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U.S. Transportation Policies, 2008.
An exploration of the evolution of public policy initiatives in the transportation field in the United States.
3,827 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
The paper considers the historical background of the public transportation network in the US and focuses on the public policies that President Roosevelt and other leaders established. The paper explores the needs of the public transportation policy today and proposes where improvements are needed.
From the Paper
"The United States is considered to be one of the most modern states in the world. It represents a symbol of democracy, technology, and innovation. At the same time however, it has often been envied by more traditional societies and nations with a longer history for its sense of evolution and the rapid growth of the nation, particularly starting from the end of the American Revolution. However, it must be noted that the status the US enjoys at the moment as the end of a cultural road and the destination place for most of the people in the world is in fact the result of historical development and a constant desire to improve the conditions of its citizens as well as for any inhabitant of the US. These attempts are visible in all walks of life, taking into account the constant desires to improve the legislative framework; in this sense, the Constitution was modified on several occasions precisely to ensure equal rights to the people living in America and to its citizens. On a similar note, there are legislative acts which have tried to ensure similar equal status for people, regardless of their race and color in areas such as health care, education, and even transportation. These have taken the form of public policies which try to improve the quality of life in all its respects."
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Government Outsourcing, 2008.
A research paper on the growing trend in the United States to outsource government functions.
10,770 words (approx. 43.1 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 214.95
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Abstract
The paper notes that the US government is one of the largest employers of the private sector and that, in an attempt to cut the federal budget, the US government continues to use an increasing number of private entities to perform tasks that were once performed by Federal Employees. The paper discusses how this practice has come under attack for many reasons. There are questions over the quality of work, security, and whether outsourcing reduces expenses in reality. This paper explores the growing practice of outsourcing goods and services that were once the job of federal employees. The paper includes graphs and tables.
Outline:
Who Uses Outsourcing?
Economics of Outsourcing
Current Situation
Legal Implications
What are the Requirements for Outsourcing Government Functions?
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)
Key Issues Regarding Outsourcing
Monitoring of Contractors
Would Outsourcing Shift Skill Workforce from the Public Sector to the Private Sector?
Real Impacts of Off Shoring
Problems and Solutions
What Support Does the Government Offer for the Current Trend?
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The U.S. Defense Department uses a plethora of private contractors in a number of positions so that is can focus on its primary mission, protecting the country . The Defense Department uses private contractors for a number of functions, including infrastructure, such as electricity, telecommunications, water and sewage treatment. The use of outsourcing in the Defense Department is perhaps one of the most controversial areas of the outsourcing area. There is a concern among many that outsourcing in this area of the government may place our country at risk. However, the Defense Department claims that outsourcing non-military roles frees their personnel to remain focused on their primary task without distraction."
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Purchasing Power Parity, 2008.
This paper offers an overview of the concept of purchasing power parity.
1,851 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the background of the theory of purchasing power parity and examines the theory's effects on prices and businesses, its usefulness and its limitations.
Outline:
Background of the Development of the Theory
PPP as an Extension of the 'Law of One Price'
Relative PPP
Usefulness of the PPP Theory
Limitations of the PPP Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Purchasing power parity (PPP) theory states that exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries. It is based on the concept that identical goods in an efficient market must have the same price when measured in a common currency. Proponents of the theory believe that comparison of the market exchange rates of currencies of various countries and comparison with their PPP exchange rates are a reflection of their over or under-valuation. Moreover, GDP per capita based on PPP provides a more accurate method of comparing the standard of living in different countries than the conventional GDP per capita (nominal) based on the market exchange rate since the prices of a number of goods and services vary widely between countries at the market exchange rates."
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Free Trade, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of free trade on the economies of developing nations and small communities.
1,111 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how free trade tends to benefit those who are already wealthy and in many cases threatens to increase income disparity in developing and wealthy countries. The paper notes benefits of free trade but discusses how workers lose in the short run by the reduced dependence on local economies, the shifting labor pools to large multinational corporations and the low wage rate paid to workers in developing nations. The paper concludes that free trade and the global market economy can benefit individuals, their communities and whole regions of the world if there is a more ethical environment where small business growth and development is encouraged and the plight of women is improved.
From the Paper
"Free trade impacts every level of the global economy and has a particularly strong impact on the economies of developing nations and small communities. However, the wealthiest nations in the world stand to gain as much if not more so than their poorer counterparts. Wealthy nations control vast amounts of wealth, political power, and natural resources. The G8's clout ensures that free trade is not an egalitarian or just global economic system. If it were, small independent businesses and entrepreneurs around the world would have greater access to foreign markets and foreign direct investment. As it stands, free trade benefits mainly those corporations that already control a substantial portion of the global market. Moreover, larger corporations can take advantage of international and regional free trade agreements in ways smaller firms cannot: through the mobilization of people, goods and services."
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Workers' Compensation, 2008.
An overview of workers' compensation programs and laws in the US.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses several laws that are the basis for workers' compensation benefits in America. The paper looks at the Federal Employment Compensation Act that addresses cases of disability or death occurring while carrying out job related responsibilities. The paper also refers to other laws geared towards illnesses or health concerns that have arisen from working in certain industries. Finally, the paper considers potential improvements to workers compensation programs.
Outline:
Introduction
Workers Compensation
Improvements to Worker's Compensation
From the Paper
"Worker's compensation is defined as "a policy conforming to state law, which pays benefits to an employee (or an employee's family) if the employee suffers a job-related injury (including death), or disease related to work (Insurance Glossary)." According to the Legal information institute of Cornell Law School, there are also some laws that are designed to shelter employers and workers by by placing limitations on the amount of compensation an injured employee can receive and by removing the liability of co-workers when accidents occur. The legal information institute also explains that compensation statutes for stateworkers are ussually the standard used for private employees. "
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Capitalism, Globalization and Neoliberalism, 2008.
This paper discusses whether the capitalist and the globalized trade system is beneficial for society.
752 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the neoliberal perspective on capitalism and globalization and shows how Indian affairs were conducted in this way already at the time of the British Empire. The paper also looks at the criticisms of capitalism and concludes that although there is long way until a certain equilibrium between benefits and costs is achieved, it is fair to say that globalization is an important aspect of today's world.
From the Paper
"The colonial relations that represented the basis of the system which determined the evolution and development of empires such as the British and the French one represented some of the most important examples of controlled economies. Colonies such as India were viewed as being essential for the economy of the British Empire; consequently, the trade relations most of the times included a controlled report between the two sides.
"It has often been debated that globalization and capitalism are not solely responsible for the improvement in the condition of human life. This is largely due to the fact that there have been seen more negative aspects rather than benefic ones. However, neoliberals consider this issue reversely. They argue that the interdependent nature of communication, transit, and economic flows are essential and represent a driving force for the development of the world."
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Innovation Crisis in Europe, 2008.
An argument that European countries do not want and therefore discourage innovation in their industries.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper presents statistics that highlight a substantial difference in levels of innovation between the US and Europe. The paper asserts that although governments in Europe claim to want innovation, they are unwilling to allow the private sector the fiscal and regulatory freedom to produce it. The paper concludes that as long as European countries do not want innovation, the US and other parts of the world will benefit by a brain drain of talented European entrepreneurs and inventors emigrating to friendlier environments.
Outline:
Introduction
The US versus Europe
European Failures at Innovation
US Innovation Success
Do Europeans Want Innovation? No!
Conclusion
From the Paper
"First, what is the relative differential in innovation between the US and Europe? Traditional measures, such as the number of patents or the number of Nobel prize winners, may not be the best measure from an economic standpoint. A more direct measure would be: how has job growth, income growth and wealth accumulation compared between Europe and the United States over the past, say, 25 years?
"The comparison shows a stark advantage for the US. The US has created 30 million new jobs since 1982, while Europe (with a larger population) has created just 10 million (EU, 2005). Many of those jobs in Europe came from the public sector, while nearly all growth in US jobs have been in the private sector. Income comparisons are also stark: the US average income per capita in 2007 was over $41,000, while the per capita rates in Germany ($33K), France ($35K) and the UK ($36K) were much lower. If one uses PPP, or Purchasing Power Parity, the actual spendable income in the US is double that of Germany or France, and 60% higher than the UK (BBC, 2002)."
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Race Critical Theories, 2008.
This paper looks at race critical theories while discussing the book 'Worked to the Bone' by Pem Davidson Buck.
973 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that 'Worked to the Bone' by Pem Davidson Buck is subtitled 'Race, Class, Power, & Privilege in Kentucky' and this neatly sums up the focus of her work. The writer discusses that Buck, by training an anthropologist, embarks upon a critical examination of the construction of social and economic privilege in Kentucky in racial terms. The writer points out that Buck resides and works in the two counties she studies, thus she provides a personal and intimate as well as a scholarly overview of what she calls the false lie of 'trickle up' economics in the region. The writer concludes that Buck's work is an important contribution to literature about racial 'construction' in America, and it is particularly interesting because it is told from the point of view of whites, yet condemns white privilege.
From the Paper
"Although in Kentucky the privileged classes are white, not all whites are privileged. This is what is particularly noxious about how white class privilege is constructed. When the South was settled in the 1600s, the poorest white colonists were persuaded by the elites that it was also in their interests to create a system of slavery defining blacks as inferior. Rebellions like Bacon's Rebellion in the 1670s were put down through a false system of granting minor privileges to the poor because of their whiteness, like the ownership of small plots of land and greater access to voting rights.
"Because blacks were so oppressed white upon white class oppression seemed as bad, relatively speaking, because at least poor whites had the benefits of whiteness, and more rights than slaves. This system of racial injustice created a state of false consciousness amongst poor, free whites, as poor whites identified with aristocratic individuals who actually advanced policies against the poor's economic interests."
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Monopoly Vs Good Management, 2008.
This paper explains monopoly to be an "enemy" of good management.
1,351 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper defines a monopoly and outlines its advantages and disadvantages. The paper explores why a monopoly is perceived as the enemy of good leadership and explains that it reduces a management's interest towards the product development, the satisfaction of customers' needs, the personnel and the resource allocation.
Outline:
Introduction
Monopoly as an Enemy to Good Management
Monopoly
Monopoly as Enemy
From the Paper
"There are numerous definitions of monopoly throughout the economics theory, formulated in different ways but generally conducting the reader to the same conclusion: monopoly is power - the power of one company to produce as much as they like, generally the offer is lower than the demand, and then price these items to their personal benefit. "Monopoly power refers to the degree of practical control that firms have over their prices" (Karier, 1993).
"There are no competitors due to either man-made restrictions or due to barriers imposed by the economy and the consumers have no other choice but to purchase the items presented to them by the sole company activating on that particular industry segment. The man-made restrictions which foster a monopolistic economy are legal barriers and patents."
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Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis, 2008.
An overview of the origin and evolution of the sub-prime mortgage crisis.
2,705 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the following key questions regarding the current sub-prime mortgage crisis: Why and how did it begin? Why didn't such a crisis occur in the past in this way? What exacerbated the sub-prime mortgage crisis once it started? The paper questions whether we are at a low point, and whether things will start to look better from now on, or whether there are additional shocks to our economic system that will continue to reverberate from the sub-prime mortgage crisis of recent years. Three graphs are included with the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis
Literature Review
Sources of the Sub-prime Mortgage Crisis
Why Did Mortgage Lenders Lend to Sub-prime Customers?
What about the Ratings Agencies?
Buyers of the Securities--why did they do it?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Wall Street Journal warned that housing prices and associated mortgages were growing at an alarming rate as far back as the late 1990's. The primary concern was that housing prices were climbing faster than incomes, which was clearly unsustainable over the long term. Greenspan stayed quiet after his retirement at the head of the Federal Reserve until late in 2007. He said that the subprime crisis was "an accident waiting to happen." He went on to say that the subprime mortgage crisis was only one of several potential housing-related crises just waiting to happen, and that if it weren't in the US subprime market, it could be another housing-related crisis elsewhere in the world."
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The Airline Industry, 2008.
An analysis of the economic effects of deregulation on the airline industry today.
1,973 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the elasticity of supply and demand, positive and negative externalities, wage inequalities and monetary and fiscal policies. The paper then evaluates how the economy affects the success of this industry and identifies the economic influences that can affect the industry in a negative way.
Outline:
Introduction
Elasticity of Supply and Demand
Positive and Negative Externalities
Wage Inequality
How the Economy Affects the Airlines
Economic Influences which Can Affect the Industry in a Negative Way
From the Paper
"This paper covers the airline industry in the United States, with some of the lessons learned since the start of deregulation in the 1970's to today. The airline's overall economics have changed significantly, from a government-controlled oligopoly to a free-for-all in which different airlines choose different economic strategies. Government regulation still plays a key economic role by limiting the participation of foreign investors and airlines, as well as the control on 'fifth freedoms,' which will be dealt with in this paper.
"It is this author's contention that the current airline industry is still in a state of disequilibrium which will be addressed through mergers and bankruptcies, and that a multi-tier service offering and consumer group segmentation will continue to drive competitors' strategies in different directions."
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Tax Law, 2008.
An analysis of the relationship between the business economy and the federal income tax.
3,159 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the United States' federal income tax, its history and its implications. The author argues that reforms need to be made as the constant amendments, additions and modification to the law has made it so complicated that it is now costly to sustain it both from the view point of the taxpayers and the view of the establishment even though the tax is the most revenue earning source for the federal government.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Nature of Federal Income Tax
The Federal Income Tax, History & Implications
Issues in the Taxation process
The need for reform
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Federal taxation is the major factor of funding for the US government. In other words the existence of the Federal government is based on the generation power of its tax policies. The federal government relies on a number of tax instruments; the chief being income tax, the government also relies on excise tax, gift tax and so on. Business decisions are often made without considering the incidence of tax, which proves to be erroneous. Individuals are concerned with personal income tax while corporate ought to be concerned with the corporate income tax. Cost difference exists even between the different types of business entities like companies, partnership and proprietary concerns."
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The United States' Trade Deficit, 2008.
An analysis of the trade deficit of the United States.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the trade deficit problem that the United States is currently facing. The author analyzes the possible reasons for this trade imbalance and discusses the issues and problems this will cause.
Outline:
Abstract
Foreign Investments
The U.S. Dollar
Gravity of the Trade Deficit
References
From the Paper
"The constantly increasing US trade deficit is a highly severe problem for the wellbeing of the American economy. Its gravity is given by numerous effects and implications. For instance, as mentioned before, it can generate the devaluation of the national currency. Then, investors will no longer be interested in possessing the dollars, nor in investing in the country. To once again capture their interest, the state officials will have to implement numerous benefits and monetary regulations which encourage foreign investments, such as increasing the interest rates. This increase of the interest rates means that financing opportunities from banking and other financial institutions will be more difficult to get, and more expensive. Therefore, the companies will have to attract foreign capital. But this will also affect the population as it will limit their possibility of financing their projects. All this could lead to economic recession in the United States."
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Management Theory and Layoffs, 2008.
This paper discusses management theory while reviewing the article "They Ponder Layoffs, But Executives Still Face Gaps in Talent" by Carol Hymowitz.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that, according to Carol Hymowitz of the Wall Street Journal, a fundamental paradigmatic shift is being forced upon human resource departments in terms of the way they operate during economic slowdowns. The writer notes that Hymowitz's January 28, 2008 article "They Ponder Layoffs, But Executives Still Face Gaps in Talent" states that companies are experiencing a dearth of talented people to fill vacant positions because aging top managers are retiring in record numbers. The writer discusses issues raised in the article and notes that to cut costs during economic slowdowns, traditionally companies let go even some promotable employees, and did not look for new or additional workers. The writer points out that as mentioned in the article, in 2008, despite the fact that recession seems on the horizon, many companies are embarking upon job searches to fill critical management positions because of inadequate training of current employees.
Outline:
Descriptive Summary
General Analysis
Critical/Comparative Analysis
Management Application
From the Paper
"When employees leave, companies must divert valuable revenue to head-hunting and orientation of new hires. Under-training and under-promoting of in-house staff can actually cost the company more in the long--and short run. This is exactly what companies do not want during a recession, when companies want to focus their finances on remaining economically afloat. Companies want current employees familiar with operations to give advice on how to begin cutting costs in other areas.
"The phenomena described in the article highlights what management theorists have always counseled--that financial compensation alone is not enough to ensure that individuals stay at a company. The company must invest in the employee's future by taking worker suggestions, and giving future managers exposure to a variety of new educational and training experiences."
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Economic Profile of the Airline Industry, 2008.
An analysis of the elasticity of demand in the airline industry.
1,284 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the airline industry is affected by market tendencies and externalities and how the the elasticity of demand in this industry is determined by the existence of other transportation means.
The paper notes the extreme instability of the airline industry and discusses the various factors affecting it. The impact of the market environment, volatile ticket prices, the cost of fuel, and calamities such as the tragic events of September 11, 2001 are all discussed in the paper. In addition, the paper discusses how the airline industry has taken advantage of living wage regulations to diminish its turnover rate and increase labor effectiveness.
From the Paper
"Externalities are very important in shaping supply and demand due to the fact that the airline industry is a direct creation of market requirements. After the September 11th tragedy a decrease in airline travel was noticed by specialists, mostly because of safety concerns. At times when there is an enormous boost in tariffs, the cost of tickets grows in view of the fact that there is a clear relationship amid supply and demand. When there is a decreased employment rate, and when there is a strong dollar, citizens are inclined to travel more."
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Microeconomics and Opportunity Cost, 2008.
An examination of how opportunity cost relates to limited resources in an environment that strives to produce.
1,048 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses microeconomics. It suggests that the economic world is driven by its intense desire to produce as much as possible, but since the natural environment possesses less and less resources, entrepreneurs must be aware of the resource allocation they implement. The paper then discusses the opportunity cost and how it fits into this description.
From the Paper
"The pure monopoly refers to the situation where a single company controls a particular industry. They are the sole provider of that good of service and can influence the price and supply as they wish. Pure monopoly is characterized by the lack of alternative or substitute products and numerous barriers to entry. Aside from these characteristics, the monopolistic industry can also be generated by a certain patent or right to produce the item, right not granted to other companies. "Examples of monopoly are public utilities such as gas, electric, water, cable TV, and local telephone service companies, professional sports teams, DeBeers, and Alcoa. Also, monopolies may exist at the local level because of geographic location.""
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Evolution of Medicare and Medicaid, 2008.
The author of the paper describes the processes and events that led to the establishment of Medicare in the United States.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the events and processes leading to the establishment of Medicare and Medicaid in the United States in 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The author looks at events between the years 1900 through 1965 and specifically the period following the Great Depression, the Second World War and the era of the 1950s.
Outline:
Introduction
Changes During the Progressive Era
New Deal Era
Second World War
The 50s
Health Care Spending Rises Steeply
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As social security became popular and Congress passed bills raising social security benefits in that decade, reformers were inclined to extend health insurance to social security beneficiaries, mostly elderly persons (Berkowitz 2001). Most of them had stopped paying for their employer-based health insurance and had high morbidity rates. The federal government could then come in as a health provider through what came to be Medicare. The concept of limiting federally financed national health insurance for the elderly received congressional attention in 1957 (Berkowitz)."
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Coal Mining Industry Report, 2008.
This paper examines the effects of the economy on the coal mining industry.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses shifts and price elasticity of supply and demand, positive and negative externalities, wage inequality and monetary and fiscal policies and their impact on the coal mining industry. The paper predicts that coal production will likely rise while worker pay and employment in the coal mining industry will shrink in the next decade.
Outline:
Shifts and Price Elasticity of Supply and Demand
Positive and Negative Externalities
Wage Inequality
Monetary and Fiscal Policies
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The coal mining industry in the United States is comprised of approximately 1,000 companies operating approximately 1,500 mines, with approximate combined annual revenue of $25 billion. Some of the larger producers are Peabody Energy, Arch Coal and Massey Energy. Over the past decade, the coal mining industry has become greatly consolidated and presently sixty-five percent of the market is owned by approximately ten companies with each company operating a single coalmine with the size of the mines varying a great deal. Larger operations produce over 1 million tons of coal annually. According to Hoover's website in the work entitled: "Industry Overview: Coal Mining" "Demand comes mainly from generators of electricity. Profitability depends on efficient operations, as the product is a commodity sold on the basis of price." (2008) "
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