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Wine Making, 2004.
An overview of the process of wine fermentation.
879 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how wine making is an ancient but evolving art and science and how only recently have vintners and scientists alike been able to understand and, therefore, control the actions of yeast on the fermentation process. It discusses the whole fermentation process from the different stages of fermentation to the different strains of yeasts and catalysts used.
From the Paper
"Fundamentally, fermentation occurs when sugars are transformed into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and some chemical by-products. In the case of wine, the carbon dioxide is released. The entire process involves no fewer than thirty chemical reactions (Peynaud 94). Yeast catalyzes fermentation. During the initial stage of wine fermentation, which lasts up to one week, the winemaker will leave the vessel open to the air. Thus, primary fermentation is aerobic, which allows the yeast to multiply in number instead of getting to work on the conversion of sugars into alcohol. Especially within the first few days of fermentation, yeasts concentrate almost all their energy on reproduction. Biologically, winemaking yeasts reproduce by budding or by the formation of spores. Saccharomyces yeasts reproduce by budding."
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Narcotic Plants, 2004.
This paper discusses narcotic plants belonging to those categories of plants called psychedelic or hallucinogenic plants because they have a chemical compound that causes hallucinating effects.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that narcotic plants, known for their effects on mind and body since the prehistoric period, were often associated with magic, religious rites, and medicine. Although there are over 60 species of hallucinogens known today that are consumed by people in one part of the world or other, the author focuses on the five major narcotics: tobacco, opium, hemp (marijuana), betel, and coca. The paper relates that the hallucinations that occur because the neuronal messages are changed in a greatly dramatic manner when narcotic plants are consumed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History of the Use of Narcotic Plants and Hallucinogens
The Major Narcotic Plants
Ergot
Amanita
Marijuana
Opium
Coca
Tobacco
Other Hallucinogens
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Peyote: Botanically known by the name Lophophora williamsii, Peyote is a small grey-green variety of cactus found in northern Mexico and Texas. The Native Americans extensively used peyote particularly in their religious rites. The Aztecs ardently worshiped it and peyotism even grew as a religion among Americans. The compounds that are chemically active include mescaline and peyonine, of which mescaline induces hallucination essentially visual in nature, which enables the user to foresee and predict happenings as if in spiritual union with the divine power. Consumption of peyote causes intoxication accompanied by nausea, body shivers and perspiration for about two hours after which the user normally falls into hallucination."
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The Cow: A Journey From Birth to Beef, 2004.
An insight into the beef production process.
3,461 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the journey of the cow from birth to beef, with statistics from various sectors of the industry. It looks at how the journey from the cow-calf operator to the feedlot to the slaughterhouse to the market, i.e., the journey of a cow from birth to plate, is a long, complicated one. It examines how beef is a big industry in the United States and how, all along the chain of events, people are making money off the cow.
From the Paper
"While on the cow-calf farm, the cows and the calves are subject to several processes and conditions that are meant to ensure good health and strength, as this produces good beef. Cows are sheltered only during cold, wet months, as these conditions are most detrimental to their health. Normally, cows simply stay outside, using hills and trees for protection and shelter. This is not cruel; cows do just fine under these natural conditions. The cow-calf operator will also want to ensure that his or her cows and calves are protected from disease. Therefore, vaccinations are extremely important in this type of operation. Cows and calves must be vaccinated against a host of common organisms and diseases that can cause them harm and affect the quality of the beef."
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Primate Interaction, 2002.
Insight into the social interaction of various members of the primate family.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how primate interaction is among the most advanced of all mammals, excluding humans, and how primate interaction, unlike many other animal species, is based around banding together in groups. It looks at how primates are social creatures that function through male domination, competition, and eventual confrontation, and how all species of primates have relatively similar behavior patterns concerning these issues, except for the bonobos, whose behavior is quite unusual compared to their primate peers.
From the Paper
"One of the most interesting dynamics of the primates? social interaction is when male silverbacks from different groups confront each other. Often a rival silverback will challenge for control of the group. If the rival is successful, he takes control of the females and their offspring from the previous silverback (Gilders 32). Oddly enough, the new leading silverback will often kill the offspring, and prepare the females for the breeding of his offspring (Gilders 32). Gilders notes that during a fifteen year period at Virunga, thirty-eight percent of the infant deaths were due to infanticide caused by the rival silverback (32)."
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Working Animals in the Navy and Army, 2002.
A comparison between the dolphins used by the U.S. Navy and the chimpanzees in the U.S. Army.
1,369 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the use of animals in the U.S. armed forces. Making reference to the dolphins used in the Navy and the chimps used by the army, the paper shows how using these animals has helped advance the efforts of the two bodies. The chimps were specifically used in space and air travel to explore the effects of short-term and long-term flights on the body, while dolphins in the Navy were useful in search and rescue, as well as for their sonar abilities.
From the Paper
"Man?s countless endeavors in the improvement of human civilization has encouraged him to further his research and studies about fields of study that are yet to be confronted by society. The United States government, in its attempt to increase its power and knowledge in different realms of life, has developed various programs geared towards the promotion of easier space flight and travel and improved ?weaponry? for its war efforts as an example. These programs have been specifically formulated and implemented by the US government in its efforts to achieve enough knowledge about space travel and flight and an increased advantage over its enemies during times of war."
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Debate on Cloning, 2002.
Summarizes arguments both for and against human cloning.
2,529 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the medical technique of cloning and then looks at its moral, ethical, medical, and sociological implications. Arguments that both favor and oppose human cloning are discussed and analyzed. The paper presents scientific, ethical, and theological arguments on both sides of the debate.
From the Paper
"Supporters of cloning believe that their efforts will mostly be for the good of humanity. The potential medical benefits of genetic engineering override any fears (perceived or real) from cloning. They agree that the technology should be pursued until safe and reliable and should be applied to humans with caution. They believe that there are dangers in attempting to make blanket legal and political assertions on human cloning. This issue is too important. It needs debate. They believe that a ban would be irreversible and preclude further discussions. They also believe that just as antibiotics vaccinations were eventually proven as lifesavers, this new technology should be embraced. Therapeutic cloning offers, for example, an in vitro embryo the chance to evolve into a human being free from painful and debilitating diseases."
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The Evolution of Genetics, 2002.
This paper looks at some of the theories and great scientific minds that have contributed to the study of modern genetics.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper contrasts Gregory Mendel's "particular theory" with Darwin's "theory of evolution" and shows how Mendel's theory contributed to our understanding of genetics today, while the inherent limitations of Darwin's theory could not. The paper explains how Mendel's theory of "segregation and independent assortment" offered new insight into the process of evolution not offered by Darwin's theory. The paper also includes a brief discussion on the promises and ethical concerns of stem cell research.
From the Paper
"Gregory Mendel is considered as the father of modern genetics. He proposed the ?particular theory? of genetics wherein each parent passes on discrete units or character traits to the offspring. Mendel proposed that pairs of factors define each character trait and that each parent contributes one of his factors to the offspring. By his famous experiment of the pea plant Mendel proved that the character traits of an offspring are dependent on the selective expression or the domination of particular alleles. Mendel?s laws of inheritance marked the end of Darwin?s theory that was accepted for so long. Before Mendel Charles Darwin had proposed the theory of evolution based on natural selection. Darwin however could not account for the formation of new characteristics in offsprings."
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Stem Cell Research, 2002.
Takes a look at the ethical and moral issues surrounding stem cell research.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the developing field of stem cell research and the promise it holds for curing many kinds of degenerative diseases. It also considers the moral and ethical dilemma surrounding embryonic stem cell research and explores the future possibility of culturing adult stem cells as an alternative to embryonic stem cells.
From the Paper
"Scientists are still trying to understand the differences between stem cells and normal specialized cells. Embryonic stem cells are intriguing in that they can multiply themselves for a long period of time (more than a year) without developing any specialized functions. (Differentiation) Much research that is going on is devoted to understanding the signals, which trigger stem cells to differentiate into different functional cells. Furthermore, knowledge of the different signal mechanisms, which are responsible for differentiation of stem calls into particular cells, would make it possible for us to develop such cells in the laboratory by simulating the same environment. Once this mystery is unraveled it would provide a new insight into clearly understanding the causes for some of the serious diseases caused by cellular anomalies like cancer. This information would also provide scientists with the know-how of controlling stem cell growth in the laboratory."
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Bio-Terror Attacks, 2002.
An overview of bio-terrorism as the latest form of warfare.
2,688 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how bio-terrorism has been called a disease of modern society, a condition of life, an unsurpassed weapon of psychological warfare, and an antithesis of democracy and the democratic spirit It shows how, although bio-terrorism is thought to be difficult to accomplish on a large scale, recent cases of small scale bio-terrorism have demonstrated how easily it would be to inflict large-scale damage in small doses, if done in a coordinated attack. It examines recent cases, such as anthrax-tainted mail, and looks at how terrorists seem to have relatively easy access to a range of sophisticated, ?off the shelf? weapons technology that can be readily adapted to their operational needs.
From the Paper
"In September 1984, a non-state sponsored terrorist cult called the Rajneeshee from Oregon intentionally contaminated many salad bars in restaurants with salmonella bacteria. The incident resulted in 751 cases of enteritis, inflammation of the intestine (especially the small intestine), usually characterized by diarrhea, and 45 hospitalizations. This occurred just from a weak bacteria like salmonella. In 1995, the radical Aum Shinrikyo cult of Japan attacked the subways of Japan by releasing a sarin gas that killed twelve and left thousands debilitated. This cult had allegedly launched three unsuccessful biological attacks in Japan using Anthrax and botulin toxin."
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Stem Cells Research, 2002.
A look at the make-up of stem cells and their use in the medical sphere.
1,883 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by looking at the properties of stem cells and examines the phenomenon of stem cells, which provide limitless division and the rise of differentiated progeny. It then asks what embryonic stem cells are and looks at how they are cultured in the laboratory. It then discusses adult stem cells and the use of cell therapy today. The paper concludes with expectations for the future.
From the Paper
"Stem cells can be defined as progenitor cells or primitive cells that give rise to other cells. They are totipotent cells also dubbed as the ?master cells? of the body as they contain all the genetic information needed to create all the cells in the body plus the placenta, which nourishes the human embryo. Human cells have this capacity only during the first few divisions of the fertilized egg. Totipotent cells follow a series of stages and become highly specialized after 3-4 divisions. The next stage of division give rise to pluriopotent cells that are highly versatile and can give rise to any cell except the cells in the placenta. At the next stage, cells become multipotent, meaning they can give rise to several other cell types, but those types are limited in number. An example of multipotent cells is hematopoietic cells?blood stem cells that can develop into several types of blood cells, but cannot develop into brain cells. At the end of the long chain of cell divisions that make up the embryo are "terminally differentiated" cells?cells permanently committed to a specific function [Author not known, 2003]."
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Color Blindness, 2002.
An overview of the concept of color blindness and the biology behind it.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains the biology of the eye and the problems that cause color blindness. It looks at what happens in the visionary process between perception and understanding of colors.
From the Paper
"Many people do not know what color blindness is, why it happens, and the different types of color blindness. Color blindness is not total blindness. People with color-blindness can see things, but see everything in one color, or in misrepresented colors. Some of them may be able to see some colors, but not see other colors, while some may see no colors at all. John Dalton, a British Chemist, discovered color-blindness. He himself was colorblind. Color blindness occurs in our retina. The human retina converts the light energy that falls on the retina in the eye and converts it into electrical energy. These electrical impulses are then sent on to the brain. The photoreceptor cells do the conversion of the electrical energy. These cells are of two types- rods and cones. People who have normal eyesight are able to combine the inputs from these cells into different combinations and see color. A set of special receptor cells in the eyes called cones located in our eyes gives us our color vision. The cones are the cells to distinguish between colors."
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Animals in Michigan, 2002.
A brief study of the mammal life which can be found in the Michigan area.
1,278 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the many mammal species which can be found in Michigan. The paper studies how they have evolved to live in the Michigan area and live off the land. The paper also includes a general discussion of the geological history of the Michigan area. The paper begins by exploring those animals which are now extinct.
From the Paper
"It has been suggested that the mammoths and mastodons, in particular, were drawn to Michigan because of the many salt seeps and the many sources of shallow water, from which they could drink. These mammoths and mastodons may therefore have been migratory in their behavior, and stayed in the Michigan area due to the well-suited surroundings. Around 10,000 years ago, these large mammals became extinct in the Michigan area (in common with their extinction in most of the rest of the world)."
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Brain vs. Mind, 2002.
Examines the relationship of the split hemispheres of the human brain.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The philosopher Thomas Nagel became famous for his advocacy of the idea that human consciousness and subjective experience cannot be reduced to a discussion of ?mere? brain activity and that the human brain is bifurcated into two hemispheres. The paper shows that in his essay on ?Brain Bisection & the Unity of Consciousness,? Nagel stresses that merely because this is the case, the sum or interaction of human being?s two brain hemispheres of left and right is essentially greater than the catalogued capabilities of the two parts. Nagel stresses this as proof of his thesis that the human consciousness is more extensive than simply a list of the respective components of the brain?s left and right hemispheres. The paper critically analyzes Nagel's view. It also touches on the growing research on gender differences between the interaction of brain hemispheres
From the Paper
"Even if human beings are indeed all ?brain,? this does not mean that human beings will not vary in the ways that the different components of their brain interact in an interesting, varied, and compassionate manner. Nagel fears the potential predictability of the human consciousness as reducing the mysteries of human subjectivity to a catalogue of components. But to suggest, for instance, that the right brain might deal more with abstraction, as to the hemispherical components of left brain which are said to deal more with verbal capacity, can hardly predict the relative ability of any individual to use those abstractive or verbal capacities."
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Primate Intelligence, 2002.
A discussion of the parameters involved in defining intelligence and determining cause for cognitive growth in primates.
2,239 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how it has long been recognized that primates are more cognitively advanced than other mammals and how that the degree of cognitive awareness and ability grows significantly from prosimians to humans. It looks at the debate of which parameters should be used to define and compare intelligence as well as the causal factors leading to this cognitive growth. It analyzes how studying today's population of primates can shed some light on cognitive evolution and how it can also provide additional information on what makes humans unique and what can be done to eliminate primate extinction and enhance human evolution.
From the Paper
"New world monkeys spend most of their time in the treetops. Living at such heights, they feed almost entirely on leaves and fruit. There is ample food and few large predators, aside from larger snakes and some birds of prey. New world monkeys have not developed the complex communities and family groups found among old world monkeys and apes. Most species give birth to twins and live in groups of 4-20 individuals. Social structure varies from one male-one female to multi-male-multi-female groups, with usually only one breeding adult female at a time. Groups are territorial and defend their home range through calls, fur displays, scent marking and facial expressions (ibid)."
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Do Animals Have Language?, 2002.
An examination into the question of whether animals have a language of communication, focusing on dolphins.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that higher mammals like primates, dolphins and whales are capable of and have evolved a complex language of their own. Towards this, the paper looks at the recent research done regarding the ?whistling? and other auditory communication among dolphins. In arguing that this ?whistling? constitutes and fulfills the functions of language, the paper uses the framework on the syntactic structures and the various aspects of language. Through an application of Chomsky?s criteria, this paper argues that dolphins have evolved a communication system made of whistling sounds that serve many of the purposes of human language.
From the Paper
"For Chomsky, human language is characterized first and foremost by structural principles like grammar, an underlying system of rules that govern the communication exchange. By understanding the rules that govern this communication, humans are able to develop a "creative ability" that allows them to speak or understand sentences that they have not heard previously (Chomsky 19-21)."
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DNA Application, 2002.
A research project examining the application of DNA in solving cold cases in California with forensic science.
6,156 words (approx. 24.6 pages), 51 sources, APA, $ 144.95
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Abstract
This research paper explains what DNA is and how it is used to solve criminal cases. Additionally, it discusses the implications of DNA fingerprinting in solving cold cases, with a focus on collection methods and applications in the state of California. The research analyzes and discusses the feasibility of DNA testing in solving cold cases and studies the impact that DNA fingerprinting has had on the forensic science community as a whole. The research is driven by studies and collection methods already implemented by the scientific community as well as future methods of collecting and testing DNA evidence as it relates to the investigation of unsolved murders.
From the Paper
"Adding to an already heavy burden, most states including California are attempting to take DNA samples from a prison population approaching 2 million. This DNA information is being used in order to create state and national DNA databases. ?All 50 states have passed laws requiring collection of DNA from convicted sex offenders, and 34 states have enacted statutes requiring that DNA be taken from those convicted of other crimes.? (Price) Although most are in support of creating such a database, others feel that it is a violation of the American Constitution. Additionally, many proponents of DNA in criminal murder cases feel that DNA is still an unproven science with many inherent flaws that could convict innocent people and allow some to literally get away with murder."
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Joints and Muscles, 2002.
The paper discusses the important role the joints and muscles play in the makeup of the human body.
858 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the nature and purpose of muscles and joints and how they are responsible for the different movements made by the body. The paper looks at the three distinct categories of muscles and the way that the pace of a movement requires different combinations of actions by the muscles. The paper also analyzes various muscle and joint disorders such as cramps and arthritis.
From the Paper
"Joints, which work closely with muscles, are just as important to movement. Every bodily action is based on the principal of the lever--the bone acting as the lever, the joints as the fulcrum where the lever pivots and muscle contractions as the force. Joints are located where two bones intersect. They define direction and extent of skeletal movement. One type of joints, synovial, are covered by a viscous, slick fluid so they can easily slide back and forth. For example, hinge joints are found in the elbows. The wrist and ankle have gliding joints. The hip and shoulders move because of ball-and-socket joints and the thumb due to saddle joints. The layer of dense tissue, or periosteum, covering most of the skeletal bones is replaced at these joints by a thin layer of cartilage. The cartilage can absorb the shock of activities such as running and jumping."
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Borna Disease Virus, 2002.
Examines methods used for the detection of the Borna disease virus, relating them to the epidemiology of the disease.
5,741 words (approx. 23.0 pages), 32 sources, APA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
The first cases of Borna disease in the 17-19th century in Southern Germany exposed a fatal disease affecting the neurological systems of horses and sheep, causing behavioral and neurological symptoms. It has since been discovered, however, that the disease affects other animals and even human beings. The paper shows that research into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the BDV is impeded, however, by a lack of universally accepted standard for its detection, especially in humans. This paper covers in detail the various methods used to detect the BDV virus and analyzes their efficiency in doing so. This is done with reference to the epidemiology of the virus that is changing significantly and speedily with the use of analytical techniques. The paper also compares these processes and gives suggestions for future research in the light of modern day studies.
From the Paper
"A reason for renewed interest and research into the pathogenesis and characteristics of the BDV is the possibility recently discovered of the BDV being an etiological factor in human behavioral disorders as well. [J?rgen 1997] Numerous scientific studies are being done to accumulate evidence to clarify this issue. One study showed that 10-15% of psychiatric patients had anti-BDV antibodies as compared to only 2% in the general population. [Schizophrenia and Borna Disease Virus as a Zoonosis? 2000] Another on patients with severe depression detected anti-BDV antibodies in 30% of the hospitalized cases. [Schizophrenia and Borna Disease Virus as a Zoonosis? 2000] BDV was also detected and isolated in patients with mood disorders while BDV nucleic acids and antigens have been detected in both sera and brain tissue of psychiatric patients."
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