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Arthur Pigou, 2007.
An analysis of Arthur Pigou's contributions to microeconomics.
2,007 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the ideas and theories proposed by Arthur Pigou and how they form the basis for various economic and finance theories in practice today. The paper specifically discusses his influence on current economic thought, policy and practice, including the analysis, and justification of government intervention in the marketplace. It also discusses his views on social costs and the detrimental effects that production can have on the environment.
From the Paper
"Pigou's influence on the development of the long-run competitive theory of the firm was discussed by Aslanbeigui (1996). This author suggested that if the period off assessment of this theory is limited to the 1930s a time in which the theory of imperfect competition was established, it may be considered that "Pigou contributed to the destruction of the perfectly competitive apparatus (p.291)". Aslanbeigui (1996) also refers to the idea that the equilibrium firm of Pigou presented economic theory with 'firm as production function'. Beyond the 1930s, as explained by Aslanbeigui (1996), firm has been quite pigouvian in nature, as it emphasizes perfect competition in a framework that has both static and partial equilibrium."
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International Trade, 2007.
An analysis of current international trade patterns and government methods used to promote and restrict trade.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses international trade patterns and trends, specifically the relationship between trade and world output. It also discusses the methods governments use to promote and restrict international trade. The paper then discusses the consequences of the nations of the world cutting off trade with one another. It gives examples of what the repercussions would be in the United States and in Japan.
Table of Contents:
Trade and World Output
Patterns of International Trade
Cutting off all Trade
From the Paper
"Island nations would be most hard-hit by a cessation of trade however. Japan, for example, although it has one of the world's most developed agricultural sectors, is land-poor. Japan has little farmable land compared to its high population. It cannot grow enough wheat, soybeans, or other major crops to feed all its citizens and has one of the lowest rates of food self-sufficiency of all industrialized countries. ("Economy and Industry," 2006, Explore Japan) It must import a high percentage of its food from abroad, and food is already prohibitively expensive in Japan. Japan also must import a large percentage of its energy resources, and were these resources not available from abroad, its manufacturing sector would be substantially curtailed unless other methods of production using sources of power such as electricity or solar power could be deployed to fuel the industry, as Japan does not even have access to much untapped fossil fuel."
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Federal Reserve System, 2006.
A look at the US Federal Reserve System.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the U.S. Federal Reserve, the country's Central Bank that performs several key roles in the functioning of the economy. According to the paper, some of the functions of the Federal Reserve are conducting the country's monetary policy, supervision and regulation of its banking system, and issuance of the national currency.
Outline:
Key Roles of the Federal Reserve and its Structure
How the Federal Reserve Implements the Monetary Policy
Impact of Fed's Actions During the Last 20 Years
Assessment of the Efficacy of the Fed's Actions
Appropriate Actions for the Fed in 2006
From the Paper
"The Fed structure consists of seven members of the Board of Governors, a Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), twelve regional Federal Reserve District Banks, and their member banks. At the top of the structure is the Board of Governors, appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Board is headed by its Chairman, who is also appointed by the President from among the 7 Governors. The FOMC consists of the seven members of the Board of Governors and five representatives selected from the Federal Reserve Banks. The twelve, privately-owned regional Federal Reserve Banks are located in major cities throughout the country; each Bank covering a designated "District." At the base of the Fed structure are the member commercial banks, which consist of all federally chartered banks. (Johannes, 2006)"
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Affordable Housing, 2007.
This paper explores the issue of affordable housing and the use of exclusionary and inclusionary zoning.
5,150 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the lack of affordable housing in the United States is a severe and growing crisis with no solution in sight. The paper determines the legal bounds of the zoning power given to governments and municipalities and provides an explanation of the law behind exclusionary and inclusionary practices. The paper examines the legal issues raised by these zoning ordinances. The paper also discusses the state of the current law as it applies to affordable housing and concludes with a discussion regarding the social and economic impacts raised by exclusionary and inclusionary zoning.
Outline:
Introduction
History of "Affordable Housing"
Background of Zoning Laws and Zoning Power
Exclusionary Housing
Inclusionary Housing
Legal Issues Raised by Zoning
Economic and Social Implications of Exclusionary and Inclusionary Housing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, the lack of affordable housing in the United States has emerged as a crisis effecting low-income residents, government agencies and municipalities, and real estate developers alike. The lack of available affordable housing has increased in the past few years, as a result of zoning ordinances and governmental zoning powers that are supported and upheld by the courts. While there are no immediate solutions to this problem, a number of legal scholars have examined the relevant cases and have written extensively on the subject."
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Japan's Political Economy, 2007.
An analysis of the changing nature of the Japanese political economy due to globalization.
2,525 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the changes in the Japanese political economy that have been caused by globalization and other changes in the domestic and international economies. It examines whether Japan's changes are similar to those of other industrial countries that are also subject to the same systematic pressures. The paper then analyzes whether Japan's political economy is converging with other industrial economies or if Japans' changes are different from others'.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
History of Japan's Economy
Japan's Economy In Times Of War
Features Of The Current Economy
Changes In The Japanese Economy And The Factors That Generated Them
Demographic Factor
Privatization of Japan
Globalization
Other Changes
Statistics
From the Paper
"What is interesting about this certain period in the Japanese economy is the fact that the state used to trade the rice even before it was harvested. They would acquire several goods and products from international commerce partners, and promise to pay the counter value in rice once it was harvested. Today, we refer to these specific business making techniques as futures trade contracts."
"In the nineteenth century, the ruling power of Japan became the Tokugwana government. For the first time in the Japanese political economic history, the Tokugwana government officially liberalized trade relationships. Not only that, but the leading power also "first opened the country to Western commerce and influence." In this order of ideas, the Japanese government encouraged and supported young students to continue and specialize their studies abroad and, for those remaining in the country, brought Western professors to teach them the secrets of mathematics, physics, logistics and economics."
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Inflation and Deflation, 2007.
This paper explores the issue of price stability and the economic effects of inflation and deflation.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that in the case of inflation, prices go up and the purchasing power goes down, whereas in the case of deflation, the prices go down and the purchasing power goes up. The paper examines the causes for inflation and deflation and their impact upon the production area of the economy. The paper defines three vital notions that help define the concepts of inflation and deflation: aggregate demand, short run aggregate supply and long run aggregate supply. The paper also looks at the policies of the Federal Reserve in preventing inflation and deflation from occurring.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Causes for Inflation and Deflation
Effects of Inflation and Deflation Damaging Economic Stability
AD, SRAS, LRAS
Policies of the Federal Reserve in Preventing Inflation and Deflation
From the Paper
"The general and global economic environment, contemporarily called macroeconomics, is currently faced with two major threats: inflation and unemployment. The concept of inflation denotes a complex socio-economic phenomenon with major impacts upon all participants in the social and economic life. Due to the immense complexity of inflation, specialists in macroeconomics argue with regard to a set definition of the phenomenon. However, inflation could be described as a general and long term imbalance materialized in a discrepancy between the money stock and the overall volume of the products and services on the market."
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The Evolution of Capitalism, 2007.
An analysis of Maximilian Weber's views on the origins of capitalism, based on his work "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism."
6,931 words (approx. 27.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Maximilian Weber's contribution to theories on the development of capitalism. It particularly bases its arguments on Weber's most controversial work, "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," written in 1905. The paper discusses Weber's thesis that religion is largely responsible for the different cultures and economic systems of Europe and the Orient.
Table of Contents:
Life Influences
The Connection between Capitalism and Calvinism
Weber vs. Marx
Understanding the Role of Religion
The Junker-Class
The Evolution of the Capital System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a feudal system there are no markets. Goods are produced for the individual's consumption and the rest goes to the nobles and King. The capitalist idea is based on the production of surplus. One takes what they need for their own use and then sells the rest for profit. Technology was its driving force in the production of surplus. Crop rotation helped farmers produce more than they needed and they began to sell their surplus in small town markets (Jupp, 2000). Prior to this system, the people were not allowed to trade, as they were not allowed to have surplus. There were laws that prohibited the pricing and trade of goods. Profit making was defined by the Catholic Church as evil and wrong, yet in the church appeared to be able to engage in this activity without worry."
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Inflation and Deflation, 2007.
An analysis of the effects of inflation and deflation on a country's economy.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concepts of inflation and deflation and the underlying causes of changes to aggregate supply and demand that may lead to either inflation or deflation. It describes the results of inflation and deflation on an economy and the ways that governments use monetary and fiscal policies to combat inflation and deflation in order to maintain economic stability.
From the Paper
"During periods of deflation, if the nominal interest rate is already initially low, the Federal Reserve doesn't have much room to continue to lower interest rates. Nominal interest rates cannot fall below zero, since potential lenders would then hold cash rather than lend at negative interest rates. This is called the zero lower bound for interest rates. Once the zero lower bound for interest rates has been reached, monetary policy has difficult addressing deflation because the economy is satiated with liquidity and the private sector is indifferent between holding zero-interest-rate Treasury bills and money. Although open-market operations to expand the money base by buying Treasury bills lead the private sector to hold fewer Treasury bills and more money, this does not have an impact on prices and quantities. This is known as a liquidity trap where expanding liquidity beyond the satiation point has no effect. Once in a liquidity trap, a country can be stuck in it for a very long time."
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Making Poverty History, 2007.
An analysis of the efforts, successes and failures of attempts to alleviate global poverty.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and development of programs and movements that have been established by the United Nations and other international groups and non-governmental organizations to attempt to alleviate some of the poverty in Third World countries. The paper discusses the successes and failures of some of these groups and why global poverty is an ongoing issue.
From the Paper
"As part of the attempt to re-focus anti-poverty efforts on people, as opposed to business interests, improvement in education have come to be viewed as critical. Poor quality education, and lack of educational opportunities, are considered major factors in creating the income disparity between citizens of the developing world and their counterparts in the wealthy nations. (Suarez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004, p. 62) Nonetheless, even promoting universal primary education can interfere with the profit-making motives of multinationals and global finance. Achieving universal primary education is a double-edged sword. Though highly conducive to future economic development in low-income nations, it is an extremely expensive proposition for the wealthier nations. The World Bank itself revealed in 2002 that the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals of halving poverty would require, not merely enormous financial aid, but also the full cancellation of all debts of impoverished nations. (Buxton, 2004, p. 76)"
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Emile Durkheim's Theory of the Division of Labor, 2006.
A review of Emile Durkheim's idea that everything serves a function in society and his quest to determine exactly what that function was.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Emile's Durkheim's theory of the division of labor. The paper also compares Durkheim's theory to that of Karl Marx. The paper further discusses Durkheim's concern with the social implications of increased specialization.
From the Paper
"Nowadays, students have to choose between different academic disciplines: maybe one student prefers to be a psychologist rather than a physician. And then once the student has decided on psychology, he must choose, for example, to be a psychology major, as opposed to a physician major. Further more, there are even different categories within disciplines: social psychology, organizational psychology, clinical psychology, educational psychology etc., each with its own concepts, terminology and methods. As in many other areas of activity, the division of labor in modern academia was a necessary phenomenon in the modern society given the the economic and social conditions of the modern world, when the aim of education is to prepare students for different specializations and then, through working, interdependence and collaboration is necessary in order to reach the goal and obtain the wanted results. Durkheim's theory division of labor depicts the fact that in a society based on the members' dissimilarity, co-operation is essential and, finally, this is what characterises modern society. "
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World Systems Theory, 2006.
A discussion regarding the evolution of the world system theory and its application to today's international environment.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the world system theory, a sociological approach to international economic and political relations that seeks to explain the world dynamics of the capitalist economy as a total system. According to the paper, the world-system theory evolved as a relatively recent response to global capitalism. The paper goes on to review Immanuel Wallerstein's 'The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century'.
From the Paper
"Core states were the primary beneficiaries of the new economic system. During the first period of the evolution of this multifaceted hierarchy of states, "much of northwestern Europe (England, France, Holland) developed as the first core region," because of these states' strong central governments, extensive bureaucracies, and large and powerful armies. (Halsall, 1997) Their level of armament enabled these states to obtain control over international commerce. Today, the parallels with these original core states are rather obvious--that of the United States most predominantly, Japan, the United Kingdom, and other powerful modern industrialized nations such as the European Community. While it is true that having a large standing army is not a feature of Japan, and the European Community is an economic conglomerate rather than a nation state, Wallerstien's theory is still quite applicable. Features of his systems theory may change, and military might may be relatively less important than economic infrastructures in the modern world, but the division of the world's states into a kind of international feudal hierarchy remains constant."
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Transparency in Trade Negotiations, 2006.
A discussion regarding the need for transparency in international trade relations.
2,585 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in the past, mistrust and false pretense in matters of subsidies, hidden tariffs, and environmental issues between countries have caused trade negotiations to be delayed and even fail. According to the paper, in an increasingly globalized marketplace, further use of transparency mechanisms and openness is required in order for future international trade negotiations to fully succeed. This paper demonstrates how, through a critical review of the relevant and peer-reviewed literature, the implementation of a stronger role by organizations such as the UK-backed Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative and Dispute Settlement Bodies will enhance global economic growth, and contribute to the reduction of poverty.
From the Paper
"The term, "resource curse," was first coined by Auty (1993) in his essay, "Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis," by which he described a phenomenon in which countries that are naturally endowed with resources, primarily in the developing world, have failed to achieve their full economic potential because of disparate trade policies with developed countries such as the United States. In this regard, Auty reports that, "The conventional view concerning the role of natural resources in economic development has been that the resource endowment is most critical in the early low-income stages of the development process. It assumes that, as development proceeds and a population acquires more and more skills, those skills are deployed with increasing effectiveness to counteract any resource deficiencies" (1993, p. 1). Today, a number of sub-Sahara African nations fall in this category, and Nigeria in particular represents such a country. All of these resource-rich developing countries have inherited a legacy of a colonialist past that has adversely affected their current capacity to compete in the international marketplace while simultaneously attempting to cope with the effects of poor weather conditions, a range of diseases, and a lack of foreign direct investment (Auty, 1993). "
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Offshoring, 2007.
This paper explores the debate surrounding outsourcing American jobs to foreign countries.
2,909 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how some believe that hiring people in other lands to do American workers' jobs is harmful to America, while others believe that the benefits of hiring labor in foreign countries more than outweigh any negative effects. The paper looks at statistics that show the negligible effects of offshoring on the unemployment rate. The paper examines the issue of confidential data going overseas which could compromise national security. The paper concludes that the corporate and national political policies developed in the near future will determine whether offshoring is good or bad for the United States.
From the Paper
"Offshoring has been discussed and debated more and more widely in the United States since 2003, when the cartoon appeared on the cover of Business Week showing a man in a business suit holding onto cargo being shipped overseas with the headline "Is Your Job Next?" Today the situation looks even direr. Many more companies, from Burger King to Cingular now outsource their back-office jobs. Even though Hira and Hira claim that hiring people in other lands, primarily India, to do jobs that once were American workers' jobs, is a terrible idea for America, others believe that the benefits of hiring labor in foreign countries will more than outweigh any negative effects it may have on American jobs now (Hira, 2005)."
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U.S. Involvement in World War I, 2007.
This paper discusses how World War I changed the economic position of the United States in a permanent and positive way.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the reasons for the United States' involvement in the First World War. The paper then explains how the war impacted the US economy in terms of exports, employment and taxes. The paper illustrates how the war effort had a favorable impact on the U.S. economy and how the power as financial world leader shifted from London to New York. The paper shows how the devastating human and resource losses were offset by favorable economic factors.
From the Paper
"World War I, like all wars tend to, had a devastating effect on all the parties involved. The War in question began in Europe, resulting from a dispute between just two countries. The rest of Europe became involved through various alliances, loyalties, and enmity, respectively. The involvement of the United States lasted only months, from 1917 to the end of the War. The country's initial declaration of neutrality for the majority of the War ended when the country's economy was seriously threatened by Germany's warfare practices (Feldmeth)."
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European Economy, 2007.
An analysis of Jean Monnet and Georges Perec's views on the economic revolution in Europe.
1,106 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the formation of a union between many of the European nations, which facilitated trade between themselves and with other larger countries throughout the world. It describes the way this changed the face of the European economy. The paper describes the viewpoints of Jean Monnet and Georges Perec on this economic revolution.
From the Paper
"Monnet, speaking to the members of the Common Assembly and members of the Consultative Assembly, declared that the Common Assembly of European nations were working cohesively as one country, a country of 150 million consumers of coal and steel, a number that equaled the population of the United States of America. They had enacted treaties abolishing customs duties and quota restrictions between themselves and had set up the first Common Market. They had been recognized as a new force by Great Britain and the United States.
Monnet quoted President Eisenhower as saying "the uniting of Europe is a necessity for the prosperity of Europeans and for the peace of the whole world." (Monnet 118) He urged all European nations to join. He claimed that they are not just producers of goods, but that they have a responsibility to set up a European Community that is comprehensive and includes Great Britain."
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The Face of Globalization, 2007.
A look at forecasts, trends and possibilities in the future of globalization.
1,233 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how from a social evolutionary perspective, globalization represents a shakeout of existing cultural diversity. It looks at how globalization as an event has obviously been ideal and beneficial for some cultures--such as American and Western cultures--while others have suffered and disappeared as a consequence--such as many Third World cultures and societies. It also contends that globalization will never be able to destroy all cultural diversity as it expands its influence largely on local market demand.
From the Paper
"There are two major problems with this approach to the development of a global society. First, it assumes that culture is entirely a consumable product. While it is true that culture is largely material in nature, which is not the same as saying that all culture can be bought and sold in the same way as hamburgers and cups of coffee. Even if the products introduced into new markets can completely supplant local offerings, which is not the same thing as saying that those products are also replacing the local culture--as if local culture is little more than a collection of mom-and-pop storefronts. "
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Globalization and Russian Reluctance, 2007.
This paper looks at the the globalization of world economies and discusses how Russia fails to embrace globalization opportunities.
1,181 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer relates that there was much fanfare and there were well-publicized, high hopes world-wide that when Russia rejected its communist-style dictatorship, the enormous, sprawling nation would become a pivotal part of the global economy. The writer notes that with all those resources and that huge population, Russia has yet not come close to living up to the promise many in the international community held out for it. The writer maintains that it would seem to be a reasonable move for President Putin to position his country to be able to join the globalization community and to go head-to-head with other major G-7 nations on the competitive playing field. The writer argues that Putin has made a lot of moves to strengthen his own political position at the expense of building his nation through trade and interactions with wealthy nations. The writer concludes that this is bad news for Russians; but at least they can speak their mind at the polling places, if, in fact, the elections are truly free of interference from the Kremlin.
From the Paper
"Indeed, on the subject of respect, Russia has been attempting accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995, and it's been a long process, but Russia is not there yet. Prior to investing millions in a country that has not even gained entrance into the WTO, the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations, a foreign corporation would need to do a lot of nit-picking research."
"The situation in Russia is still shaky politically and economically. It is true that Russian economic production and exports in the past few years have been on the rise, but much of that is due to oil production. So, if the question is, should a foreign business consider investing in Russia, then the answer has to be: "maybe," or a cautious "perhaps" - under carefully controlled conditions - or just "no." Globalization, while helping other nations economically, is apparently not on Russia's radar screen quite yet."
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Wal-Mart and the American Economy, 2007.
This paper discusses how the Wal-Mart corporation affects the American economy.
1,404 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Wal-Mart is considered the largest retailer in respect to global sales in the world. The writer points out that it is a discount chain that originated in the U.S. and that, according to the specificity of each location, offers a wide range of products. The writer then explains that the expansion of the company was realized by a blending approach between building new stores and acquiring other already existing retailers. The writer concludes that one must realize that the most important force which should manage a healthy market is the competition. The writer argues that Americans themselves have initiated a movement against the colossal power of Wal-Mart, suggesting that it should change its business conduct.
From the Paper
"Starting in 1962 as a national company operating only in U.S., Wal-Mart was expanded in 1991, when a SAM's Club opened near Mexico City. Sam Walton, the successful entrepreneur who founded the company saw his firm rapidly increasing worldwide. Currently, there are more than 2,660 units in fourteen countries. More than 500,000 associates reside in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, South Korea, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom. "
"The expansion of the company was realized by a blending approach between building new stores and acquiring other already existing retailers."
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