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Psychopharmacology, 2002.
An examination of this practice which uses drugs to improve brain function and its side-effects.
2,587 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses this medical innovation which has become a complicated medical issue. It discusses how these drugs are used to improve brain function and how both the appropriate and inappropriate use of these drugs can have a profound effect on both mind and body. It explains why the drugs can have physical as well as behavioral or emotional effects and how sometimes the side effects can be managed well, but sometimes can cause or aggravate another problem.
From the Paper
"The human nervous system has very specific cells that allow the nervous system to communicate within themselves. ?Interneurons" exist only in the brain and spinal cord and receive signals from the rest of the body from sensory neurons as well as from other interneurons. There may be as many as 100 billion interneurons, with up to 1,000 synapses where other neurons can communicate with them (Kimball, 2003). There are many different kinds of interneurons.
Most neurons communicate by releasing neurotransmitters to another cell. The part of the cell that sends the message is called an axon. It does not directly touch another cell?s synapses, but sends out a neurotransmitter. Different synapses are configured to receive different neurotransmitters (Hamilton & Timmons, 1994). The space between the axon of one cell and the synapse of the next is sometimes called the synaptic cleft, and the goal of many psychotropic drugs is to affect this process in one of several ways."
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Malarial Organisms, 2002.
A look at the biology of malarial organisms.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the malarial parasite is a complex organism which infects millions of people every year. It looks at how in recent years, the number of cases of West Nile Fever has increased, prompting many people to examine the cause and transmission of it and similar diseases. It demonstrates how understanding the biology of these organisms is important for scientists in order to prevent and cure future infections.
Outline
Introduction
The Human Malaria Parasite
The Life Cycle
Sequencing of the Plasmodium Genome
Polymorphism
Plasmodium Species
Merozoites
Invasion Process
Plasmodium Sporozoites and Ookinetes
Malaria in Animals
Exploring Malaria Biology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The mosquito ingests Plasmodium cells in human blood called gametocytes, which are precursors of gametes, and within seconds, gametocytes are induced into gametogenesis, which produces gametes. The gametes then produce sporozoites, which are accumulated in the salivary gland of the mosquito and then injected into the vertebrate blood stream during feeding. These cells will accumulate in the liver of the vertebrate, and then multiply and produce merozoites, which invade, replicated and destroy red blood cells, eventually leading to a decline in asexual replication. After the red blood cells are invaded, some merozoites produce gametocystes, which can potentially restart the total life cycle. These gametocytes are not able to self-replicate and will be die if they are not ingested by a mosquito, which will begin the life cycle again."
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Earthworms, 2002.
A look at the ecology of the earthworm.
1,294 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the earthworm is considered the environment?s natural recycler since it turns dead animals and plants into useful fertilizer within the soil. It examines how many people and companies throughout the world now use worms as a natural way to make composite out of leaves and other organic materials and how scientists are studying these creatures in an effort to replenish nutrients in soil that has been ruined with chemical agents.
Outline
Introduction
History of the Earthworm
Intelligence
The Digestive System
Make-up of the Soil
In the Soil
Survival of Earthworms
Species of Earthworms
An Important Job
Revitalizing Life
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are over 3,600 species of earthworms worldwide and many scientists believe twice that number may exist (McCarthy, 2002). One variety that lives near the Equator can grow to be 8 feet long and weigh over a pound. Nightcrawlers are different from most earthworms since they live deep in the soil and dig vertical tunnels over six feet deep. They also can grow to be a foot long and live over 5 years. Most earthworms live near the top of the soil, dig horizontal tunnels, and are short. Nightcrawlers do not need to completely leave their holes to feed. They keep their tails in their tunnels and bob back and forth looking for food and if grabbed by a predator, will hold on to the walls of their tunnels with amazing strength. At night, these worms can be heard as they rustle leaves while searching for food."
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Neural Networks, 2002.
An examination and explanation of the technology known as neural networks - also known as an artificial neural network (ANN).
1,952 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining this unique technology, which has already started altering the way people think about artificial intelligence. It says that this computer provides a unique computing architecture whose potential has only begun to be tapped. Artificial neural networks take their name from the networks of nerve cells in the brain, which they are trying to imitate.
From the Paper
"The more time scientists spend designing computers, the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that stump the most advanced supercomputer such as recognizing a face or reading a handwritten note are child's play for the 3-lb. organ. This is because the brain operates through a serried of interconnected neural networks made up of dendrites, rather than the typical computer program that performs operations through elaborate series of individual steps. Unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes, and forge new network connections. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to mimic the brain's abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an overgrown calculator; it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons."
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Animal Testing, 2002.
A paper on the need for animal testing to advance medicine.
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper advocates the benefits gained from using animals in medical and scientific testing. The paper points out that while, ideally, it would be better to not use animals, the benefits outweigh the costs. The paper outlines the contribution animal testing has made so far to the medical profession and why there is a need for animal testing at all. The paper then offers some alternatives to animal testing which should be used wherever possible.
From the Paper
"Animal research has been vital for medical advances in the past (?Today's Research for Tomorrow's Medical Advances?). For example, it has helped provide antibiotics and vaccines, insulin for diabetes, treatments for leukemia, local and general anesthetics, anticoagulants, heart valve replacements, and has made possible advances in medical technology such as blood transfusion, kidney dialysis, and the heart lung machine. See Figure 1 on the following page for a complete list of the contributions animal testing has made to developing vaccines, medicines, surgery enhancements and medical technology."
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Artificial Donor Insemination, 2002.
An examination of the issues concerning donor insemination and the rights of donor insemination-born people.
1,856 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to provide background information about a particular assisted reproductive technology, which is donor insemination. It discusses the uses, techniques, screening tools and confidentiality practices. It also analyzes the long-term effects of donor insemination, particularly the psychological, physiological, emotional and social effects on people born out of donor insemination procedures. Its stance is that couples/parents who subsisted to donor insemination procedures should tell their children about their biological origins (i.e., real parent) in order to avoid the negative effects that may result in the child?s psychological, physiological, emotional and/or social being.
From the Paper
"In the period of human civilization wherein most of the medical ills and problems that people usually encounter can be cured, the advent of assisted reproductive technology (ART) as a result of genetics and technological advancement led to the formulation of procedures that aim to solve problems of genetic disorders and infertility. Examples of these assisted reproductive technologies are In Vitro Fertilization, Gamete/Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer, Blastocyst transfer, Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, Assisted Hatching of Embryos, and Donor gametes. The last enumerated reproductive technology, donor gametes, is one of the most prevalent techniques used in assisted reproductive technologies."
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Acid Rain, 2002.
Studies the effect of acid rain on tropical forests.
1,393 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Due to the fact that the world?s tropical rainforests are located in areas far from the United States, many people ignore the fact that their future may depend on the future of these forests. Rainforests are being destroyed at an increasingly fast pace, much faster than any other ecological zone on earth. This paper examines the effect of acid rain on rainforests, mainly as a large contributor to deforestation, particularly in localized industrial areas in Africa, China, southeast Asia and northern South America.
From the Paper
"Researcher also believe that we should be concerned about the impact of acid rain on forest soils, as there is evidence that acid rain has already caused significant changes in the chemistry of some sensitive soils. As acid rain seeps through the soils, it can erode vital plant nutrients through chemical reactions, presenting a threat to future forest productivity."
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Brain and Language, 2002.
An examination of how the brain functions in order to develop and produce language.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the functions of the three areas of the brain - the fore brain (Prosencephalon), the mid brain or the mesencephalon and the hind brain or the rhombencephalon; and explains how each region within the brain is adapted for a special task. The paper then analyzes the connection with the brain and language development and discusses some conditions such as ?Broca Aphasia?, with which people have the ability to understand language but find it difficult to express themselves.
Introduction
Brain and Language
The Broca?s and Wernicke?s Areas
The Critical Period
The Split Brain Condition
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Our principal way of communication with the world is through language. Language is the medium through which we express our feelings to the outer world. The neural basis of our language and communicating ability is an interesting aspect of study and researchers have unearthed vital information pertaining to the language processing ability of the brain. The whole process of thinking and speaking is a bit complex though it seems rather simple to us. In short we are actually executing all the minor details like jaw movement, construction of the semantics, and the sound generation everything in split second that we fail to recognize the complex task that the brain handles so effectively. Researchers have found out that we produce about one sound every tenth of a second and yet with only an error margin of one sound error per million sounds. [David Caplan] This astounding performance speaks of the power and the capacity of the human brain."
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Xenotransplantation, 2002.
A paper on the benefits of Xenotransplantation, or the transplanting of animal organs into humans.
2,251 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the process of Xenotransplantation -- the process of transplanting organs across species. The paper offers reasons for supporting this process, with the main purpose being to save lives. The paper also includes a review of the opposition to Xenotransplantation. This paper offers the argument in support of animal-to-human organ transplant. Included are medical and scientific research facts which support the theory.
From the Paper
"In human to human transplant situations, the main concern is blood-type (including Rhesus factor) matching. Except in bone-marrow transplants, where the genetic-matching is also necessary, there are concerns in animal to human transplants. First is the question of the human immune system. It is already problematic getting the immune system to accept an organ from another human. Patients must take medications so that the new organ will not be rejected, or less violently so, by their own immune systems. The risks involving an animal organ will be all the greater. Second, there is the question of to what extent an animal organ could function in a human body."
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Zoos, 2002.
A paper discussing the role of zoos in the preservation of endangered animals.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper promoting the idea of zoos as an important place for the preservation of endangered species, as well as a place of education and entertainment. It also examines arguments against the traditional purpose of a zoo from anti-animal cruelty activists.
From the Paper
"If the world was ideal, all wildlife would roam freely and safely in their natural habitats. Unfortunately, however, the world is a place of commercialization and ignorance. Many species through the years have been hunted and poached to near extinction, and zoos have become a place of refuge and regeneration. Zoos today include natural wildlife parks and wildlife conservation parks. These parks ?encourage animals to behave more like they do in the wild by creating conditions as close as possible to the natural habitat? (Biology pg). Moreover, zoos and wildlife parks provide healthier diets with foods similar to what is found in the wild. Conditions are often designed to enable animals to live with others of their species. Furthermore, many zoos and parks provide a refuge for ill and injured animals that can be returned to the wild, by creating a secluded area to avoid ?human imprinting (when exposure to humans makes the animal prefer human company over its own species)? (Biology pg). These new natural zoos and parks not only give the public a more educated and realistic idea of how a particular animal lives in the wild, but, provide a more nurturing world for an animal to live and mature (Biology pg)."
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Addiction, 2002.
A discussion of the physiological causes of addiction and how this knowledge may be utilized.
1,097 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in order to develop effective treatment programs for drug addicts, it is essential to maintain a basic knowledge of the physiological basis of their cravings. It evaluates how the ability to explain the neuro-scientific effects of drug use allows those that are responsible for prevention to provide potential users with deterrents that are less dogmatic and more circumspect. It looks at how neuroscience has developed a new understanding of the reasons for addiction and how behavioral neuroscience has taught us that humans, like other animals, crave certain pharmaceutical agents. Studies have enabled scientists to better understand the neuro-chemistry of pleasure and of cravings.
From the Paper
"Cocaine and amphetamines also increase DA availability at synapses of the mesolimbic circuit, causing the same addictive effect. Self-administration of psycho-stimulants declines when this system is damaged. The normal function of this system is to energize appetitive behavior ? that is ? to provide motivation for action. This function is integral to the brain, in that the chief end of the human brain is to provoke action by making these actions appetizing. The psycho-stimulant allows animals to bypass other brain functions that contextualize desire and appease the brain?s desire centers directly. These brain systems might normally motivate an animal to explore and to vigorously pursue courses of action. Therefore, the effect of self-stimulation is duo-fold: it not only taxes brain centers that are responsible for the creation of appetite, but are eventually pulled from their innate desires to better themselves through pro-active conduct. "
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Nutritional Substances, 2002.
Explains the benefits of carbohydrates, lipids, monosaccharides, protein and cholesterol to the human body.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
When it comes to nutrition, terms like carbohydrate, lipid, monosaccharides, protein and cholesterol can sound almost like a foreign language. With all the conflicting reports of what affects ones body and what does harm, it is no wonder that people are so confused. The paper shows, however, that the importance of these substances is so vital that by understanding what they are, as well as how they are used by our bodies can certainly benefit our health and overall well being.
From the Paper
"By definition, a carbohydrate is group of chemical compounds that exist when hydrogen and oxygen (H2O) are then combined with carbon (Ed., Encarta). Carbohydrates are the largest group of organic compounds found in nature (Encarta). Humans, animals, plants and bacteria all use carbohydrates, and the uses for them varies depending on the organism using them. Plants use them for structural uses ? as in the cellulose and hemicellulose that are their main structural elements (Encarta). The cell coatings of the connective tissues in vertebrate animals have carbohydrates in them; both animals and plants use various forms of carbohydrates to store energy (Encarta). Chitin is a carbohydrate, and is the primary ingredient for the exoskeleton of invertebrate animals (Encarta)."
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Amino Acids, Carbohydrates and Protein Synthesis, 2002.
This paper explores the proper timing of amino acids and carbohydrates in regard to protein synthesis.
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explore the proper timing of amino acids and carbohydrates in regard to protein synthesis. It does this by examining the causes of catabolism and what happens during this process, by looking at the building blocks and the types of proteins involved in the process and by studying the function of insulin and how it functions in relation to the intake of carbohydrates.
From the Paper
"The field of Biochemistry which ?studies the structure, synthesis and degradation of large molecules found in living cells, their metabolic regulation, and their expression (Spencer, 1997)? is known as molecular biology. These large molecules, or macromolecules, include DNA, RNA, proteins and carbohydrates, and their complexes."
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Nature vs. Nurture, 2002.
The paper looks at studies involving twins in order to compare the influences of nature and nurture.
788 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that studying twins has been one of the most fruitful methods for comparing the differences between nature and nurture. The paper analyzes studies involving identical twins and twins separated at birth. It also examines studies involving twins that show there is a correlation between genetics and intelligence.
From the Paper
"The most famous results of the twin studies have been those involving intelligence. Generally, we tend think of intelligence as something that is not genetically inherited, but cultivated through intense study. In the Enlightenment, thinkers believed that people began life as a totally clean slate and that anything could be impressed upon them through proper education, religious indoctrination, and a solid and respectable upbringing. This concept, often referred to as tabula rasa, or ?the mind before it receives the impressions gained from experience? seems soundly refuted by the Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart (Webster?s II 1177). Instead of finding support for the Enlightenment notion, the study found that twins? intelligence tended to correlate very strongly despite differences in upbringing, and subsequent studies have supported this conclusion."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
A critical survey of the ethical arguments both for and against stem cell technology.
2,379 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of both the arguments for and against stem cell technology, based on Ronald Dworkin?s ethical writings on ?The Sanctity of Life? and John Rawls? ?Theory of Justice.? It puts forward the argument that because of the potential for stem cell research to benefit millions of people, the ban on creating stem cells for research should be lifted and that the government should extend federal funding for this potentially life-saving research.
Outline
Overview of Stem Cell Technology
Arguments for Stem Cell Research
Argument Against Stem Cell Technology
Evaluating the Moral Arguments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Aside from regenerative medicine and curing disease, stem cell research also has the potential of helping humans better understand human developmental biology. This has several important implications regarding questions like the causes of premature birth, genetic diseases and infertility, to name a few. Many proponents of stem cell research argue that harvesting cells from embryos is ethical because an embryo is not a human being. Ethicists Helga Kuhnse and Peter Singer contend that early embryos do not have the mental capacity of a human being. As such, the rights of an insentient embryo should not be allowed to prevail over the rights of, for instance, a patient with Parkinson?s Disease (Kuhnse and Singer 1990)."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
This paper describes the medical use of stem cells, how they are acquired, opposition to research, current research and limitations.
2,045 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many uses of stem cells, especially in the area of juvenile diabetes, Parkinson?s disease and cell regeneration. This paper explains how the fertilized human egg develops into stem cells and their various biological sources and how they are acquired for use in research, including the NIH guidelines. The author believes that stem cell research is so new that the scientists can only guess at what it will be able to achieve as well as what it will not be able to do.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Acquisition of Stem Cells
Opposition to Stem Cells Research
Limitations of Stem Cells Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Early research into the use of stem cells focused on two separate approaches. One involved the ?control of gene expression?, or determining when genes were active or inactive. The other involved the generation or new cells. Some recent research has combined the two approaches, looking at the possibility that gene manipulation could be combined with cell growth, further broadening the potential applications for gene therapy."
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Isolation of Esherichia coli Bacteriophages from Sewage, 2002.
This paper is a laboratory experiment using sewer water, which contains a large concentration of E.coli, to locate the bacteriophage to be isolated.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper reports on an experiment in which, using sewage water to locate the E.coli bacteriophage, the bacteriophage was isolated from the original culture and placed in an enriched medium to grow and reproduce. The author continues that each one of the plaques represents a viron from the original culture, and, by counting the plaques, they were able to determine the concentration of bacteriophages in the culture. The author reports that findings among the different lab groups differed significantly, but this could be explained by the fact that the experiments were performed on separate days a week apart.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"E.coli was grown for 48 hrs in TSB tubes at 37degrees C by the lab assistant. (Sewage from the Cheney Sewage Works.) The sewage was then centrifuged and the bacteria containing portion was filtered using a 100 mL filter apparatus. I picked up my E.coli and filtered sewage from the lab assistant. Next, I gathered 7 plates of triptocase soy agar. These were labeled 1x10^-3 to 1x10^-9 and placed into the incubator to bring their temperature up to that of the bacteria/phage solution to be added later. 9 Eppendorf tubes were labeled 1x10^-1 to 1x10^-9, these were then set aside. Sterile saline was then gathered and using a Beckman autopipetter. I transferred 900 uL of sterile saline into each Eppendorf tube."
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Genetic Causes of Cancer, 2002.
This paper examines a new area of research that has begun to discover genetic links to cancer.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper reminds us that even though cancer causes many deaths throughout the world, most causes of this devastating disease are unknown. Current research is now looking at genetic causation, which may lead to cures. The author discusses in detail cancer classifications that have a genetic link: Breast cancer, colorectal, mutations in tumor suppressor genes, childhood carcinomas and many other cancers. The author comments that there appears to be a lack of a genetic link between minority and white populations; therefore, the higher rates of cancer among minorities may be due to familial causes: Environment, occupation or environment.
From the Paper
"A gene mutation in BNC1 has been identified in glioma, a brain cancer; the inactivation of the gene may advance the malignant nature of tumors. Glioma is the leading killer of children with cancer. Brain tumors spread faster then other tumors. BNC1 may also be involved in the development of other tumors. An additional gene has been found that may be involved in multiple forms of cancer. The gene, MMAC1 or PTEN is found along chromosome 10. Two research teams working on separate cancer types found this gene. The brain tumor with involvement of this gene is glioblastoma multiforme, which is responsible for 5,000-6,000 deaths per year. As stated above, this gene is also seen in cases of breast cancer. The mutation was also found in melanoma, kidney and prostate cancer. The non-mutated form of the gene seems to act as a tumor suppressor, and the gene may determine malignancy in tumors as well. A rare genetic disorder called Bloom?s syndrome combines chromosomal instability and a high rate of neoplasia. Increased recombination along with mutation may cause the increased rate of neoplasia. A study on twins gives information on genetic links to cancer. Results of this study suggest a genetic link for the following cancers: colon and rectum in males, female breast cancer and in situ cervical cancer, prostate cancer, and total cancer. The only cancer listed without a heritable link was lung cancer in both males and females."
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