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Economics Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses economic theory, with a focus on the concepts of marginal change and marginal analysis.
1,911 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper explains economic theory on the basis of marginal theory and marginal analysis and shows how economic theory is often based upon the philosophy of utilitarianism. The paper offers plenty of examples of the practical application of economic theory and marginal analysis. The paper concludes that economic theory can be applied in any sector and especially in areas where one wishes to analyze one's profits against one's investment.
From the Paper
"A popular concept that is used both in macro economic theory, as well as in micro economic theory is that of marginal change. Marginal analysis is therefore one of the most important principles of economic theory, and one must study a few concepts of economic theory before one can proceed. Marginal change can be explained as a small addition or subtraction, in proportional comparison, to the total quantity of some variable. On the other hand, marginal analysis can be described as the analysis or the study of the relationships that are brought about by marginal changes, in related economic variables. As far as micro economic theory is concerned, marginal concepts are utilized primarily in order to explicate several different forms of optimizing behavior. For example, while customers are stated to be maximizing their utility or their satisfaction, companies are stated to be maximizing their profits. (Johnson, 2005) "
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Biofuel and Brazil, 2008.
A report on Brazil's participation in the rising international demand for bio-fuel.
3,474 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the biofuel developments in Brazil and the many issues surrounding it. It also serves as an introduction to biofuel efficacy and creates a sense of the current epicenter of biofuel use and production. The paper discusses the history of biofuel use in Brazil, the effects it has had on culture and economy, the pros and cons of biofuel, the import and export market effects, cost differentiation, sugar versus corn ethanol, auto technology in Brazil, and provides a discussion of US and other international responses to Brazil's programs.
Outline:
Executive Summary
History of Biofuel in Brazil
How Brazil Import Export Market is Effected
History and Policy of bio-diesel in Brazil
Affects on Culture and Economy in Brazil
Change of Dependence from Fossil Fuel to Biofuel Degree of Success
Environmental Effects
Pros of Biofuel
Cons of Biofuels
Cost of Oil vs. Ethanol
Sugar Ethanol vs. Corn Ethanol
US Response
From the Paper
"The cost of oil versus ethanol is debated, as the whole picture is required for an understanding of the cost issue. With fossil fuel derived oil the earth has done the work of people with regard to creating a close to finished product. Though it is also important to note that depending on the feedstock used to create the fuel the cost can vary. Sugar ethanol is subsidized in Brazil, taxed at a lower rate and sold for half the price of traditional fuel, yet this does not completely reflect the cost in total of either. Cost must also be discussed with regards to vehicle changes, Brazil converted the car to met the fuel while most nations are doing the reverse, trying to build a car to run on a particular fuel, a more costly process. "
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Income Inequality, 2008.
This paper looks at the income inequality in the American economy.
1,447 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the national and international factors, social factors and micro and macroeconomic forces that affect income inequality in the United States. The paper explains the various indices that are used to calculate income distribution and concludes that all statistical observations and analyses point out that American incomes are extremely unevenly distributed.
Outline:
Abstract
Forces That Influence Income Inequality
Income Inequality Metrics
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The United States economy is the second largest on the globe, seconded only by the European Union. Praised for numerous achievements, the current economic background is lacking in several areas. Two severe criticisms stand out: a tremendous national debt of the Bush administration spent on national security and the continuous income inequality. Income inequality is a long debated force which still stirs waters. Disclaimers state that income inequality generates mass dissatisfactions and social problems; whereas advocates state that income inequality is itself the force that differentiates and motivates the working class."
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Globalization and the Consumer, 2008.
This paper shows how globalization is beneficial to the consumer.
864 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how globalization has brought about consumer power and consumer spending. The paper explains that the information availability, the different choices and the variety of goods and services gives consumers the faculty to make informed decisions on what they want, how they want and when they want. The paper advises that manufacturers, traders, suppliers and service providers would do well to improve quality and standards.
From the Paper
"Globalization has truly been a buzz word since the late 1900s and is defined as "the increased mobility of goods, services, labor, technology and capital throughout the world (AC Nielsen, 2006)." But in reality, globalization is not something new rather it has been going on throughout the ages. When Papal Bulls where issued in the 1500s dividing the world between the European powers then, the purpose of the journeys of the conquistadores was not only to seek new lands but goods as well that could be traded in the European continent. Therefore, the need was the result of consumer demands. The present globalization trend is no different especially since the availability of goods to consumers became astounding."
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Education in Third World Countries, 2008.
The writer studies the advantages of education to a nation and examines the status of education in third world countries.
2,729 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that achieving universal education is one of the UN's 8 Millennium Development Goals agreed to in 2000 by all the world's countries and the world's leading development institutions. The writer points out that although some progress has been made in increasing the level of education in most countries, a number of third world countries have fallen behind in their effort and are unlikely to achieve the goal by the target date of 2015. The writer outlines the benefits of education and discusses the co-relation between illiteracy and poverty. The writer then reviews the status of education in the third world countries. Finally, the writer enumerates the reasons for high levels of illiteracy in these countries and looks at how they can be overcome.
Outline:
Benefits of Education
Responsibility of Governments in Education and its Social Benefits
Individual/ Private Benefits
Co-relation between Poverty and Literacy
The State of Education in Third World Countries
Reasons for the Continuing Low Education Levels
Overcoming the Barriers
References
From the Paper
"There is a strong correlation between poverty and illiteracy. Wherever literacy rates are lower, poverty rates are invariably higher and vice-versa. The relationship between the two is a vicious circle as poor countries do not have sufficient resources to invest in education; most of the people who survive on incomes of less than 2 dollars a day cannot afford to send their children to school. On the other hand, a low literacy rate is a major barrier against personal improvement and prevents the poorest people to lift themselves out of the poverty trap.
"For example, in third world countries such as Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Mozambique and Nepal, 78% or more of the population lives on incomes below US$2 per day, adult literacy rates are below 63%, and the number of adult illiterates exceeds 5 million in each country."
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Globalization: Making Society Better, 2008.
This paper studies the effects of globalization and looks at its benefits to nations.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that from being demonized to lauded as the most critical economic engine that underprivileged nations have to rely on, globalization's influence is often clouded by inaccurate and often biased reporting and slanted by the political agendas of nations affected by its dynamics. The writer maintains that paradoxically the nations that have resisted globalization including many in Latin America are suffering economically more than ever before mainly due to their political instability and anti-globalization stance. Conversely, China and the Pacific Rim nations have taken a decidedly pro-globalization stance and as a result are reaping both democratic and economic gains, leading to gains in education, health care and ultimately the abilities of their countries to compete globally more effectively. In this paper the writer argues the benefits of globalization and looks at how nations' economies are further strengthened by participating and competing as a result. The writer concludes that globalization's effects on nations is to make them capable enough to seize freedoms that myopic and ill-advised anti-globalization activists would seek to rob from them through protectionism and ignorance of the fact that any given nations' ability to grow is based on its ability to globally compete.
Outline:
Synopsis
Defining Globalization
Globalization is Forcing a Concentrated Market Orientation
Summary
From the Paper
"When cost reduction is seen as the greatest competitive threat, it is easy for complacent organizations to rationalize that their products deliver superior value to their low-cost rivals. Yet the organizations with complacent cultures would do well to look deeper at their global competitors and realize a few key points. First, the fact that for many of these low-cost competitors, their core strength is in taking production, selling, and service processes to a new level of simplicity; something a competitor in a complacent environment will not even see. Second, there is the fact that every organization today is on a global playing field, every day, whether they want to see that perspective or not. Third, the fact that there are price leaders in every industry is no predictor of industry consolidation or contraction. When one considers these three key points its clear that for even the most complacent of organizations, they must see themselves as being a global competitor if they are to survive. Managerial decisions need to be more about heightening customer value over simply turning a deaf ear to global competition."
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The Australian Economy, 2008.
A macroeconomic and international trade analysis of Australia.
2,180 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the macroeconomic trends in the Australian economy and provides many facts regarding the country's economic performance. The paper then discusses the performance of the Australian dollar and explains why the effects of the global financial turmoil were not as significant as expected on Australia. The paper analyzes the latest trends that characterize Australia's financial situation and then looks closely at the economy in the context of the global economy. Additionally, the paper offers a table that compares Australia's growth with the world's most important economies as well as a table that presents the most recent results and forecasts for Australia's demand, output and prices. Finally, the paper analyzes Australia's trade situation and concludes with a recommendation to consider the risks associated with today's economic situation.
Outline:
Introduction
Macroeconomic Outlook on Australia
Currency Outlook on Australia
Australia's Financial Situation
Australia's Economy Trends in the Global Economy Context
Australia's Trade Situation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Global economy is experiencing a significant growth and development period. However, this economic development is experienced differently from one region to another, as not all countries manifest the same degree of economic development. Some countries, like the United States, have reported economic growth at a slower pace. China's economic development determined certain areas of Australia's economy to develop as well, given the fact that these two countries have intense commercial relationships. Also, the global economic development influenced the economic expansion of Australia. This fact is proven by the current position strengthening of the Australian dollar."
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Political Ideas in Conflict, 2008.
This paper looks at mainland China and the island of Hong Kong as an example of a country where political ideas are in conflict.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the changes and evolution of Hong Kong ten years after it was returned to mainland China. The paper discusses the transition from the enterprising liberalism of the UK to the suppressive control of the Chinese communist mainland. The paper examines the literature and concludes that although there are differences, Hong Kong is as bustling a cultural and trade center as it was during the years that it was governed by the UK.
From the Paper
"One of the best examples of a country where political ideas are in conflict is mainland China and the island of Hong Kong. It has been more than ten years now since Hong Kong, after having been a British holding for a century, was returned to mainland China by the United Kingdom in 1997, after the expiration of the UK's one hundred and fifty year lease of the island. On one hand, the mother country, Communist China, where students protesting in Tieneman Square were cut down by Chinese soldiers like blades of grass; was receiving back under its control Hong Kong, a multicultural blend of Asian, European, American and nearly every other nationality in the world was being returned to its mainland mother."
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A Look at Economics, 2008.
An overview of the basic principles and terms associated with the field of economics.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses basic economic concepts. In particular, the paper defines the notions of scarcity, choice and opportunity cost, as well as the notions of specialization and comparative advantage. The paper further discusses the principles of supply and demand, the impact on equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity and the meaning of public sector and private code. The paper then outlines the field of macroeconomics and the terms Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) as well as the meaning of fiscal and monetary policy.
From the Paper
"This is where the notions of scarcity, choice and opportunity cost intervene. Due to the fact that commodities and services are scarce, choices are required. Scarcity has become a world wide problem as the available resources are insufficient to gratify people's requirements. The resources can be classified into 4 categories: land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial ability . The opportunity cost is the true cost of any scarce good. The opportunity cost is defined as being the value of the thing you give up in order to obtain a good."
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Macroeconomic Performance in Europe and the US, 2008.
This paper discusses the changing nature of macroeconomic performance between Europe and the United States since 1997.
4,991 words (approx. 20.0 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how productivity advances in Europe and the U.S. have affected growth and how population discrepancies will exacerbate the already significant differences in economic growth between the US and Europe. The paper compares innovation policy, competition, demographics and labor market flexibility differences and the effects of fiscal policy, macroeconomic cost management and monetary policy. The paper also looks at future trends in unemployment levels and production in both regions. The paper includes several graphs and tables.
Outline:
Introduction
Labor Freedom of Movement
Resisting New Labor Entrants
Forecasting the Future: Europe and the United States
Summary
From the Paper
"Why is there such a difference in income between the two economic areas? Some of the difference is due to unemployment differences between the two areas. Most major western European nations have dealt with high levels of chronic unemployment for the past 25 years. Although current rates are declining, only the UK has demonstrated a consistent unemployment level below seven percent (Economist). Since 1996, the average unemployment rate in Germany has averaged 9.1%, while France has averaged 10.7% and Italy 10.3%. These figures tend to underestimate the actual level of unemployment, as those who are in job-creation and -training schemes, such as Germany's ABM (Arbeitsbeschaffungsmassnahme) are not counted in official unemployment statistics. Counting those programs, the actual unemployment rate may be closer to 15% for these countries (BLS)."
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Foreign Direct Investment, 2008.
An exploration of the benefits of foreign direct investment and free trade to companies and countries in general.
1,962 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper covers three investments in underdeveloped countries and discusses the relative advantages of foreign direct investment (FDI) on countries and their citizens. The paper offers three types of examples; an example in which the country benefited but the company investing did not, (Hyundai's invesment in North Korea) a case where the company investing reaped all or most of the benefits and the country was left bereft (Standard Oil in the U.S.) and an example where both the company and the country benefited from the FDI (American Motors in China).
Outline:
Definitions of Beneficial and Detrimental
Investing in North Korea by South Korean Companies
A Case Where the Company Alone Benefited
A Case Where both the Country and the Company Benefited
Measurement of Benefits--Political Considerations
Corporations and Ethical Practices
Egregious Failures, Notable Successes
From the Paper
"Economists would argue that FDI and free trade benefit the populace generally. The same may not appear to be so in the country at the time of FDI or the imposition of free trade. The problem is that free trade disadvantages specific interests while benefiting the populace overall (Feulner, 2007). If, for example, foreign coal is less expensive than British coal, the public benefits through relatively lower heating costs, and industry from lower fuel costs. But at the same time, those who toil underground in the UK, their unions and the coal mine owners are disadvantaged. To the degree that these groups have political clout, they can skew the system to bring them specific advantages, even if the rest of society loses the benefit."
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Biodiversity, 2008.
This paper discusses the protection and possible overprotection of biodiversity.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that it is a generally accepted fact that biodiversity must be preserved not only for the aesthetic inheritance of future generations, but also for the continuation of life on earth. Indeed, the topic has been the focus of many a lecture, seminar and conference on sustainability and economics. The concept of overprotection for biodiversity might therefore seem somewhat bizarre to the uninitiated. The writer maintains that the term overprotection should however be understood in a particular sense in order to make sense in the context of biodiversity, conservation and sustainability. Only when this understanding is achieved, an assessment can be made regarding the possible overprotection of biodiversity. In conclusion, the writer does not think that biodiversity is overprotected, but believes that the protection that is available for biodiversity throughout the world is handled incorrectly.
From the Paper
"Human beings today, especially those living in urban areas, tend to be separated from the natural environment that sustains them. Everything is made available in processed form. The urban citizen is no longer responsible for hunting, farming or slaughtering his or her own food. Hence, when problems such as sustainability and biodiversity present themselves, it tends to be romanticized in the minds of those not directly affected. It is as if the urban citizen is obsessed by these ideas when they are broadcast over the media. It is the fashion, as it were, to be concerned with the environment. Such concern however does not directly affect those responsible for laws governing environmental conservation and sustainability."
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International Debt and the Dominican Republic, 2008.
An examination of the impact of international debt on poverty and development in the Dominican Republic.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the causes of poverty in the Dominican Republic. It specifically looks at the impact of international debt. The paper traces the effect that the debt has on poverty and development in the nation and the impact that this has on the choices available to its citizens. It finally looks at what strategies could be implemented to improve the situation in the Dominican Republic.
From the Paper
"In order to improve the lives of the people of the Dominican Republic who are suffering under the burden of poverty, it is crucial that the country expand access to critical social services, especially to the rural poor. Doing so, though, will be difficult considering the significant weight of national debt that the country currently bears. With so much of the national GDP focused on the debt, allocating more funds for social services is an unlikely proposition, especially since the general opinion is that only more economic growth will reduce poverty. However, given the positive correlations between poverty and lack of access to social services, it seems evident that expansion of these services, like education and healthcare will improve the situation."
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Globalization and the Philippines, 2008.
This paper discusses globalization and looks at its impacts in the Philippines.
2,633 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the Philippines consists of weak, self-serving state institutions that are ill-suited to the task of managing domestic affairs let alone integrating the Filipino economy with the world economy. The writer discusses that, despite repeated efforts to embrace economic and trade liberalization in order to ride the wave of globalization to increased prosperity, the Philippines has only managed to repeatedly demonstrate the inherent problems at the social, institutional, and bureaucratic levels. The writer concludes that this has been the legacy of globalization in the Philippines: distracting concerted development of the country with promises of significant, if fundamentally uncertain, economic wealth.
From the Paper
"Why has this been the case? The liberalization of the Filipino economy should have had the effect of encouraging economic growth and propelling the island nation onto an equal footing with some of the more prosperous developing nations in Southeast Asia. Upon closer examination, however, it is apparent that the free market policies of the Philippines have utterly failed to produce the desired goals because they have opened up the nation to the worst effects of globalization, while allowing international trade partners and investors to reap significant benefits at the expense of the Filipino worker. The schism between intention and result is wide in this case, and the Philippines must stand as an example of how globalization can negatively affect a nation.
"The most significant issues affecting how globalization impacted the Phil-ippines are most related to the nature of the Filipino state. The Philippines be-came a nation in 1945 after being a colonial holding of the United States. "
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Decline of China, 2008.
This paper discusses the decline of China during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
2,158 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the development of China, through the 19th and early 20th centuries is marked with examples of successful and failed attempts to lay complete control over her resources by imperial interests. The writer discusses that the country developed through years of resistance and loss, differing only by the characters that were involved in the particular topical game. The control of resources and goods in conjunction with a sense of mutual disregard for the other's believed superiority created demonstrative social, political and economic chaos. Profit, religion and even colonial education, driven by western interest ruled much of China and limited her natural development. The writer maintains that though China may have been effective at resisting official colonial rule, she was not left unscathed by colonial drive and interests.
From the Paper
"Fighting over little bits of Chinese land and large shares of control over her goods and demands for goods frequently ended in China becoming occupied by various nations, to protect their own interests from other European powers. One example is the initial occupation of Macao, where the British were concerned over the interest of France, under Napoleon in the territory, so they simply occupied and controlled it. China fought western infiltration, at the same time that she to some degree welcomed the trade. In 1808, one province of China even decreed that it was forbidden not only to bring opium into the kingdom but for western missionaries to enter it either."
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The Mexican Economy and NAFTA, 2008.
An examination of the role of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in attempting to improve the Mexican economy.
2,960 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems with Mexico's economy and the implications of these problems. The paper then focuses on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the implementation of certain global programs by NAFTA that the organization hoped would change the economic situation. It looks at the challenges faced by the programs and by NAFTA in general and how the organization can move forward in the best interests of the Mexican economy.
From the Paper
"Proponents of NAFTA claimed that the agreement would benefit Mexico and lead to a major improvement in the Mexican economy, but this has not happened sufficiently to reduce the flow of workers northward. By any measure, the problem is so ingrained and so acute that it cannot be solved by any one action and cannot be solved rapidly. What is needed is a long-term investment plan to help improve the Mexican economy, but this may not take place so long as American businesses are relying so heavily on low wags in Mexico as a way of cutting costs in the U.S. companies relocating to Mexico have to offer more benefits to Mexican workers to improve the standard of living and keep workers at home. The only way to achieve this would be for the Mexican government to impose certain requirements, and this is not likely to happen because doing so would drive some American companies away and make the employment picture even worse. What is really needed is a major overhaul of the Mexican economy, and that is a long-term project that may have already been started with the change in leadership from the PRI alone to a more competitive political environment, though the evidence for major change is not yet that firm."
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Terrorism and the Global Economy, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of terrorism on the global economy since September 11th.
2,729 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the state of the world economy both before and after the September 11th terrorist attack in order to evaluate if there is a significant economic change after accounting for other, usual, economic factors. The paper reveals that while the economic effects of September 11th were large and varied, they were incredibly small when weighed against the total productive capacity of the world economy. The paper does point out, however, that the idea that terrorism represents an incredible economic risk is a strong incentive for investors to shift capital away from regions that are afflicted with terrorism. The paper therefore calls for the perception of the dangers of terrorism be minimized.
From the Paper
"Without question, terrorism has dramatic and significant impacts. The human cost can be high, and the damage can be extensive depending on the target and the method. However, it is unclear to some degree whether or not terrorism has a palpable impact on the global economy. Certainly, there are immediate economic impacts at the site of the terrorist attack and these effects will be felt in that region. However, the degree to which a terrorist attack is capable of impacting the global economy is less certain. Commonsense tells us that major acts of terrorism will impact the global economy, but commonsense is not necessarily the best indicator of financial effects."
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Economics and Modes of Transportation, 2008.
An examination of how unemployment rates, median family income and crude oil prices affect the modes of transport that people opt to use.
3,180 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates how economics affects when people opt to use some modes of transportation over others and why these choices are made. The paper uses unemployment rates, median family income and crude oil prices to anticipate the change of passenger's miles of three transportation modes - air total passenger's miles, highway total passenger's miles and intercity/Amtrak total passenger's miles.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results & Conclusion
From the Paper
"For air transport, we need to focus on median family income. We usually think increasing oil prices result in decreasing the number of passengers. However, not only the oil price increases, but also the total passenger's miles increase. In my opinion, this is because the increasing income seems to offset the increasing oil prices. Another reasons is that people with high levels of income will use flight transportation more frequently than people with low levels of income; the income levels are a determining factor when choosing flight transportation. Thus, we can explain why the unemployment rate is not significant statistically with above logic."
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