event, much of the early investment dollars that led to this initial explosion in rail transportation that ended during the late 1840s was funded by foreign investors in US securities. It is estimated that stocks and bonds issued to both expand the rail lines and purchase land rights to build on were, to some degree, financed by individuals in Great Britain who lost some $200k in 1839-1840 when the transportation and land booms in the US collapsed following the 1840s (Thies 34). This was simply a market readjustment or a market correction because the rail industry quickly re-established itself as a growth industry and went on to fuel further economic growth in the much the same way it did during this early expansion period when it was founded."
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A Consumerist China, 2008.
This paper discusses consumerism vs. poverty in China's capitalist development.
2,684 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the works of Maurice Meisner and Minxin Pei concerning the high social, political and economic price of China's approach to development. The paper then explains the phenomenon of Chinese consumerism that exists while millions struggle to obtain basic subsistence. The paper portrays the disparity in the American-style high consuming class and the working or unemployed poor.
Outline:
Introduction
Consumerism - Chinese Style
Disparities and Frustrations
Time and Unfulfilled Promises
Consumerism and Culture
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Meisner noted a small percentage of urban population are members of the nouveaux riches that support "the world's most rapidly growing market in luxury goods." (1999 534) Otherwise there is much conspicuous lesser spending. A report for business people planning to do retail business in the PRC in 2005 with China's permission of foreign distributors with World Trade Organisation membership stated that the Chinese consumer still shops daily, likes processed and packaged foods, expects shopping to be an outdoor, urban activity and favours products to do with sport, leisure and general convenience. (Iyengar 2004) Car ownership is proportionately low and the distances great so that distributors have to work hard, if promoting a new product in China, to see that it reaches every targeted region. Mail order business is unknown and Internet shopping just beginning. The leisure culture taking form in the 1990s showed little sign of declining. Consumers were less automatically taken by foreign manufactures but wanted goods that made their lives more convenient. A Euromonitor International article referred to a positive attitude in the PCR towards owning one's housing, letting housing out to others, high demand for household durables and leisure goods that allowed for a busier lifestyle. (2006)"
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Inequality and Economic Growth, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between inequality and national economic growth.
2,761 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether inequality is necessary for economic growth to occur. It questions whether, in low development countries, economic growth is the result of equal distribution of income and if per capital income must reach a minimum level before income inequality decreases. The paper also looks at whether countries of unequal income distributions experience slower growth than more "equal" countries. Additionally, the paper discusses whether governments should be implementing policies of redistribution in order to aid the poor.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Common Questions & Models
Global Data - Inequality Distribution Issues
Deinger and Squire: The Third and Arguably Most Important Question
Other Macroeconomic Research
A Microeconomic Model
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One would aim for the more optimistic view that equality and economic growth are compatible, because the current global state of regional poverty is a major problem, with no clear end in sight. This impresses an importance on determining a state whereby economic growth is possible alongside a simultaneous increase in the fortunes of the world's poor. However, researchers who have viewed the issue from afar tend to conclude that "the empirical evidence of the positive impact of greater equality on efficiency is still inconclusive" (Sharpe, 2003, p. 13). In other words, it may be naive to assume equality and economic growth is possible, particularly considering that much economic growth occurs in today's world based on the global phenomenon of inequality. However, researchers also conclude that "equally, there is little conclusive evidence of major negative effects on efficiency from equality" (ibid, p. 13), meaning that a relationship between economic growth and equality may be possible. It is up to further research to determine how this can be implemented in policy."
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The Economic Growth of India, 2008.
This paper analyzes the economic growth of India since 1990.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the early 1990s, India began to redirect its political and economic apparatus towards a more free-market orientation, which has resulted in a cycle of remarkable growth and expansion. The author points out that, beginning in 1991, political leaders ended the traditional License Raj economic model, which resulted in monopolistic behavior and stifled foreign direct investment. The paper relates that some of India's economic expansion has been attributed to its insistence on expanding public expenditures within the market. The author points out that India deems all public expenditure to be development related and views this type of investment as a requirement rather than a socially driven discretionary investment. The paper reports that a value added tax (VAT), other tax code adjustments and a fully convertible currency were introduced.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Initial Reforms
Market Liberalization
Current Economic Status
From the Paper
"The country's revenue expenditures have increased across some spending segments by as much as 400% between 1990 and 2004 and this spending has continued to fuel economic growth. These large spending and investment packages are achievable because of the market reforms made during 1991. While much of India's population that exceeds 1b individuals is classified as impoverished, it still represents one of the largest tax bases in the world after China. Such a large potential tax base was going relatively untouched until 1991 when the tax codes and collection apparatus procedures were also reformed."
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City of Charlotte: Revenues and Funding, 2008.
A discussion of the government revenues and funding, as well as the deficits in the city of Charlotte.
889 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the revenues and funding for the city of Charlotte. It discusses the sources of the government's funding and then looks at why the proprietary funds for the city of Charlotte have deficits that have not supported the costs associated with those funds. The paper finally looks at the revenue policy and community values for the city of Charlotte.
Table of Contents:
Revenue: Governmental, Proprietary, and Fiduciary
Restrictions
Receipt of Revenues
Revenue Projections
Revenue Policy and Community Values
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that revenues for the city are used to support proprietary, governmental and fiduciary funds. In relation to proprietary and governmental funds, these revenues have not been sufficient over the long term to support all of the programs and services that the have been determined to be essential for the people of Charlotte. However, there has also bee a large growth in the diverse population of Charlotte, which has created additional revenues and provide for a surplus fund that is often used to balance the budget or address community need when appropriate. It is this surplus fund that could be used in part to provide for the MWDBE program, which would serve to support the diverse community that Charlotte views as integral to its continued growth."
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Foreign Aid, 2008.
This paper discusses economic development and foreign direct investment.
1,663 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In this document the writer discusses globalization and looks at its impact on poverty and economic development across emerging markets. The role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) within this dynamic is also examined as well as how the WTO and the global economy interact to encourage or develop greater levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) in order to spur economic development.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
The World Trade Organization's Role in FDI
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Thus, it can be seen that the discussion of poverty and its alleviation, especially reference to Mexico, or indeed any other emerging market, is really a discussion of how these economic structures are re-characterized in respect to the global economy. The intent is to assist these markets with their internal economic structures, without compromising national integrity, so as to result in a more universal elevation of quality of life standards across the spectrum of their societies.
"While many authors tend to immediately jump to the issue of poverty when discussing globalization and its impact, others are quick to note that globalization can be effective at alleviating poverty. Fenstra and Hanson pointed out that the outsourcing explosion brought about by NAFTA between the U.S., Mexico and Canada, resulted in positive economic growth in Mexico's border areas where foreign factories invested in factories to handle their inputs in the production of goods almost completely destined for export."
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Prostitution in Thailand, 2008.
An analysis of how prostitution influences the social and economic systems within Thai society.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the culture of prostitution in Thailand and the failure of the officials there to prosecute or enforce the law with regards to prostitution. The paper aso discusses the economic impact of prostitution on the nation. In addition, the paper looks at the arguments for and against official recognition of prostitution and concludes that, according to this analysis, the problems of prostitution outweigh the benefits.
Table of Contents:
Sexual Mores and Practices, and Thai Prostitution
Economics, Gender Politics, and Prostitution
Devastating Effects on Thai Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prostitution in Thailand is semi-legal at present, with many people tolerating it and officials not prosecuting or enforcing the law regarding it. There are even some voices within Thailand that have called for an official recognition of prostitution so the sex tourism industry can be carried out in an openly legal manner. However, according to the arguments reviewed here, prostitution causes problems within the society by limiting the choices of women and child. Therefore, the problems of prostitution are believed to outweigh the benefits according to this analysis."
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International Finance and Pharmaceutical Company, 2008.
A case study analysis of the financial and operating performance, as well as market performance of the Company, a fictional pharmaceutical company.
1,822 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a policy statement by the Company, a fictional pharmaceutical company, that discusses concerns and expectations about market conditions in the coming year, which may impact the Company's operations and profitability. It provides a plan that may impact upon future financial and operating performance for the Company. It also looks at threats to the financial stability of the Company.
Table of Contents:
Pounds, Dollar, and Euros: Purchasing Power Parity
US Economy Strength and Expansion of R&D Capacity
German Competitor Introduction of Generic Detervin
Federal Reserve Interest Rates
Inflation Rate in Turkey Expected to be Very High
Price Volatility on the New York Stock Exchange
Interest Rates on Government Bonds in US and Germany
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Company faces several challenges in the coming financial years, including managing subsidiary operations in a volatile and changing environment. The fact that much of the growth potential for the Company is found in its foreign subsidiaries implies that it will have to find ways to finance operations through local avenues increasingly going forward. As the strength of the British pound become diluted closer to historical norms over time, the growth in subsidiaries should allow to the Company to increase both its operating and profit performance. Therefore, the coming year should represent significant opportunities to positively impact future growth with management's efforts to capitalize on market challenges around the world."
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Standard of Living and the Industrial Revolution in Britain, 2008.
A study of the standard of living of the working class during the industrial revolution in Britain.
3,490 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the standard of living of the British working class during the industrial revolution, and aims to analyze whether industrialization was good for this diverse class or not. The paper points out that, despite the extensive research conducted on this famous era of economic activity, scholars cannot seem to agree as to whether the working class benefited from this phenomenon or not. The paper concludes that the overall effect of the industrial revolution on Britain's working class was negative rather than positive, based on a model of clearly poor social conditions alongside unreliable economic data.
Outline:
Introduction
Pre-Industrial Revolution: The Situation in Europe and Britain
An Economic Model
General Standards of Living of the Working Class
Conclusion
From the Paper
"England's agricultural working class pre-industrialization were arguably amongst the most advanced in the world, let alone Europe. The rest of Europe's working class was not so impacted by the industrial revolution, at least not to begin with. The industrial revolution came to England first owing to "Britain's superior record of labour productivity growth" (O'Brien, 1996, p. 216). When output per worker and returns were hectare were connected, production in Britain was nearly double that of French agriculture. Regions such as France were also more dependent than Britain on intensification of labour input to raise and maintain agricultural output above population growth levels (ibid, p. 218). It was thus no coincidence that the industrial revolution was to have a greater impact (and a swifter one) on England in comparison with that nation's European counterparts. Even before the advent of machinery, England owned a remarkable share of animal products to final agricultural outputs - around 75% (ibid, p. 222). Back then, farm animals provided "an 'engine for growth' which provided for a cumulative rise in agrarian productivity which in turn supported structural change for the economy as a whole" (ibid, p. 225). This British dominance was a direct reflection of the company's readiness to fulfill what was necessary to bolster the economy. In this case, livestock was necessary for an agricultural-based economy. It appears, however, that England, with its at-the-forefront economic planning, was primed and ready to adapt to whatever economic future awaited."
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Fair Trade in the Coffee Industry, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of fair trade in the coffee industry, including three case study analyses.
3,337 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the overall importance of the coffee industry to the global economy and describes how fair trade in the industry not only benefits the major players, but the international economy as a whole. It explores the history of coffee prices and how the fair trade movement which guaranteed a negotiated pre-harvest price changed the living standards for disadvantaged coffee growers and workers. The paper concludes that there is a huge disconnect between prices for coffee in the consumption market and the price paid to the coffee industry workers which results in poverty and poor economic conditions for coffee growers. Three case study analyses are included.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Structure and History of the Coffee Industry
The Fair Trade Movement: Implications for Coffee Workers and the Global Economy
Case Study #1: Starbucks Impact on a Nations Economy: The Duality of Competition
Case Study #2: Cafedirect and KNCU - Partnership in Fair Trade
Case Study #3: Does Fair Trade Affect Quality? - Examining Coffee in Mexico
How has Fair Trade Helped Coffee Industry Workers: Tenets and Principles of Fair Trade
Fair Trade Certification Organizations: Fair Trade Labeling Organizations and International Fair Trade Standards
Conclusion: Fair Trade is Ethical Trade
From the Paper
"Globalization is a process of enhancing collective measures to integrate economies, not only via goods and services but via governance, investment, trade, and aid (DeAngelis 2004). As globalization has progressed, it is clear that the most advanced countries have gained the most from the integration of economies; as such there is a widening gap between developed/advanced countries and developing/underdeveloped countries. Does globalization favor high-income countries to low-income countries? The coffee industry highlights a common problem with many agricultural products that are marketed within developed regions - impoverished societies characterized poor development trends with a final product that is booming in the industry. Fair trade is the only mechanism that can correct this trend. It should be clear that fair trade is not the savior of the developing region; there are many structural problems that not even free trade can bypass. However, free trade has very visible benefits that have led to changes in sectors of the society (Simmons 2003). The coffee industry has faced many historical processes that have changed the living standards of many producers in the developing region; the free trade movement has helped to create some level of equity as it aids marginalized farmers in the coffee industry."
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The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, 2008.
A review of how well the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative (HIPC) is working in the developing world.
2,061 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative (HIPC) and discusses whether or not the program is really working or, like so many other initiatives, is letting the developing world down. The paper concludes that, while far from perfect, the HIPC has worked exceptionally well in some nations and has given those countries at least a partial lease on their own futures.
From the Paper
"Lastly, a few brief passages need to be devoted to a review of how HIPC, far from debilitating the nation of Senegal, may actually have saved it from further government sloth and irresponsibility. For example, the IMF announced in early 2005 that Senegal was finally employing macro-economic policies that offered better prospects for the future. To wit, the regional central bank's monetary polices were finally achieving price stability and "prudent" fiscal programs put in place by the government were belatedly resulting in greater efficiency (courtesy privatization) and in appreciable GDP growth. Before drawing this section of the paper to a close, it must also be pointed out that HIPC - and particularly the closely-watching eye of international organizations such as the IMF - seem to have encouraged a new age in political stability within Senegal, the sort of political stability that has sparked foreign investors to take a renewed interest in that land (Ford, 52-53). Much-maligned though it is, HIPC is certainly a means by which wayward states can be compelled to introduce much-needed reforms that better the lives of their citizens."
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