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The Security Policies of the European Union., 2008.
The paper examines the development of the European Union's security policies after the end of the Cold War.
4,830 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
The author of the paper assesses the impact of the European Union's growth process on the development of the countries it encompasses as well as on the European Union's Security and Defence Policy. The writer examines the history of the security initiative developed by the European Union (ESDP) and the background and the framework in which this development took place. In addition, the writer examines the consequences of the political initiatives that led to the expansion of the ESDP's role and the external impact, on countries targeted by these attempts to increase the security space in Europe and in particular Russia, Turkey, and the Ukraine. Finally, the writer discusses the potential future evolution of the ESDP.
Outline:
Introduction
History and Challenges of the ESDP
The ESDP
Effects on European Countries
EU Relations with Russia
EU Relations with Ukraine
EU Relations with Turkey
EU Relations with the Mediterranean Countries
Conclusions
From the Paper
"First and foremost it must be pointed out the fact that the ESDP is the result of a traditional structure, which is the international organization. In this sense, the realistic theory argues that although there is a need for states to keep their sovereignty, it is important for them to have a certain form of cooperation that supports political relations. At the same time, the structure of the EU and implicitly the existence of the ESDP are justified through the neorealist perspective. In this sense, taking realist and neorealist points into account, it can be said that the birth of the ESDP was a matter of power calculus; thus, "states must look to themselves to survive" hence they must engage in strategic alliances or forms of cooperation that would ensure them the ability to maintain a certain balance of power and, as structural realists argue, their relative power . In this sense, the creation of the European Union and the establishment of its security dimension was a well thought of affair, taking into account the perspectives after the Second World War and the need for a strategic and political balance of power. The actual creation of the ESDP was more difficult than the issue of the First Communitarian Pillar because of the specificity of the European Union which does not fall in the traditional category of the international organization, but rather its supranational character determines state to share sovereignty, a factor which determined several member states to be reluctant to address the issue of security at a supranational level ."
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Innovation Crisis in Europe, 2008.
An argument that European countries do not want and therefore discourage innovation in their industries.
1,103 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper presents statistics that highlight a substantial difference in levels of innovation between the US and Europe. The paper asserts that although governments in Europe claim to want innovation, they are unwilling to allow the private sector the fiscal and regulatory freedom to produce it. The paper concludes that as long as European countries do not want innovation, the US and other parts of the world will benefit by a brain drain of talented European entrepreneurs and inventors emigrating to friendlier environments.
Outline:
Introduction
The US versus Europe
European Failures at Innovation
US Innovation Success
Do Europeans Want Innovation? No!
Conclusion
From the Paper
"First, what is the relative differential in innovation between the US and Europe? Traditional measures, such as the number of patents or the number of Nobel prize winners, may not be the best measure from an economic standpoint. A more direct measure would be: how has job growth, income growth and wealth accumulation compared between Europe and the United States over the past, say, 25 years?
"The comparison shows a stark advantage for the US. The US has created 30 million new jobs since 1982, while Europe (with a larger population) has created just 10 million (EU, 2005). Many of those jobs in Europe came from the public sector, while nearly all growth in US jobs have been in the private sector. Income comparisons are also stark: the US average income per capita in 2007 was over $41,000, while the per capita rates in Germany ($33K), France ($35K) and the UK ($36K) were much lower. If one uses PPP, or Purchasing Power Parity, the actual spendable income in the US is double that of Germany or France, and 60% higher than the UK (BBC, 2002)."
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The Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine, 2008.
An analysis of the significance of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine as tools in reconstruction after World War II.
956 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper considers an alternative history which would not have included the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine in order to highlight the importance of these two initiatives for Europe and the world. The paper clearly demonstrates that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan played an essential role in the reconstruction of Europe as they laid the foundation for political and financial reconstruction.
From the Paper
"The end of the Second World War left the world in a complete state of disarray. Most countries around the world had suffered enormous damages, both in terms of human and economic loss. The only actual victorious actor on the international scene was the United States which came out stronger than ever before. There are various explanations for this fact, most of them connected to the American war industry that was created during the conflagration and, most importantly, to the geopolitical and geostrategic position of the country in relation to the main adversaries of the war. From this perspective, the US was the only country able to support a reconstruction plan for Europe and to stand up to the Soviet challenge facing the world after the end of the war."
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Sweden's Current Justice System, 2008.
A detailed description of the criminal justice system in Sweden.
3,907 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Sweden, its ethnic composition, and its political and judicial systems. The writer provides statistics on crime in Sweden and shows that, compared to other EU countries and the U.S., the overall crime rate is relatively low, specifically with regard to violent crimes. The writer discusses how membership in the European Union has altered the manner in which crime is treated and the legal system is structured in Sweden, and describes in detail how the police force is organized and trained. The writer describes the judicial system and the prisons, giving statistics for the latter.
Outline:
Overview of the Country: Sweden
Description of Crime and Crime Statistics
Description of the Legal Tradition
Description of Law Enforcement System
Organization of Police Force
Description of the Criminal Justice Court System
Description of the Corrections System
From the Paper
"Swedish penal code does not classify crimes and infractions separately and crime itself is based on legal definitions of crime based on the penal code. There is however a grouping of crimes together in subgroups which are guided by principle and pragmatism and have developed over time. In Sweden the age of criminal responsibility is 15, though there are many provisional exceptions to conviction and sentencing for those under 21, and those under the age of 18 are very rarely sentenced to prison terms. Special circumstances must exist for the occurrence of prison sentencing for those under 18 and in many cases also those under 21. Sweden also has a very strict comparative policy on drug offences. It is illegal to possess, bring in, buy or use narcotics in Sweden and narcotics are classified by a list that includes 170 substances, including cannabis. Use of narcotics was criminalized in 1988."
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The Chechen Conflict, 2008.
A look at the conflict between the people of Chechnya and Russia.
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the conflict between the Russian federal forces and the secessionist North Caucasian republic of Chechnya. The author explains that while the Chechen problem is usually seen as a primarily modern phenomenon the sources and root causes of this conflict have their origins in history even prior to the last century. The paper discusses the history, causes, and source of the conflict and concludes that it is an ongoing problem and that, while the foundational causes are important to consider, there are possibly more contemporary reasons and agendas that have become a part of this crisis.
From the Paper
" Chechnya declared independence from the Soviet Union in November 1991. (Q&A: The Chechen conflict) The then Russian President, Boris Yeltsin, seen troops into the area to reinstate the rule of Russian federal law and to stop secession. In essence, the conflict of is the fight for national independence and the attempt to separate from the Soviet Union.
"Chechnya is traditional homeland of the Chechen people and is bordered by Georgia to the south. The population of the region is mainly Muslim and the country is surrounded by the Russian Federation republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia to the west, Dagestan to the east and north, and the Russian province of Stavropol to the north-west. (The Conflict in Chechnya, 2000)"
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World Renowned Cryptographers and Cryptanalysts, 2008.
This paper looks at the importance of cryptography during the world wars and looks at the contributions of different cryptographers.
1,052 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that cryptography was a very important element in the results of both World War I and II. The writer points out that while it has been used for centuries for a variety of purposes, cryptography in its currently known forms was first developed during the 17th century. In tracing the work of a variety of cryptographers, this paper shows each contribution during the world wars, and looks at how each success is used as a platform for future achievements in the field. The writer maintains that the pioneering work of the men and women mentioned here is instrumental in the current political climate, where intelligence gathering on terrorism is vitally important.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Fermat and Euler
Herbert O. Yardley, Pioneer during World War I
Agnes Meyer Driscoll
Decoding the Enigma
From the Paper
"Yardley's work here involved receiving encoded messages involving American government officials traveling abroad. He found his work in the Code Room thrilling, and resolved to be involved with cryptography throughout his life.
"With the outbreak of World War I in 1917, Yardley was 28 years old. He was put in charge of Military Intelligence, which required that he decode foreign messages. This was a significant point in American history, as the Intelligence Agency that Yardley set up was the first of its kind in the country. The Agency - MI-8 - proved invaluable to the country. For this, Yardley received the Distinguished Service Medal. Yardley's efforts were used as a springboard for further developments in cryptography during World War II."
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European Union, 2008.
A discussion of the future roles of the European Union on the global stage.
2,663 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the European Union is one of the most dominant actors on the contemporary global stage whose role is only expected to grow. The paper explains how the European Union is not like a traditional power; it lacks its own armies, does not pursue a coordinated foreign policy and acts primarily in terms of its economic influence. The paper then shows how it uses this economic influence in a variety of ways that contribute strongly to a very real and powerful role in global affairs. The paper points out, however, that the overarching economic emphasis of the European project can have its negative side in terms of too much control, and a bland homogenization that threatens Europe's diverse cultures and those of other nations as well.
From the Paper
"The European Union is one of the most dominant actors on the contemporary global stage, and its role is only expected to grow. Yet, the European Union is often seen in terms different from that of the traditional superpower. Few foresee the emergence of the European Union as a military rival to the United States, Russia, China, or other powers. Instead, its increasing power is seen to be economic, cultural, and diplomatic. A united Europe will see its economic cloud spread across the planet. Its values will shape human and civil rights in both the developing and the developed worlds. Europe will be a leader in the "greening" of the world economy, a primary exponent of policy calculated to combat global warming and other pressing environmental issues."
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The European Union, 2008.
This paper offers a history and profile of the European Union.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the background of the concept of an economically united Europe and a commonly shared currency that dates back to the Second World War. The paper looks at controversies over specific controls and subsidies, but points out that the EU's membership continues to expand. The paper talks about the greatest controversy today that regards expanding the EU's membership.
From the Paper
"The European Union today is one of the most powerful economic entities in the world. Its common currency, the euro, rivals the faltering but once dominant U.S. dollar as the most desirable payment option for international business. Nations fight to become part of the EU's framework, vying to demonstrate a commitment to free trade, economic liberalization, and human rights standards, as did Turkey in 2005, during the European Parliament's debate about its admission to the union (Rice-Oxley 2005). But not so long ago, the genesis of the EU itself into its modern incarnation seemed tenuous, as various members debated the value of a union with no restrictions between nations regarding travel and labor exchanges, no prohibitive tariffs, and a homogenous standard for goods, emissions of fossil fuels, and other economic areas once wholly regulated by national governments."
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The Origins of World War I, 2008.
This paper discusses the origins of World War I and its significance to world history.
974 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the build-up of tensions that led to the outbreak of World War I. The paper discusses how the war took hundreds of thousands of lives and showed the technology of the Industrial Revolution in warfare and killing. The paper notes how, although this war was meant to end all wars, it actually set the foundation for another war in Europe some twenty five years later.
From the Paper
"Most people believe World War One began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914. However, in reality, the origins of the war were much more complex. In fact, under Kaiser Wilhelm, Germany had become much more aggressive. They did not renew a key treaty with Russia, and because of this, many of their neighbors banded together in case of attack from Berlin. France and Russia allied because they were afraid of Germany's military buildup, and Great Britain had allied itself with these two countries, as well. Germany continued to build up military and naval forces, while Germany was allied with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was quickly disintegrating due to tension and turmoil within."
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Turkey in the European Union, 2008.
A discussion of the contention over Turkey's membership into the European Union.
1,404 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Turkey has become the most controversial applicant member in the history of the European Union (EU). The paper discusses the specific concerns of current and future leaders of Europe and the general worry that expanding the EU may make it too vast and diverse to control. The paper predicts that Turkey will likely be accepted into the EU at some point, yet it may take a monumental fight for it to occur.
From the Paper
"The ascension of Turkey into the European Union has been one of the most historically difficult of all expansion moves. Several member states with limited or strained relations with Turkey, (mainly France and Greece) opposed the absorption of Turkey into the EU. Their cited reasons for opposition included their own political agendas as well as the fact that Turkey was slow in meeting the Copenhagen criteria, set up early in the process as essential to membership. (Bache & George, 2006, p. 204) The Copenhagen criteria as detailed by the EU organization in 1993 were as follows; political criteria, applicant must have stable institutions, guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the protection of minorities. Economic criterion the applicant must have a functioning market economy, and the capacity to cope with the competitive market of the single EU, lastly the applicant must be able to take on the obligation of membership including its aims of political, economic and monetary union. (Bache & George, 2006, pp. 552-553) (Peterson & Shackleton, 2006, p. 35) (Woyke, 2002, p. 27)"
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Czechoslavakia and the Changing European Political Landscape, 2008.
This paper discusses the changing European political landscape and the entrance of the Czech Republic and Slovakia into the E.U.
843 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses changes in the political landscape in Europe, focusing on Czechoslavakia. The writer points out that the 1993 dissolution of former Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia dissolved the former Communist Party of Czechoslavakia. Further, the writer notes that a non-communist, capitalist entity emerged as the new government while at the same time the European Union was undergoing a long process of integration. This research examines advantages and disadvantages of the Czech Republic and Slovakia joining the integrated European Union.
From the Paper
"At first sight, the issue of the newly formed separate republics merging would appear to be a step backward in terms of political sovereignty. However, to understand the implications of unification fully, one must examine what the transformation means in terms of the new republics that are formed. One of the key factors is that the old regime represented a communist society. This form of government is not compatible with the new European Union. Communism is rigid and depends on equal distribution of goods between the people. One of the goals of the EU is to allow each of the individual countries to continue functioning with their own form of economy.
"The logistics of integrating a capitalist economy with a socialist economy would be difficult, if not impossible."
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Soviet Intelligence, 2008.
This paper looks at the intelligence service in Russia and the issue of safety in the Soviet state.
907 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of intelligence in Russia. Specifically the writer discusses how the Soviets used espionage and intelligence to keep the Soviet state viable. The writer notes that the Soviet spy agency, the KGB, is legendary in the history of counterintelligence, spying, and keeping their country safe from all threats, internal or external. The Soviet Union was paranoid and extremely secretive about their spying activities and those of other nations, and this paranoia fueled their intelligence gathering for decades. The writer maintains that the Soviets used intelligence like a weapon, and deployed spies and agents all over the world in an attempt to keep their regime safe from internal and external threats - real or imagined. The writer concludes that ultimately, the KGB was one of the most powerful intelligence agencies in the world, and it did keep communism safe and relatively secure for decades.
From the Paper
"The Soviet spy agency KBG had its origins in the Bolshevik Revolution, although it altered drastically in the generations since its inception. At one point, the KGB was one of the notorious intelligence agencies in the world; legendary for the lengths they would go to gather intelligence, from infiltrating foreign countries to incarcerating their own citizens they thought might pose a threat to national security. Ostensibly, the KGB existed to keep the Soviet state safe and viable, but in reality, the KGB also existed to intimidate and quash resistance and dissidence in the Soviet state, thus controlling the Russian people along with gathering intelligence worldwide.
"One way the Soviets used espionage and intelligence to keep the Soviet state safe was in sending spies and agents all over the world. Disguised as everything from piano tuners to diplomats, they infiltrated cities and towns across America and the world where they sent back information on everything from everyday life to political decisions."
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EU-Russia Relations, 2008.
A policy analysis of the relations between the European Union and Russia.
3,756 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the background of the EU-Russia dialogue, as well as the major issues that marked the years of continuous negotiations especially after the signing of the 1997 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. The paper then examines the various possibilities with regard to the future developments of the EU-Russia relations. The paper concludes that cooperation and dialogue must be strengthened since neither side can afford to lose contact with the other.
Outline:
Executive summary
Introduction
Background
Definition of the issue
Possible scenarios
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The issue of the Russian Federation, in terms of the relations the EU has so far established, is part of the discussion. Still, the EU-Russia relations represent an important issue to be taken into account due to the influential role Russia plays in the immediate vicinity of the EU and as a global player. Under these conditions, for the EU to have a strong and positive foreign policy to the extent it envisaged throughout the policy initiatives it encouraged inside the Union, good sound relations with Russia are essential."
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War, 2008.
A report on the casualties of war and who are the true victims of those casualties.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper states that whether a war that is being fought is a civil war, or a war between two or more countries, war impacts those people located where the war is being conducted who are not necessarily of a political or socio-economic ideology which forms the basis of the war. The paper notes that the population directly impacted by the actions of war are not the political or economic elite who go to war for motives of self-interest. Rather, these people, soldiers and civilians, are people whose lives will not realize direct benefits from the outcome of the war, but who will, nonetheless, suffer the action of war. This paper examines the impact of war on those people and attempts an examination of the impacts of war on non-governing forces.
Outline:
Bosnia Herzegovina
Africa
From the Paper
"During that early historical period, there was little that caused conflict between those various groups. That changed in the nineteenth century, when local and regional identities began emerging and indicators of nationalism began being evidenced (Friedman, 2004). However, going into the twentieth century, the nationalism of the cultural identities was subordinated to the governing forces, leading up to the post World War II Communist Soviet Union (Friedman, 2004). This is a recurring underlying similarity in those countries and regions experiencing war today, even when the subordinating authority is not the Soviet Union, there is a governing force that once it withdraws and the country achieves independence, violence ensues in a free for all grab for power and governance."
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The Spread of the Black Death, 2008.
This paper focuses on the trade routes that caused the fast transmission of the Black Death throughout Europe.
1,459 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the rapid spread of the black death that was one of the most significant factors in its dramatic effects in Europe in the 14th century. The paper explains how the relatively quick long-distance trade networks that had been established throughout Europe and into Asia were the primary factor that increased the success of the disease in infecting such a large body of people in such a short amount of time.
From the Paper
"The Black Death was quite simply the most devastating natural disaster in European history. Though we don't necessarily think of plagues as natural disasters, they are. This makes them somewhat unpredictable and difficult to control. Compounded by the general lack of knowledge of pestilence and the spread of disease in the Middle Ages, Europe was poised to take significant human losses when the Black Death first entered Europe in 1347. Interestingly, though, the most important contributing factor in the spread of the Black Death throughout Europe was actually a function of the prosperity and general economic growth that had occurred on the continent at the end of the 13th century."
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Macroeconomic Performance in Europe and the US, 2008.
This paper discusses the changing nature of macroeconomic performance between Europe and the United States since 1997.
4,991 words (approx. 20.0 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 126.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how productivity advances in Europe and the U.S. have affected growth and how population discrepancies will exacerbate the already significant differences in economic growth between the US and Europe. The paper compares innovation policy, competition, demographics and labor market flexibility differences and the effects of fiscal policy, macroeconomic cost management and monetary policy. The paper also looks at future trends in unemployment levels and production in both regions. The paper includes several graphs and tables.
Outline:
Introduction
Labor Freedom of Movement
Resisting New Labor Entrants
Forecasting the Future: Europe and the United States
Summary
From the Paper
"Why is there such a difference in income between the two economic areas? Some of the difference is due to unemployment differences between the two areas. Most major western European nations have dealt with high levels of chronic unemployment for the past 25 years. Although current rates are declining, only the UK has demonstrated a consistent unemployment level below seven percent (Economist). Since 1996, the average unemployment rate in Germany has averaged 9.1%, while France has averaged 10.7% and Italy 10.3%. These figures tend to underestimate the actual level of unemployment, as those who are in job-creation and -training schemes, such as Germany's ABM (Arbeitsbeschaffungsmassnahme) are not counted in official unemployment statistics. Counting those programs, the actual unemployment rate may be closer to 15% for these countries (BLS)."
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EU Enlargement and Croatia, 2008.
This paper considers the debate surrounding the admission of Croatia into the European Union.
2,008 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the establishment of the European Union and explains that the enlargement of the organization has always been a controversial issue. The paper examines the accession of Croatia into the EU and explores how the EU is presently divided by conflicting opinions regarding the benefit of further enlargement. The paper concludes that despite the efforts made by Croatia, its accession in the Union is not certain to happen by 2010 considering the opposition wave of the EU officials.
From the Paper
"The enlargement of the European Union is viewed as a way of promoting the values that stand at the basis of the creation of the European Union throughout Europe. The enlargement of the organization has always been a controversial issue, as there are pro and con opinions about the necessity of the enlargement and about the future members of the Union. As EU starts analyzing the accession applications from different European countries, controversies arose. This has been the case with every wave of accession that took place so far, the most recent being in 2007 with the accession of Romania and Bulgaria."
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The Black Death, 2008.
An examination of the Black Death that spread over Medieval Europe in the 14th century.
1,187 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper refers to Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio's first-hand account of the horrors of the Black Death. The paper discusses how the Black Death completely mystified the medical community and its doctors. The paper also explains how the destruction and chaos created by the Black Death in Europe greatly impacted society and their leaders.
From the Paper
"The Black Death is most commonly referred to as bubonic plague and comes in two forms--pneumonic plague and septicemic plague. The most common form is characterized by painful buboes or inflamed lymph nodes in the groin, under the arms or on the neck. These and other symptoms are caused by an endotoxin which is released by a bacillus or bacteria known as Yersinia pestis, usually introduced into a person's body through the bite of a rat flea that has bitten an infected rat. Environmental conditions which favor plague epidemics, such as that experienced in Medieval Europe in the 14th century A.D., include a large infected rodent population within a non-immune human population in a damp, warm climate, such as found in the Mediterranean basin and Asia."
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