| Papers [487-504] of 5111 :: [Page 28 of 284] | | Go to page : <— 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 —> | |
|
|
Africa, Poverty and AIDS, 2007. This paper argues that one of the most influential forces behind the current poverty situation in Africa is AIDS, or the HIV virus. 1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The paper illustrates how AIDS is the major cause of poverty in Africa, although other factors play a contributing role. The paper highlights the manner in which the HIV virus has grown in African countries, the deaths it has caused and the means by which it has eclipsed other causes as a driving force of the current situation of poverty in Africa.
From the Paper "That Africa is riddled with poverty is not debated by any observer. That the causes of poverty are multiple cannot be argued by any thinking scholar. However, there has been extensive debate as to what factors play a role in the nation's current state of abject poverty, and to what extent these factors play a role. Some believe it is entirely internal factors that fuel African poverty, such as political instability and economic imbalance; others believe global factors, such as capitalization and trade issues, are the driving factors. However, it appears that one of the most driving forces behind the current poverty situation is AIDS, or the HIV virus."
| |
|
Quebec Radical Cheerleaders, 2007. This paper explores how the activities of the Toronto faction of the radical cheerleaders in Quebec City were both reactionary and revolutionary. 2,175 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 67.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The paper explains that individuals and groups use civil disobedience to protest a wide range of issues raging from environmental pollution to political or social corruption. The paper looks at the activities of the Toronto faction of the Radical Cheerleaders during the anti-FTAA (Free Trade of the Americas Act) protests in Quebec City. The paper shows how the radical cheerleaders displayed a combination of reactionary and revolutionary characteristics.
From the Paper "People all have interests and opinions. Groups of people and individuals tend to show a wide range of interests and opinions. In society some of these people's interests and opinions will receive a great deal of attention while others will be ignored or suppressed. People that do not have their interests meet or their opinions heard usually have to rely on alternative methods to make their voices heard. One of the more common ways is civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is defined as, "refusal to obey governmental commands especially as a nonviolent means of protest"(Anonymous 96)."
| |
|
Foreign Direct Investment, 2007. An analysis of foreign direct investment in the Russian oil sector. 12,638 words (approx. 50.6 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 242.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract This paper deals primarily with foreign direct investment (FDI) as it pertains to developing countries. It discusses some of the problems and benefits that may be seen from FDI, with a specific case study examination of the Russian oil sector. The paper then discusses the tie-in between British Petroleum and Tyumen Oil Company (TNK). The paper also discusses sovereign ratings and problems that surround these companies and FDI. The paper concludes with suggestions on how to minimize these problems.
Table of Contents:
chapter 1 - Introduction
Background/Overview Of The Problem
Research Question
Benefits Of The Study
Scope Of The Study
Chapter 2 - Literature Review
Industry/Organizational Background & Perspective
What Is Foreign Direct Investment?
The Two Main Forms Of FDI
Greenfield Investment
Mergers & Acquisitions
Distribution Of FDI In Many Countries
Factors Affecting FDI
The Roles Of Government Policy In FDI
Favorable Policies Toward FDI
Restricting Polices Toward FDI
Various Theories Of FDI
FDI And Multinational Corporations
Case Study - British Petroleum And TNK
Chapter 3 - Research Methodology
Research Design
Data Collection Method
Chapter 4 - Data Analysis And Presentation
Porter's Five Forces Model And The Russian Oil Sector
Chapter 5 -Conclusions And Recommendation
From the Paper "However, even though the government problems in many areas are no longer what they were, this does not mean that the corrections will be rapid or automatic. There is a 'status quo' in many countries, and changing that is often very difficult, because people have lived with it for so long. Those that are high up in government or business are generally content, most likely, with what they have, and therefore they do not want changes to be made. For those that work in menial jobs, however, the idea of change and improvement is likely very appealing."
"These changes can be helped along by FDI, but these countries must also find ways to help themselves, because counting on FDI is not necessarily a good choice for these countries. Where the Russian oil sector is concerned, it would appear that the country could count on the FDI dollars that they are getting, but the future may change this as other companies begin to realize that they could invest in other countries more cheaply."
| |
|
China and Globalization, 2007. This paper argues that the globalization of China has resulted in unrestrained economic growth, which has impacted the environment. 1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 61.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract This paper explains that, in China, increased foreign direct investment, the status as the world's factory, reduced trade barriers and a growing consumer class have contributed to economic growth and improvements in the quality of life; however, this rapid economic development has dramatically altered resource usage patterns at both the consumption and production levels. The author points out that the material impact of China's globalization represents a structuralist analysis, which runs counter to the theories of political individualism and rational choice, which content that, left to its own devices, the market will sort out the environmental damage. The paper argues that the long-term effects of uncontrolled globalization on China and the world will be increased potential political instability as the fight for limited and increasingly polluted resources intensifies.
From the Paper "As the Chinese economy grows so too the demand for resources to fuel increases in the form of energy sources and raw materials for industrial process and agricultural production. Since China is currently considered the world's factory, producing more than it consumes, the pattern of resource use is especially harmful to China. The nation imports raw materials, exports finished goods, but is left with the pollutants from that production. These pollutants and environmental damage takes on many forms including sulfur oxide emissions, deforestation, water pollution, over fishing as well as pollution from pesticides, fertilizers, and industrial chemicals."
| |
|
Globalization and Social Movements, 2007. The paper examines the agenda of protest groups who protest the "free trade" movement in general. 2,087 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 65.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The paper explains that the free trade opposition movement is an attempt to warn blind consumers about the dangers of "free trade" where corporations exploit cheap labor. The paper discusses how developed nations invest in markets that might provide jobs to poor people but they do not pay enough to provide relief from poverty. The paper looks at the assertion that the poorest countries remain so poor because they have no real voice in setting the prices for goods.
From the Paper "In part the protests are linked to the indifference that has been shown developing nations, with regard to policy development and agenda. Yet, the opponents of free trade have a broader list of complaints that have to do with overall economic dominance of the "free trade" movement by the developed nations. The fears of the opposition are that trade, in this venue will further tax, rather than assist poorer countries, due to its aggressive emphasis on the bottom line. The "free trade" movement may allow new markets to open in these previously isolated economies but at what cost?"
| |
|
The Globalization of Mexico, 2007. This paper discusses the effects of globalization on the United Mexican States (Mexico). 2,625 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 79.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract This paper explains that intense collaboration between the Mexican companies and government and foreign investors has led to an extension of Mexico's international relationships, a more liberalized free market and a sustained process of globalization. The author stresses that Mexico's highly industrialized regions have enjoyed the attraction of a wide range of foreign investors, which significantly improved the quality of work and life in these regions; however, those regions, which are not industrialized and do not attract investors, have been left behind. The paper stresses that the most severe criticism brought against globalization is that it contributes to a uneven income distribution and the deepening gap between northern and southern Mexico, problems that existed long before NAFTA and globalization.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Economic Background
Globalization in Mexico
Economic Effects
Beneficial Effects
Creation of Jobs
Profit Distribution
Increased Living Standards
Investments
Negative Effects
Conclusion
From the Paper "Prior to the elections of 1994, soon to be former Mexico President, Carlos Salinas, implemented economic policies that were meant to drive the Mexican economy towards neo-liberalism and globalization. But a large part of the population disagreed with the new policies and, represented by the ELZN (Zapatista Army of National Liberalization), organized both violent and non-violent rebellions against the government. These rebellions, the already declining Mexican economy, investors' decreased interest and trust in an unstable economic climate, high levels of corruption and financial authorities' refusal to devalue the national currency peso threw the country in an economic crisis."
| |
|
Mexico and Globalization, 2007. This paper discuses the impact of globalization upon poverty in Mexico/ 2,265 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract This paper argues that, while globalization is by no means uniformly bad for Mexico, it has created an environment in which Mexican workers are subject to events and pressures occurring in other parts of the world, which the Mexican government is relatively powerless to control. The author contemplates whether or not the porous national borders created by a truly global economy have exacerbated poverty in Mexico or whether multinationals flocking to Mexico because of its comparatively lower manufacturing costs have created jobs that allow impoverished Mexicans to climb up the socio-economic rung. The paper concludes that, while globalization may offer theoretical opportunities for the less-fortunate, it has really undermined their efforts to escape poverty by reducing and eliminating much-needed subsidies, tariffs, import-substitution measures, price controls and most other government regulatory efforts, which might bring relief to the millions of Mexicans below the poverty line.
From the Paper "Finally, globalization has hurt Mexico's female working poor. Miriam Dinerman argues convincingly that globalization has led to the mass-movement of low-skilled and manufacturing positions out of the United States (and other affluent western nations) and into poorer countries - Mexico, of course, being one of them. In several of the aforementioned low-skill or low-wage industries - the lucrative garment industry being chief among them - women make up the bulk of workers and are often ill-treated for their troubles. For example, Dinerman writes that, in addition to poor wages, they are burdened with long hours and with dangerous working conditions."
| |
|
Benefits & Costs of Globalization, 2007. This paper examines the benefits and costs of globalization. 1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that in the past few decades, rapid advancements in technology have emerged, boasting new levels of global interconnectedness. The writer points out that this globalization has sparked a revolution in information technology, dramatically and irreversibly changing both society and civilization. Globalization has brought about numerous benefits, such as the availability of information to anyone in the entire world, for a small fee. However, the writer maintains that this global interconnectedness has not come without high costs to society; it has widened the gap between the information-rich and the information-deprived. The writer discusses that it has brought about growing disparities in income, health care facilities and other measures of well being. The writer argues that globalization has come to symbolize a threat for underdeveloped nations, while economically advantaged nations have already benefited from it in ways previously thought unimaginable. This paper analyzes both the benefits and costs of globalization, and concludes with a few of the writer's own thoughts on the issue.
Outline:
Introduction
Benefits of Globalization
Costs of Globalization
Conclusion
From the Paper "Globalization has revealed many important benefits to society; for example, it has changed ideas about democracy, and global political movements have led to debt relief for poorer countries. Theorists have stated that globalization has helped hundreds of millions of people attain higher standards of living, beyond what they though imaginable a short while ago. The globalization of the economy has benefited countries that took advantage of it by seeking new markets for their exports and welcoming foreign investment. Furthermore, countries that have benefited the most have been those that took charge of their own destiny and recognized the role government can play in development rather than relying on the notion of a self-regulated market that would fix its own problems. In addition, many of the benefits of globalization come from the Internet, which has come to serve as a bridge between cultures and countries. The Internet is open to all at relatively low prices, and as a result, even some of the poorest countries have some access to the Internet."
| |
|
Bull and Bear Markets, 2007. This paper discusses the stock market, with a focus on bull and bear market descriptions and examples. 2,328 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 71.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The writer explains that, in simple terms, a bull market occurs when there is a steady upward trend in the stocks almost across the board and a bear market is declared when there is a steady decline in stock values that lasts longer than short term. The paper explores how these markets are determined throughout the stock market's history. The paper concludes that having an understanding of the bear and bull markets is an essential ingredient to entering the stock market with confidence.
Outline:
Introduction
The Problem
What to Buy in a Bull Market
What to buy in a Bear Market
Conclusion
From the Paper "When it comes to the stock market many Americans are confused about what it involves, how it works and what the different markets mean. Even those that invest their hard earned money into the stock market often turn to their broker for advice and leave it to that broker to handle it for them. Whether one is a serious investor, a hobbyist or planning on becoming a stock broker it is important to understand certain terms and elements about the market. One of the more interesting debates when it comes to the stock market is in deciding whether a bull or bear market has occurred. Analysts around the nation gather in front of historic records, examine current trends and with their most serious face pronounce a bull or bear market depending on how they have interpreted those elements."
| |
|
United States Fiscal and Monetary Policies, 2007. An analysis of the fiscal policy and monetary policy of the United States. 980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 34.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract This paper discusses both the fiscal policy and the monetary policy of the United States. It describes the history behind the policies and how they have changed over time. It also discusses some of the factors that have influenced their changes. The paper also briefly discusses the differences between the fiscal policy and the monetary policy.
Table of Contents:
Fiscal Policy
Monetary Policy
From the Paper "In addition to discount window lending discussed previously, the Federal Reserve can control economic growth either by engaging in open market operations (the buying and selling of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities in the open market) or by changing reserve requirements (requirements for the amount of funds that depository institutions must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers) (Monetary policy). In open market operations, the Federal Reserve can inject money into the system by buying securities which will help stimulate the economy and fight deflation. Conversely, when it sells securities it pulls money out of the system which will help slow economic growth and fight inflation. Increasing reserve ratio requirements would be a policy to counter inflation and slow growth because they banks have less deposits available for loans; decreasing the ratio would do exactly the opposite."
| |
|
The United States and Globalization, 2007. An in-depth discussion of "Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East" by Clyde Prestowitz. 4,504 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 117.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The paper relates that because globalization affects everyone, Clyde Prestowitz' book, "Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East", becomes relevant for all modern readers. The paper examines the heart of Prestowitz's focus; the United States and its economic policies. The paper shows how the economic policies guiding emerging economic superpowers like China are more forward-thinking than the outmoded ones that prevail in the United States. The paper discusses Prestowitz's ideas that a revision of American economic philosophy, spending more on education, health care and sound infrastructure, is vital in order to "ride the third wave" of globalization.
From the Paper "Clyde Prestowitz could have easily titled his 2006 book Three Billion New Capitalists Can't Be Wrong. The author does not judge the ethics of globalization itself, for Prestowitz is a realist who understands that globalization began in the 15th century and has only recently entered what the author calls a "third wave." Three billion new capitalists can't be wrong because the economic policies guiding emerging economic superpowers like China are more forward-thinking than the outmoded ones that prevail in the United States. Part history lesson, part appeal for changes to American foreign and domestic economic policy, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth And Power to the East is a must-read for anyone remotely interested in the implications of globalization. Because globalization is affecting every citizen of the world, Prestowitz' book becomes relevant for all modern readers and could even become required material in public schools."
| |
|
Market Socialism, 2007. This paper explores the viability of the market socialism system. 3,710 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 102.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The paper explains that market socialism is a market-driven economic system that abolishes private ownership, places the control of business enterprises in the hands of workers and allows everyone to share and benefit from the profits. The paper argues that market socialism is feasible as an economic system and can compete successfully with market capitalism.
Outline:
Introduction
From Socialism to Market Socialism
Addressing the Deficiencies of Socialism
Models of Market Socialism
Discussion
From the Paper "When Soviet-style communism fell, socialists had to reinvent themselves in order to survive. What emerged in response to their need for survival was market socialism, an economic system designed to combat the evils of capitalism and correct the deficiencies of the old socialism that failed. Market socialism is an economic and political system that "combines the principles of social ownership...with the continuing allocation of commodities (including labor) through the mechanism of markets" (Pierson, 1995, p. 84). Because market socialism is anti-capitalist and views capitalism as obsolete, the system seeks to eventually replace capitalism while at the same time it replaces old-style classical socialism, which relied on central planning. The system claims to preserve the best that capitalism offers, while it overcomes capitalism's worst evils (Kornai, 1993)."
| |
|
Ricardo's Law, 2007. This paper examines David Ricardo's international trade theory of comparative advantage. 2,330 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 71.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The paper defines David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, known as Ricardo's law. The paper looks at its strengths and weaknesses and compares Ricardo's original theory to today's international trade theory.
From the Paper "David Ricardo is regarded as one of Britain's greatest economists. He was important in the development of economic theory especially in the "classical system" of political economy. He was rare in that he was able to have both wealth and a famous legacy through economics. His background is as interesting as his achievements in economics. One of his most important findings is in the "theory of comparative advantage", a theory that is popularly known as Ricardo's law. The theory of comparative advantage is one of the most important concepts of international trade."
| |
|
The Third Wave of Globalization, 2007. This paper discusses "To Ride the Third Wave" by Clyde Prestowitz, who suggests policies to help the United States succeed in the third wave of globalization. 1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract The paper discusses how, in "To Ride the Third Wave," the author claims that America's top priority should be to address its inadequacies in order to maintain competitiveness in the global market. The paper examines the suggested policies that include reducing the role of the US dollar, altering the U.S. energy policy and practice and revamping the savings, loan and taxation systems. The paper discusses the need for the U.S. to reevaluate top expenditures in health care, social security and national defense and to change labor and educational policies. Finally, the author shows the importance of actively deepening relationships with key global players.
From the Paper "The turn of the last century saw tremendous global change including the manifestation of a global market. Although many of the promises of globalization have been fulfilled, its pitfalls and potential problems have only recently surfaced. The United States, which rose to international dominion both financially and politically, faces the greatest challenges in maintaining its edge in the third wave of globalization. Its position of global hegemony is diminishing rapidly. America will no longer be a world superpower unless its policy makers are willing to acknowledge and address the nation's inadequacies. These inadequacies include low educational attainment within the population, inequitable distribution of wealth, insufficient workforce skills upgrades, inadequate critical infrastructure, poor savings, taxation, and expenditure policies, and more."
| |
|
Atlas Copco Group, 2007. This paper discusses operational issues related to the Atlas Copco Group. 1,368 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the Atlas Copco Group, which is responsible for the manufacturing of electric and pneumatic tools. The writer notes that the company is extremely successful but like any company of its magnitude Atlas has several problems that must be resolved. The writer makes recommendations to Atlas concerning such issues as supply and demand, expansion in North bay and issues associated with suppliers. The writer concludes that the company must implement total quality management, and focus on R&D as it relates to supply and demand. The writer also maintains that the company should find competent realtors and evaluate lease to buy options as it relates to expansion in North Bay. Finally, as it pertained to problems with suppliers, the research indicates that the company should have contracts with all suppliers and implement some degree of vertical integration.
Outline:
Introduction
Matching supply and demand
Expansion in North Bay
Suppliers
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since the company is concerned about increasing efficiency and competence it is important that research and development, total quality management and automation play a key role in solving this problem. Research and development is recommended because it will assist the company in creating the products that meet the needs of customers. Research and development will also assist the company in understanding the quantity of products that should be produced to meet customer demand. Total Quality management is needed to ensure that the company is producing a product that is of excellent quality; doing so limits the likelihood that the product will have defects. This is important because defective products are more likely to be recalled and product recalls can cost the company a great deal of money. TQM will also improve efficiency."
| |
|
NAFTA, 2007. This paper discusses the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 35.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract In this paper, the writer looks at the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that took effect on January 1, 1994. The writer points out that the result of NAFTA is increased trade, but with a growing U.S. trade deficit and job dislocation, particularly in manufacturing. Yet, economic growth has fueled job and wage growth in the U.S., increasing gross domestic product and foreign investment. The writer maintains that overall, the U.S. is better off under NAFTA with increased economic growth and dramatically more foreign investment. The writer concludes that even if NAFTA had never been signed, global economic forces would have forced specialization, as is already occurring with other trading partners. NAFTA simply accelerated the inevitable.
From the Paper "The dismantling of trade barriers and opening of markets have led to economic growth and rising prosperity in the U.S., Mexico and Canada. The real GDP growth for all NAFA partners from 1993 to 2005 has been impressive. U.S. GDP during this time period grew 48%t while Mexico's increased by 40% and Canada's grew by 49%. However, because the Canadian and Mexican economies are much smaller than the economy of the U.S., their increases actually represent much larger growth rates."
"There is great debate about the job and wage impact of NAFTA. U.S. unemployment has fallen from 7.5% just before the signing of NAFTA, while trade deficits over the last decade grew by nearly 300%. Further, total U.S. employment grew by twenty-two million jobs between 1990 and 2000, and U.S. average per capita real income rose by 26% over the same period."
| |
|
Migration, 2007. This paper discusses migration in the global market focusing on women's part in this issue. 2,905 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 86.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract In this paper, the writer maintains that the change in the outlook, approach, tactics and demand of the global market has put more pressure on businessmen and businesswomen to migrate internationally and take full advantage of the opportunities that are being presented due to the modified global market system. The writer discusses employment in the global marketplace, concentrating on women's place in this issue. The writer concludes that it is no new thing that women are very much a part of the developing world and play their part in its growth with skillful input in the job opportunities that they avail, yet the majority of the proportion of working women still occupy the lower managerial jobs and services pertaining to their racial, academic, ethnicity, religious conviction, communicative and English speaking skills leading to varied working conditions, paying scales and social-economic standards.
Outline:
Introduction
Women in the global workforce
Migrant women and global workforce
Conclusion
From the Paper "This change in the outlook, approach, tactics and demand of the global market has put more pressure on the businessmen and businesswomen to migrate internationally and take full advantage of the opportunities that are being presented due to the modified global market system. Mostly, the hiring and promotional techniques of all global market employees is assessed on the division that their home towns and choice of migrated towns have when it comes to gender employment. The rising pattern that can be seen in the global migration is the move of many determined and independent women into the cutthroat world of global trade which, according to a report done by ILO in 2003, has led to the hiring and placement of women in highly susceptible positions. This particular concept is named the 'feminization' of migration and because of this 'feminization', and the jobs being provided to the women, the concept of the 'feminization of poverty' is emerging with a steady and healthy rise in the social-economic status of the women."
| |
|
Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", 2007. This paper studies the essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" by Garrett Hardin. 750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95 »
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that although Garrett Hardin's essay entitled "The Tragedy of the Commons" was written nearly 40 years ago, it has even more impact today than when it was written, as we watch the population of the world continue to climb exponentially. The writer points out that Hardin's concern with overpopulation caused by, as he terms it, "the freedom to breed" is prevalent in all parts of the world today. In the third world where population is increasing at the greatest rate, starvation and disease run rampant. The writer further discusses that in the industrial world, the current population is beginning to tax natural resources such as fossil fuels, land and water just as Hardin predicted. The writer concludes that what Hardin saw 40 years ago is still true today, population growth must be controlled.
From the Paper "In this example, Hardin explores the idea of how people really are looking out for their own best interest with no regard for or unintentional benefit for the common good. Hardin asks the reader to imagine a pasture that is open to all to use. At more primitive times, overpopulation of the pasture by animals did not occur due to natural attrition. However, in more modern times, a point will occur when the balance will be tipped. Adding one more animal to the grazing land will cause it to be overpopulated. Nevertheless, the individual herders weigh their options and determine that they will benefit more personally by adding additional animals and the negative consequences are slight in comparison. If all of the herdsmen add animals, eventually they will being it to ruin.
To give this example more impact, Hardin looks to the National Parks as a modern example of how the lack of limits placed on individuals can destroy something."
|
|
|