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The Importance of Calcium Compounds, 2001.
The following paper discusses the need for and uses of calcium in our bodies, lives and industries.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the need and benefits of calcium in our lives and discusses the detrimental or negative effects of overusing calcium resources.
From the Paper
"It is obvious, the impact that calcium compounds have on our world today. It goes without saying that our lives would be very different without them. They are an essential mineral to maintain health, and an important component of many things that we need to make our lives better.
However, all of this convenience is not without cost."
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History of the Periodic Table, 2001.
This paper is an historical overview of the periodic table.
1,645 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of the periodic table. The author begins with some background on atomic knowledge, and then looks at the ancient Greek scholars who influenced the early table. Early atomic theory, and the discovery of distinct weights are discussed in detail. The author pays specific attention to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, whose scientific work in the late 1880s provided the breakthrough in the construction of this table and remains the basis for the model used today.
From the Paper
"Mendeleev completed the table in 1869, when 63 known elements existed. As Mendeleev said, ?if all the elements can be arranged in order of their atomic weights a periodic repetition of properties is obtained.? (Leichester, 1965) Mendeleev arranged the elements according to weight, and then proceeded to group them into clusters of elements that possessed similar properties. These groupings, together with the consideration of variance from strict atomic weight order, left spaces in the table that Mendeleev predicted would encompass elements that had not yet been discovered. Mendeleev left these spaces open in order to accommodate future discoveries. He himself accurately predicted three of these missing elements- Scandium (ekaboron), galluim (ekaaluminum), and germanium (ekasilicon). By 1886, only seventeen years after the creation of the table, all of the elements previously predicted by Mendeleev had been isolated."
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Chelation Therapy and Metal Ions, 2001.
This paper is an overview of chelating groups used in the human body for treatment of excess and poisonous metallic ions.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a general overview of chemistry to familiarize the reader and describes how chelating ligands form complexes with metal ions. The chelating groups discussed are: Ionophores, British Anti-Lewisite, Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (Cisplatin?), and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The paper states that Chelation therapy will most likely perfect the removal of tumors without the need for radiation.
From the Paper
"Within the periodic table is found the basic building blocks of life. From the organic atoms like carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) to the in-organics such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and even gold (Au), it has been proven that both are vital to the survival of live. In the mid to late 1800?s, two men by the names of Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer began their work on the reoccurrence of certain characteristics of the known elements of the time (ref 1). It was not until some 15 years later that the periodic table, found in most every chemistry book published today, was accumulated into it?s easy to read format by Thomsen and Bohr (ref 1). Since then, many more steps have been made in classifying elements, such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids."
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Multiple Sclerosis: Not Everyone Who Falls Down is a Klutz, 2001.
This paper gives an overview of the symptoms and causes of multiple sclerosis. It includes illustrations of myelin sheathe damage, author's personal experiences with MS, and in-depth descriptions of three drugs commonly used to treat MS.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This is a concise paper explaining the symptoms of MS as well as the difficulty involved with diagnosing the disease. It explains the cases for some accepted potential causes and also examines the different types of MS. The three drugs used most commonly to treat MS - Avonex, Copaxone, and Beta-Seron - are compared and contrasted, and the pros and cons are duly noted. Paper written by an MS sufferer who also details her own experiences with the disease.
From the Paper
"In normal human beings, the immune system will spot and attack threats to the human body, like viruses or harmful bacteria. In a person with MS, the immune system sees myelin as one of these threats. Immune system cells come into the central nervous system and start attacking the myelin sheath, creating an autoimmune response - when the human body attacks itself. On these demyelinated areas, lesions known as "plaque" develop. The plaques eventually turn into scar tissue, sclerosis, in many different locations, which is where the name "multiple sclerosis" comes from. Thus, people with MS are more or less walking around with scars on their nerves."
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The Chemical Composition of Ethanol, 2001.
An in-depth examination of Ethanol.- its characteristics, uses and benefits.
1,485 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the ?fuel of the future?.
From the paper:
?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?
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Behind the Scenes of Human Cloning, 2001.
A look at the history of human cloning, its recent development and attitudes towards the phenomenon.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
An in-depth look at aspects of human cloning. The author outlines some major points about the ethics, myths and process of human cloning. Included is an examination of various cloning foundations, the history and development of cloning, legal issues and an analysis of the ethicality and moral issues around the topic.
From the Paper
"Cloning is one of the foremost thoughts on people?s minds today. A clone is a group of genetically identical cells. The term clone also refers to a group of organisms that are genetically identical. Today science can clone an entire plant or animal, not just a group of cells. The process of cloning humans is currently being deemed unethical, but there are some in the scientific community that are in favor of this experimentation. A clone would look identical to its predecessor. All of the genes in the clone would also be the same but the application of these genes may be different. The clone would not have the same personality or mentality of his or her predecessor. Identical twins are clones of each other but they develop into two different people and are not considered to be the same. A person?s clone would grow up differently and not be subjected to the exact same environment as it?s predecessor, therefore so they may not be the same person except for in looks and genes. "
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The Controversy of Cloning, 2001.
A look at cloning from a moral and ethical perspective.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the new emerging technology of cloning. The author looks at the scientific advantages and moral implications of this new phenomenon.
From the Paper
"Only four years after scientists cloned a sheep in Scotland, the ability to clone human beings is about to make the transition from science fiction to science fact. In recent news, announcements have been made regarding both the advancement of technology to clone and the interests expressed by some to utilize this technology. One such case is of an American couple who lost their 10-month old child to complications during a minor operation. Instead of having another child, they wanted this child. The couple felt that "their little son's genotype deserved another chance" (Talbot 40). The couple, well financed with money from a malpractice settlement, enlisted a "science-loving religious sect" called the Raelians to take frozen cells from their deceased child and make every attempt to clone him (Talbot 40). The issue of cloning humans is possibly the greatest controversy ever, as it will have the farthest-reaching effects on the world well into the future and there is a clear divide in society when the issue of cloning arises. Many support its use, while others cringe at the thought. Cloning technology is a fascinating prospect with firm roots in medical science and a strong footing in controversy as well, and responsible use will further advance higher knowledge and health."
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Nuclear Reactors and Energy, 1998.
An examination of the process by which nuclear reactors produce energy.
3,015 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 11 sources, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how a nuclear reactor produces energy. The paper includes a discussion of fission, radioactivity, types of reactors and how they produce electricity.
From the Paper
"All modern nuclear reactors operate on the principal of nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom is split when it absorbs a free neutron after a collision occurs between the atom and the neutron. Splitting the nucleus of the atom releases large amounts of nuclear energy contained within the nucleus. Once the nucleus of the atom is split, multiple neutrons are released which are used to split nuclei of other atoms, causing what is known as a chain reaction. The chain reaction will continue as long as an average of one neutron per fission is absorbed by a nucleus. By harnessing and manipulating the energy that is released, other types of energy can be obtained. The power developed by nuclear fission has been used by man to create, as in the driving of an electric generator and for propulsion, as well as destroy, as in the release of atomic explosion. Whereas the fission in a nuclear reactor is precisely controlled to prevent a nuclear meltdown, the fission in an atomic explosion is not controlled and the shock wave produced by the splitting atom and its resulting chain reaction is equal to several thousand tons of TNT."
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DTT and the Environment, 2001.
An examination of the effects of DDT on the environment.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This essay contains the history of the pesticide DDT and it's uses within the environment. DTT is a harmful pesticide which has been detrimental to the environment, and has caused a decline in a variety of species. The author focuses specifically on the effects of the pesticide on the environment.
From the Paper
" As earth's population grows so does the demand for food, and the use of pesticides has become essential in meeting this demand. The first important synthetic organic pesticide was a chlorinated hydrocarbon, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or DDT. DDT was discovered in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul M?eller. In its early days, DDT was a popular pesticide because it was toxic to a wide range of insect pests, yet it appeared to have low toxicity to mammals. DDT was also persistent, which meant the pesticide didn't break down rapidly in the environment and therefore did not need to be reapplied often and since DDT was insoluble it did not wash off by rain or other weather conditions. Although gradually throughout time it was discovered that many insects had developed resistance to DDT, and it was discovered that DDT did in fact pose to be harmful to the ecosystem. This discovery created wide public interest and made people aware that chemicals were polluting the environment. As a result DDT was banned for use in North America and other countries in the early 1970?s. Though pesticides, such as DDT, may decrease the number of insects, throughout history it has been proven that there is a detrimental effect upon the environment, animals and humans as a result."
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"Isn't that a Rock Band?", 2001.
A look at anthrax, its causes, treatments and effects.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the disease anthrax and the bacterium that causes it. Included is information on history, tests, where it is found, how and who contracts it, symptoms, treatments, and uses as a biological weapon.
From the Paper
"Since the events of September 11 shocked our nation we have become increasingly concerned with the possibility of further terrorist attacks. President Bush has already added a new member to his cabinet; Tom Ridge now serves as the Homeland Defense Secretary. Words such as anthrax and biological warfare, which are not usually seen unless you look for them, can now be found almost every time you turn on the television, pick up the newspaper or log-on to the internet. If you had taken a survey of Americans three months ago asking them ?What is anthrax?? the most common response next to ?I don?t know? would probably have been ?Hey, isn?t that a rock band?? Now it can almost be considered a household word. Since September 25th several people in the United States have become infected with a disease called anthrax, some have even died, because of exposure to letters containing a white powder from an, as of yet, unknown mailer. When used as a biological weapon, anthrax posses a serious threat to people and the environment and therefore should not be used as such."
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Searle's Biological Naturalism, 2001.
An analysis of psychologist John C. Searle and his philosophy of the mind.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the writings of psychologist John C. Searle and his philosophy of the mind. Includes a deep probing into the mind-body debate and an analysis of Searle's concepts and ideas.
From the Paper
"Searle?s answer to the mind-body problem is a radical adjustment in how we view mental and physical phenomena in regards to the philosophy of the mind. In fact, his solution demands a complete shift in the language we use to approach the mind-body problem. Searle asserts that we must no longer partition phenomena into either the mental and the physical. What we observe as mental phenomena are actually higher-level views of physical events taking place in the brain and perhaps the central nervous system. The workings of the brain do not exist in two separate domains that are related by rules, programs, or processing of information. To even consider one big all-inclusive domain would be wrong. Searle?s whole point is to discard the language we have used to describe the workings of the brain. Our language reflects our approach towards the problem, and by using the terms ?mental? and ?physical? we unnecessarily compartmentalize the observations we make about the mind. A philosophy of the mind does not need to incorporate a mysterious mental component that is seemingly detached from the physical."
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Should We Accept Cloning?, 2001.
A persuasive paper about the negative effects of cloning and the ethical and moral questions involve.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, $ 65.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper about the negative effects of human cloning. The author discusses the moral, ethical and religious issues that he believes outweigh the medical advances of cloning. Included is an overview of what cloning is and how it could effect society in the future.
From the Paper
"Human cloning is a controversial topic, the public regards it as inappropriate, while the leaders of certain scientific communities believe it is a sound practice that could be researched and used to benefit society. Human cloning is a form of genetic engineering, which most people consider morally wrong and, ?Playing God?. Through cloning an individual, you create an exact physical duplicate of that person, however, memories, personality and opinions are not recreated, and so differences do exist. Many pros and cons can be found when looking at cloning in depth, but it is my opinion that overall, it is not a beneficial procedure. There are just too many ethical issues that outweigh medical advances and prolonging life spans. A race has been started between scientists, everyone wants to be the first to clone an adult human, however with hopes of personal glorification and publicity, they have lost sight of the moral and religious issues at hand. Human cloning means creating a breed of people that have no flaws or imperfections, and since perfection does not exist, the clone could be nothing but a disappointment."
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The Neurotransmitter Dopamine, 2000.
This paper examines the neurotransmitter dopamine.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines one particular chemical, dopamine, to determine its role in the regulation of mood, as well as its effects in cases of chemical imbalance. This paper is intended to provide a scientific look at the molecule. Several scientific tests are examined and cited. The author, in examining dopamine, also covers a wide variety of related topics, including alcohol and drug addiction.
From the Paper
" Feeling well is important to everyone. Countless books, lectures, and small groups exist only to help people feel good about themselves. The state of happiness is controlled by many different factors, some that are external to an individual, and some that are internal. External factors would be any of those that occur outside of the individual, such as career related stress, status of relationships, and even the realization of some goal or accomplishment. Internally, or biologically, there are also many things that influence happiness and well-being. These biological factors can respond to external stimuli, or in the case of chemical imbalances, have configurations that are not controlled by any stimuli, but seem to act on their own. "
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Terminal Ballistics:The Study of Firing of Projectiles, 2000.
A detailed discussion of certain aspects of terminal ballistics with special reference to impacts on the human body.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 9 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper defines types of ballistics and goes into depth on terminal ballistics, velocity, and one-stop shots. The author discusses the effects and actions of the projectile upon impact of a target specifically the human body. What happens when a bullet strikes human flesh? Dismisses several theories in the field using FBI research.
From the Paper
"The study of the firing of projectiles, their flight and how they strike a target is called ballistics. There are several categories of ballistics including internal ballistics, external or exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Internal ballistics is concerned with the behavior of the bullet or projectile from the moment it is fired until it leaves the gun barrel. Exterior ballistics deals with the flight of a projectile after it leaves the barrel. One major effect of the bullet?s flight is the pull of gravity, which causes the bullet to immediately drop after leaving the barrel and fly on a parabolic path. Terminal ballistics however, is concerned with when the bullet hits a target and the effects produced by that bullet."
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The Benefits and Uses of the Plant St. John's Wort, 2001.
An in-depth look at the composition, uses and effects of the plant such as clinical effectiveness.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at the composition, uses and effects of St. John's Wort. The author explains the benefits of using St. John's Wort in clinical effectiveness such as treatment of depression, relaxant effects, antiviral and antibacterial actions, and treatment of burns and minor skin wounds.
From the Paper
"St. John's wort, or Hypericum perforatum, is an aromatic perennial native to Europe, parts of Asia and Africa, and the Western United States. It produces yellow flowers which bloom especially bright on June 24, the traditional birthday of St. John the Baptist, hence the name "St. John's wort". St. John?s wort is also known as "goat weed" or "klamath weed". The leaves and flowering tops of the plant yield about 0.1% hypericin, pseudohypericin, and related naphthodianthrones. Flavonoids such as amentoflavone, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin and the glycosides hyperoside and rutinoside have also been identified in Hypericum perforatum. "
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Electromagnetic Fields and their Effects on Health, 2000.
A look at current issues in toxicology such as EMF's and their effects on human health.
2,160 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 67.95
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Abstract
An in depth look at electromagnetic fields and their effects on health aspects such as breast cancer, leukemia, tumors and increase in hormone levels. The author argues that no clear evidence shows that EMF's do cause human health defects, yet many studies have proved to be inconclusive making EMF's potential harmful products that need further investigation.
From the Paper
"Electromagnetic fields, or EMF's, are invisible lines of force that surround all electronic devices and wiring. Researchers have explored the question of whether low- frequency electromagnetic fields can cause breast cancer, among other types of cancer, for roughly two decades now. Numerous studies have been conducted attempting to discover a link between EMF's and breast cancer, but most have been inconclusive(Rembert, 1997). They have neither come up with solid support for the hypothesis that EMF's cause breast cancer, nor managed to put it to rest(Taubes, 1997). There is no conclusive scientific evidence at this time showing a direct link between EMF's and breast cancer."
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Using Plants to Fertilize Plants, 2001.
A look at alternatives to chemical fertilizers.
2,068 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed and illustrated paper on using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers on plants. Results of experiments concerning this topic are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"Organic fertilizers can provide enough nutrients to plants, that is the reason why the plants can grow well. Also the organic fertilizers can change the structure of soil and create a good drainage system, and well-ventilated environment which can be a better place for microorganisms to survive. The organic fertilizers contribute a lot to the growth of plants, but they still have some disadvantages. If one adds too much organic fertilizers, the plants will die because the concentration of organic fertilizers is very high."
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The Atropine Molecule, 2000.
A look at the uses and structure of the Atropine plant.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Atropine the plant as drug and medicine under the following headings: Discovery, Extraction from its Natural Sources, Uses, Side Effects, Description of Structure.
From the Paper
"The medicinal properties of Atropine were discovered through Shamans or ?Medicine Men?. It is not known exactly when it was discovered, but the first recorded use of it was in 1676 when a group of soldiers in Jamestown went insane upon ingestion of the plant that contains Atropine along with other Tropane alkaloids. In 1968, over-the-counter remedies for asthmatic difficulties were banned after people began to use them recreationally."
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