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Lithops, Cacti and Exfoliating Bark, 2002.
This paper describes and presents the method of horticulture for three categories: Lithops, Cacti and trees with exfoliating bark.
4,470 words (approx. 17.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Lithops, a well known and admired succulent plant family called living stones or stone plants, that originated in South Africa and also is grown in the U.S.A., Europe and Japan. The author says that these plants are relatively to grow but great care needs to be taken with soil, temperature, time and amount of watering. The paper describes the wide variety of Cactus. The author states that, as unique as the cactus appears, its growth and flowering is similar to any other plants. he paper also describes the function of bark and the beauty of exfoliating bark trees in landscaping.
Table of Contents
Lithops
Growing Lithops Optica
Native Range
Cacti
Sample Growth Forms
Plant Care
Spines
Flowers
Root System
Metabolism
Growth
Exfoliating Bark
Trees
From the Paper
"All modern cacti do have stem stomata, so one of the initial steps in the evolution of cacti must have been mutations that permit the expression of ?leaf genes? in an unusual site, the stem epidermis. Producing stomata is a complex process involving the establishment of cell patterns, density of stomata and differentiation of guard cells. The similarity of the patterns in stems of modern cacti with the patterns in leaves of Pereskia may indicate that almost all the leaf epidermis development program is now being used to control morphogenesis of stem epidermis."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper debates the ethics surrounding the human cloning debate.
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with some general comments on the pursuit of knowledge and looks at some of the most influential modern-day inventions, such as nuclear energy. It then discusses whether human cloning is possible, tracing the history of cloning research and debating the viability of such cloning. Finally, the paper addresses the moral issues involved in the question of whether a human being should be cloned and the writer expresses his/her personal position on this issue.
From the Paper
"However, no undertaking can take place in a moral vacuum. The implications of new discoveries must be incorporated into the search for them. Atomic power would seem to have been an inevitable step forward in societal evolution. Its benefits are numerous - from the production of electrical power in place of more finite and more immediately ?dirty? sources such as coal and wood to the battle against disease -, but it cannot be denied that atomic power already has cost the world much in both immediate deaths (Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Chernobyl) and drastically shortened lifespans (the residents of all three locations who have succumbed to many forms of cancer and related conditions due to exposure to radiation). Indeed, atomic power may someday be the agent of extinction for the very people who sought to harness its awesome energies."
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Personhood, 2002.
A discussion of what constitutes a life, whether in an embryo or a person on life support.
1,127 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how scientific advances such as human cloning have forced us to examine our definition of life and death?whether in utero or on a death bed and how we find these concepts too huge to adequately encompass. It evaluates how we draw muddy lines in reality, lines based on our own biases and beliefs, but there will always be individual situations that give rise to unease. It draws on the opinions of different experts of what constitutes a life and what makes us a human being.
From the Paper
"Pojman points out that in nature herself, events occur that should make us question the idea that the newly formed zygote is actually a person. One common phenomenon is twinning, which can take place up to the third week of pregnancy. If an embryo is a person, how can it divide into two people? Another common insight that strengthens this argument is that miscarriages occur quite often in nature. It is estimated that 20% of conceptions end in miscarriage?and oftentimes so early that women are unaware of it. If nature herself is ?killing? people, what are we to think of that? Pojman offers an even more clever insight: if a single-cell zygote has an inalienable right to life, then we should never wash our hands or brush our teeth, since we are killing thousand sof cells. And since with the possibilities of cloning, we may soon find that any cell in our own body could become a person, we should never allow any human cell in the world to die, ever."
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Biology and Business, 2002.
A discussion of the biology and business aspects of alternative medicine.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the alternative medicine industry is one of the latest business opportunities that show rapid progress in the current economy and how this type of business is becoming a new trend in the world of medicine and modern health care. It analyzes how this field is beginning to develop into a well-established industry from the pharmaceutical and economic points of view. The key players in the industry are researchers, industrial representatives, the government, public organization and academic institutions and each of them can provide related information and share their knowledge and expertise to work in a collaboration project, so that the output of the researches will not only improve the economy condition, but also the quality of life of the community.
From the Paper
"A commonly elapsed responsibility of the industry is the publicity factor. It is necessary that the industry develop the marketing and promotion concept carefully so that it does not only focus on introducing the products to public and attracting their attention to buy, but also educating the community with the correct information about what they consume. Many people, even the well-educated ones do not find the right information about natural health remedies, or simply do not have time to find one, and hold on the perception that ?natural product is always better than the factory-manufactured ones.?"
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Hyaline Cartilage, 2002.
This paper discusses ,in detail, Hyaline Cartilage and its function, location. and diseases.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Hyaline Cartilage giving in depth information about the cartilage, its function and location. This paper also reviews the step-by-step procedure involved in the production of the hyaline cartilage and the age in which it is more dominant on the development of human bones. The paper also focuses on the diseases and the causes linked to the hyaline cartilage.
From the Paper
"Cartilage is not much common in adult humans but they do play a vital role during the developmental stage of humans due to their stiffness and ability to grow quickly. A cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue, which is composed of cells and extra cellular parts. The special feature of this is that a dense tissue called the perichondrium surrounds it (Blue Histology - Skeletal Tissues ? Cartilage, http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Cartilage/Cartil.htm#Hyaline). During the growing stage of human beings a temporal cartilage model precedes most of the skeletal bones. Even during bone fractures, cartilage is formed."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper discusses whether research on human cloning should be allowed to continue.
2,030 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the arguments for and against human cloning. The author takes a close view of the argument against cloning, showing the errors inherent in it. The writer concludes that cloning is not something that will necessarily be evil, but is a technology that can be utilized by society just as society utilizes artificial insemination and other technological innovations.
From the Paper
"The major argument against cloning is based on a philosophical view that focuses on how cloning could be damaging to society. It is this view that tends to create perceptions that cloning will lead to a major breakdown in society. The problem with this argument is that it rests purely on speculation and anything can be argued to be negative based purely on speculation. For example, consider the case of creating children naturally, a case that is accepted as part of society. This society includes that it is accepted that people can create children out of wedlock. To argue against natural childbirth, one could create a scenario where men travel from town to town, taking advantage of poor women and creating children as they do so. These men could be seen as creating an army of similar offspring, just as the cloning argument describes men as creating an army of identical offspring. This scenario related to natural birth is capable of happening, yet this does not cause childbirth to be banned outside of marriage. Instead, society places controls to manage these potential problems. This has shown how a purely speculative approach to the argument only creates misconceptions and causes a bias towards the issue."
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Infidelity and Biology, 2002.
A study of the biological urge that creates human infidielty.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the biological reason for human infidelity in both men and women. It explores the sexual instincts of mating and the biological clock with makes humans prone to unfaithful sexual encounters. The paper describes Darwin's theory of the 'selfish gene', which describes the human biological force to compete for survival.
From the Paper
"Why are men more prone to committing adultery and why do some seemingly happy and satisfied wives seek sexual alternatives? These questions that seek to explain infidelity have so far remained elusive. The concept of human emotions and the instinctual need to reproduce is something that remains undeniable. Sexual instincts or the 'mating' instinct is strong in most animals and humans are no exception. Evolutionalists are now claiming that the human's male and female's are prone to be unfaithful at a certain time during their biological body clock."
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Ethics and Reproductive Technology, 2002.
A paper which examines the influence of religion on science's policies.
798 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the issue of reproductive technology, with a focus on stem cell research. It questions the right of religious movements to influence breakthroughs in science, citing the arguments by pro-stem cell research camps that these new methods are beneficial to humankind with a potential to treat a multitude of diseases. The paper searches for an answer to the question as to what makes a soul, looking at different religions and experts in the field for their beliefs on the subject.
From the Paper
"Orrin Hatch, Republican senator of Utah, is both a Mormon and a former medical liability lawyer. He agreed, ?I cannot equate a child living in the womb, with moving toes and fingers and a beating heart, with an embryo in a freezer.? And yet Dr. David . Prentice, a professor of life sciences at Indiana State University, says that when sperm and egg join, a new genome is created, and that constitutes personhood. ?What makes us a human being?? he asks. ?It?s the genome.?"
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Stream Bank Erosion, 2002.
A study of river and stream bank erosion and the need for restoration.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper argues the environemtnal dangers of stream bank erosion, and that. if left unattended, it affects the soil fertility, the quality of the communty's drinking water, and endangers the survival of many forms of aquatic species. It offers a solution by growing vegetation alongside the banks to prevent erosion.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Factors Causing Erosion
Impact of Erosion
Remedy for Erosion
Bank Side Plantings
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Streambank erosion is one of the important and often neglected environmental problems. If not properly maintained the river and the stream banks can be easily eroded by the sheer force of the flowing water during the heavy raining season. The precarious situation, which results as a consequence of erosion, cannot be taken lightly. It is these stream and rivers, which replenish the water needs of the people. Conservation of this vital natural source is an important task and the responsibility lies with man. Let us now briefly analyze the problem of stream bank erosion and the remedial solution."
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Stress and Sex, 2002.
A discussion of the effects of stress and the benefits of sex.
743 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates the correlation between stress and the role of sexual activity in the reduction of stress. It looks at how stress that is experienced in daily life has an adverse affect on people and that sex is a form of physical activity and can be beneficial to reducing it. It describes the physical effect of stress on the body and shows how the relationship between physical activity and sex helps for relaxation, relieves stress and produces endorphins, the body's natural pain relievers.
From the Paper
"Researchers at Ohio State University (Heart Disease Weekly, 2002) tested how fast that triglycerides would clear out of the bloodstream of volunteers during a stress-inducing test compared with a session in which the volunteers rested. This study found evidence that short periods of psychological stress can cause the body to take longer to clear heart-damaging fats from the bloodstream. The results showed that stress caused triglycerides to stay in the bloodstream longer and suggest one reason why stress has been linked to heart disease."
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Endangered Species at the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, 2002.
An analysis of the observation of interacting endangered species at the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a study that observed the interaction between the plants and birds of the tidal mudflat and determine what the different organisms provided for each other in the environment. The paper describes the observation of species inhabiting the Bolsa Chica Ecological Preserve, located near Huntingdon Beach, California. The four species observed during this study were Belding's Savannah sparrow, California Cord grass, the Brown Pelican and Pickle weed.
From the Paper
"The intertidal salt marsh lies between the shore and the open bay water. Because of the proximity to the open ocean, it is often windy. It contains mud flats where the soil has high salt content that can only support grasses of varying heights. The salt marsh is home to a wide variety of birds, some that are year-round residents and others that use the marsh as a resting-place during their winter migrations to the South."
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Spaying and Neutering, 2002.
A paper which argues in favor of spaying and neutering cats and dogs to keep their numbers under control.
1,737 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how we need to overcome the myths that many people believe about cats and dogs and about what spaying and neutering really accomplishes. So long as people believe that cats should not be spayed or neutered until after the female has had a litter or the male has reached a certain age, the problem will continue and grow more marked. The paper shows that those who want to prevent animals from suffering should think about the suffering caused by the huge cat and dog population that exists now and how much more cruel it would be if that population increased any further. Veterinarians know full well what benefits are achieved through spaying and neutering and also know that it is more cruel to allow these animals to grow old, get sick, live in the wild, or otherwise be unwanted and unloved because there are simply too many animals. The paper argues that we worry greatly about overpopulation in the human community in the future, but we have a clear vision of what overpopulation causes in our cat and dog population today. As hard as some people worked to reduce human population growth to a manageable figure, so should we work today to assure that the animal population also is under control.
From the Paper
"However, as Adams (1997) notes, spaying and neutering is actually beneficial for the pet and for the owner alike. Spaying and neutering gives the pet a longer and healthier life. With spaying, a female's reproductive organs are removed, eliminating the chance of uterine and ovarian cancer. The risk of breast cancer also is greatly reduced. Spaying a female dog before her first heat cycle virtually eliminates the risk of breast cancer. Neutered males have their testicles removed, so there is no chance of testicular cancer. The chance of prostate problems in neutered male dogs is greatly reduced. Some pet owners worry that their pet will get fat or lazy after spaying or neutering. Their metabolism slows as they mature, but whether an animal is overweight is within the owner's control (Adams, 1997, 38)."
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Automated Bio-Terrorism Identification Equipment, 2002.
A discussion of the development of automated bio-terrorism identification equipment to detect and provide warning of the presence of biological agents in the case of biological wafare.
1,067 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how the Department of Defense has started work on a biological agent detection and identification program as part of efforts to develop a national early warning system for urban areas pertaining to biological warfare. It also describes the Biological Defense Homeland Security Support Program to achieve early detection and characterization of a biological-related incident in an urban area in order to reduce casualties, minimize disruption to infrastructures and support consequence management efforts. It looks at how the Postal Service has also set into motion work toward the development of bio-terrorism identification equipment due to anthrax scares and the work of biotechnology companies in the development of pulmonary drug delivery in order to combat air-borne bio-terrorist threats .
From the Paper
"Another developer of bio-terrorism identification equipment is NanoVia, LP, an innovative leader in the development of next generation high-speed microvia drilling technology. The company recently announced that it intends to further develop its patented drilling process for pulmonary drug delivery in order to combat air-borne bio-terrorist threats (prweb.com). While currently applicable for conditions such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, fast-moving allergic reactions, seizures and cardiovascular conditions, NanoVia, LP believes that inhaled physical threats, such as Anthrax, can also be combated with this technology (prweb.com)."
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Genetics and Homosexuality, 2002.
A discussion of whether someone is born gay or made gay.
2,361 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the question of genetics and homosexuality and how it has become increasingly important to discover its validity. It looks at how homosexuals are being refused leadership positions, custody and other benefits for something they allege is in born. The writer critiques literature relevant to the topic and presents the way each study was conducted and shows how studies have come down strongly on the side of genetics playing a part in the sexual orientation of each person. It evaluates how the maternal component of genetics has come to the forefront several times as the link to homosexuality and the importance of studying the maternal chromosomes more closely to try and locate the exact marker. It is a political and social need that it be determined one way or the other so that society can make its decisions based on fact not emotional reaction to homosexuality.
From the Paper
"Because of the religious and moral arguments that have been presented regarding homosexuality over the years, the scientific world has been working to uncover the truth about the origin of sexual preference. Church leaders blast the homosexual community and condemn its members to eternity in hell, while advocates for the rights of homosexuals insist it is something they were born to be. Those who are against the practice of homosexuality believe it is a conscious choice made by a person and they have the power to change their mind and become heterosexual."
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A Discussion on Biology, 2002.
This paper defines several biological terms in an easy-to-understand manner.
2,329 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 11 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
A discussion between family members that gives a lesson in biology and defines several aspects of biology such as vegetarianism, protein, vitamin B12, cladistics, tetrapods, and antisense technology. Because this colloquial paper is written in the style of a story being told to the lay person, the reader is able to easily understand the bioligical concepts.
From the Paper
""I'm being more efficient," Sadie said. "The 10% rule of ecology says that only 10% of the available energy stored in a food can be used by the next level of the ecosystem. So plants can use only 10% of the energy sent by the sun, and we can use only 10% of the energy stored by plants when we eat them, or 1% of what comes from the sun. Eating meat cuts the percentage to one-tenth of 1%. Too inefficient. That's why I eat only plants" ("Vegetarianism"). Sadie nodded her head wisely.
"She's right, you know." David was a graduate student in molecular biology. He knew that sort of stuff backward and forward. Uncle Eldridge looked a little startled.
"I learned that in class, too," I added.
"But what about protein? How do you get enough protein?" Aunt Sally looked worried.
"There are a lot of sources of protein besides meat. The need for protein is based on getting both essential and non-essential amino acids from your food," Sadie explained. "It can be from complete protein foods, like meat or fish or chicken, that include all the amino acids. But non-complete protein foods are just called that because they don't include every amino acid. So you just have to combine them to get all the amino acids you need."
"Will you be able to get all your amino acids today without the turkey?" Mom asked.
"Probably," Sadie said. "The beans, the potatoes, the walnuts, and the corn in the cornbread probably include all the essential amino acids between them." ("Protein")."
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Charles Darwin, 2002.
A biographical study of Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the life of scientist Charles Darwin and his historic theory of evolution named after him. It investigates his research on species of birds and his famous work, "The Origin of the Species", which describes how natural selection allows all animals to gradually evolve, with those animals best suited to the environment able to survive, reproduce and become the dominant species.
From the Paper
"Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England in 1809. The son of a doctor, Darwin was expected to also be a doctor and so he went to university to study medicine. However, Darwin often fainted at the sight of blood, this problem forcing him to leave medical school. Also at the request of his parents, Darwin began to study religion. While Darwin did not pursue his religious education, he did meet and become friends with a biology professor, John Stevens Henslow. Through this friendship Darwin became interested in biology, zoology and geography."
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Stem Cells, 2002.
A paper which argues in favor of stem cell research.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
Stem cell research has quickly made its way into the media headlines and is among one of the most controversial subjects in America today. The debate on whether or not to use stem cells for research is a scientific one, but it has also become a political question, as well.
This essay argues that the potential benefits far outweigh any of the moral concerns of the research. It shows how, for scientists, the possibilities of research are awe-inspiring and bewildering. No one denies the moral dilemma of the stem cell debate. To turn back now, researchers say, would be like turning our backs on a bright, sustaining light because we are terrified of the shadows it creates. The paper provides several arguments in favor of stem cell research, including the medical benefits.
From the Paper
"Standing with Mary Tyler-Moore, Gina Gershon and Michael J. Fox, she spoke at a Senate subcommittee meeting, expressing the urgency of the situation and the importance of stem cell research to her and so many others who are dying every day from ALS, a degenerative disease. When you look at the living, breathing people who could truly benefit from a used fetus, it is obvious that morality can bend in the direction of those who need help."
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Stem Cells, 2002.
A paper which argues that the potential benefits of stem cell research far outweigh the moral costs.
1,169 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversial stem cell research, including the moral dilemmas put forward by those who oppose this type of research. The author of the paper argues, however, that the benefits in the medical world from stem cell research would outweigh by far the moral costs. The paper argues that since the embryos left over from infertility clinics are going to be wasted anyway, they should be put to use by helping to save someone else's life.
From the Paper
"Last year, President Bush approved the use of federal funds to support limited research on only existing human embryonic stem cell lines. But as proponents of stem cell research have pointed out, this isn?t enough. Restricting federal funding to a limited number of cell lines will hamper the progress of the research. Proponents will continue to pressure the United States government to expand these limits and are hopeful that science will benefit from this pressure soon.
Shortly before this decision was made, Sen. Bill Frist, the Senate?s only physician spoke at a Senate sub-committee meeting. I am absolutely convinced ... that we can address the use of living tissue, of living cells that otherwise would not be used," said Frist. "I believe within an appropriate ethical construct, we can use that tissue to the benefit of hundreds of others, thousands of others, maybe millions of others." (Wildmoon, 2000)"
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