| Papers [487-504] of 1889 :: [Page 28 of 105] | | Go to page : <— 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 —> | |
|
|
The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005.
Looks at developing technology in human cloning and the ethical concerns surrounding this technology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides background information on genetic engineering and then delves into a consideration of the ethical and moral issues concerning this technology. Next, the paper describes some of the benefits of potential applications of genetic engineering and refutes the main arguments presented by those who oppose genetic engineering.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering and cloning have played important roles in agriculture for many generations. Bananas and seedless grapes, for example, are, quite literally, living genetic clones (Krock, 2001). Prior to the last decade of the 20th Century, human cloning was purely a subject of science fiction, but by the dawn of the 21st Century,
researchers had already cloned several mammals successfully."
| |
|
Canine Operant Conditioning and Behaviorism, 2004.
An examination of canine behavior, focusing on the issue of genetics versus environment.
4,335 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the relevant and scholarly literature concerning operant conditioning, in general, and the extent to which it works with dogs, in particular. The paper presents the "nature versus nurture" debate and explores whether canine behaviour is determined by genetics or environmental influences.
From the Paper
"The debate over nature versus nurture as it applies to learning dates back over a hundred years. Certainly, during much of the 20th century, the distinction between learned and inherited behavior appeared much clearer than it does today. The concept that any type of behavior was either learned or merely developed without learning seemed a rationale and straightforward belief. Research based on these expectations caused some scientists to conclude that rat-killing behavior among cats, for example, is a learned behavior rather than an instinctive one, that human fears are all acquired, or that intelligence is completely the result of experience. Learning theorists were arguing at this point that most behavior is learned and that biological factors are of little or no importance."
| |
|
Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses the ethical controversy over stem cell research.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 41.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that the principal ethical issue underlying objections to the medical use of stem cells has its roots in the Christian religious belief that human life begins at conception. Scientists absolutely reject this belief and consider all biological life, including human life, to be fundamentally the same, different only in degrees rather than in kind. The author states that the argument against stem cell research is based on the specious ?slippery slope? argument, according to which producing embryos for medical research would necessarily lead to human cloning. he paper concludes that there is no basis in objective ethical principles to prohibit the medical profession from pursuing all avenues likely to improve human life by eliminating as many debilitating diseases as possible.
From the Paper
"Human stem cells exist in four varieties, with different relative therapeutic medical potential. Stem cells derived from early human embryos have the greatest medical potential and likely hold the key to curing victims of traumatic spinal paralysis and organ tissue regeneration instead of reliance on donor tissue transplantation. Embryonic stem cell tissues are referred to as totipotent, because they seem to posses the unique potential to grow into virtually any human tissue or even complete human organs."
| |
|
Peptides, 2004.
An examination of the importance of amidation of peptides in humans.
5,530 words (approx. 22.1 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of peptides and their role in biological processes, how amidation of peptides works and its importance, and a description of the two functional domains of the PAM enzyme (PHM and PAL) and the roles they play in amidation. An assessment of whether amidation prevents C-terminal degradation is followed by a discussion of which peptides/proteins are susceptible to C-terminal degradation by carboxypeptidase. An analysis of whether E. coli can be modified to perform amidation is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Further, there are currently methods to determine peptide binding to some HLA class II-DR and -DQ molecules; some of these methods measure the relative strength of the peptide -HLA interaction using isolated class II molecules and purified peptides. Other methods are used to predict peptide binding to HLA using computer algorithms (Harding, Mucha, Power & Stickler, 2003). The number of amino-acid molecules present in a peptide is indicated by a prefix: a dipeptide contains two amino acids; an octapeptide, eight; an oligopeptide, a few; a polypeptide, many (Conley, Schwartz & Desforges, 2004). The distinction between a polypeptide and a protein is imprecise and is regarded as being largely academic; some authorities have adopted, as an upper limit on the molecular weight of a polypeptide, 10,000 (that of a peptide that is composed of about 100 amino acids) (Conley, Schwartz & Desforges, 2004)."
| |
|
Genetic Engineering, 2004.
An analysis of the ethical considerations implicit in genetic engineering technology.
1,537 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews the case of a child born as a clone of the father from the perspective of Lee M. Silver, author of "Remaking Eden". Similarly, the case of a child cloned to provide bone marrow for a sibling is discussed through the perspective of Dr. Leon R. Kass, author of "Life, Liberty and the Defense of Dignity". These two cases reveal a great deal about the differing perspectives of the authors and the polarization of the debate that surrounds the future of genetic engineering.
From the Paper
"In the case of Repete, on interesting issue may be the potential difficulty for the clone in developing a separate identity from the father. Critics could argue that it may be difficult for the son (Repete) to create an identity that is different from his father, who is virtually genetically identical. Further, the father and mother may psychologically expect the child to be virtually identical to the father, thus pressuring the child not to create a separate identity, and to keep many of the father?s characteristics."
| |
|
Minks in Virginia, 2004.
An analysis of the carnivorous mammal, the American mink, in the state of Virginia.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the life history of the American mink, Mustela Vison. The paper explores the distribution of the mink within the state of Virginia. The ecological relationships are described. The paper assesses the conservation efforts taken, since mink populations have been reported as declining in Virginia.
From the Paper
"Adult male minks have an overall length of 16 to 26 inches and weigh on average between 1.5 to 5 pounds, making them much larger than their European counterpart. Female adult minks are smaller than the males. The coloring of minks can vary naturally from deep brown to almost black, with a lighter abdomen, which may have white spotting. (?Mink ? Encyclopedia Americana?, 2004) They are primarily solitary animals, except during mating season, and are quite shy. The American mink are expert swimmers and divers, reportedly reaching 20 feet in dive depths, and have the ability to swim underwater for nearly 100 feet before having to come up for air. As twilight and nocturnal animals, they are mainly active from dusk to the early morning hours of dawn, however they can occasionally be seen active in the daytime."
| |
|
Entropy, 2004.
An analysis of entropy, the spontaneous dispersal of energy.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of entropy, describing how it governs every physical, chemical, and biological aspect of life. The paper explores two different perspectives to view entropy: that it is essentially dispersive in nature and that it is constructive in nature. The paper provides examples to illustrate entropy.
From the Paper
"Entropy effects are seen in almost every instance of life. At an atomic and molecular level, the energy of substances is associated with their motion. A more energetic compound has greater motion. This atomic and molecular motion can be translational, vibrational and/or rotational, in decreasing order of energy. Each of these motions is associated with energy levels that are discrete. Atoms and, in turn, molecules cannot have randomly assigned energies. This means that substances can possess only discrete quanta or packets of energy."
| |
|
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2005.
An overview of stem cell research and the controversy surrounding the subject.
4,533 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion of the trade-offs that technological advances bring between advantages and disadvantages and how the greater the complexity of the technology the greater the complexity of the trade-offs. The paper then points out how this is particularly true when it comes to technology involved with stem cell research and explains the main ethical concerns associated with this research. Next, the paper presents background information and a history of stem cell research and takes a deeper look at ethical, moral, and legal issues on both sides of the stem cell research debate. Finally, the paper concludes with the author asserting that, after thorough examination and consideration of the information gathered, he believes that the advantages of stem cell research will far outweigh the disadvantages.
From the Paper
"Technology: Love it. Hate it. Who would give up their cars, especially those living in the suburbs? However, thousands of people mourn the tragedies that occur on the roads every year. How many individuals can go without all the time-saving unrecyclables they use every day? Yet no one wants landfills in their location. Patients laud technological innovations in healthcare for early diagnosis. But they get very concerned when hearing about some of the possible side effects from medical advances. People have trouble accepting that technology, like everything else, presents a tradeoff. As technological advances become increasingly complex, so do the tradeoffs involved. This is especially true when ethical considerations arise such as with the embryonic stem cell debate. The number of people who could benefit from stem cell development is infinite. Yet many people, in particular those with moral and religious concerns, highly question the use of embryos and biological modification. This is not a dilemma that will be quickly resolved, especially since no one knows all the future ramifications. The hope is that on the bottom line, the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages."
| |
|
Desiccation Tolerance in Prokaryotes, 2005.
A research paper about water stress or dehydration at the cellular level.
4,645 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 120.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This research paper takes a look at a special type of dehydration known as dessication, where drying takes place in air. The paper is concerned with responses to water stress at a cellular level and is dedicated to exploring the current research being done in explicating the idea of desiccation tolerance in prokaryotes, namely, bacteria and archaea.
From the Paper
"Bacteria are critical to most molecular biology research. If a DNA sample is to be studied or created in large quantities for expression purposes for (for instance) protein synthesis, researchers make use of Escherichia coli. The DNA is inserted into the E. coli chromosomal plasmid. The bacteria are then spotted on a plate that contains nutrients and moisture that allows the bacteria to grow and reproduce. Each spot is then allowed to multiply (almost exponentially) in a medium rich for bacterial growth. This medium is aqueous. It is kept at a temperature of 37 ?C?the ideal temperature for bacterial growth. E. coli then multiplies by the typical bacterial reproductive process of geometric cell division, thus creating large quantities of the DNA to be studied. The point for using, what is called as recombinant DNA techniques, is not only to illustrate that bacteria drive research, but that bacteria thrive under moist conditions at the right (and mild) temperature. The operative terms being?moist and mild. As such, E. coli, despite its abundance is not a good candidate for desiccation tolerance and research has shown that this is indeed true."
| |
|
Hybrid Vehicles Are the Only Way to Go, 2005.
Argues that, for ecological purposes, we should only be selling and using hybrid vehicles.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of hybrid vehicles. Specifically, it argues that, since it has been proven that the technology for hybrid vehicles works, we should only build and sell hybrid vehicles so that we can help reduce the damage done to the nation's air quality.
From the Paper
"Hybrid electric vehicles have been talked about for many years. It is only in the last decade that they have been made both affordable and applicable to the daily lives and commutes of millions of Americans. Dictionary.com defines the word "hybrid" as: "Something of mixed origin or composition." Indeed, these vehicles, produced primarily by Japanese manufacturers Toyota and Honda at the present, combine the best of two fuel sources ? gasoline and electric. This technology uses the best of each type of fuel, and can save drivers at least 50 percent at the fuel pumps (Editors). In addition to being less costly to drive, HEVs are much cleaner than conventional gas and diesel engines. They do not pollute as much, and this is a vital consideration for the air quality in America, and in the world. Our air quality is suffering dramatically, and automobile emissions are one of the leading causes in the depletion of our overall air quality."
| |
|
Nature vs. Nurture, 2004.
This paper presents an examination of the "nature versus nurture" theory.
1,879 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The debate about nature vs. nurture has raged on for many years. This paper discusses how, the more society learns about science, the more it learns that nature has a significant impact on the shaping and development of a person. It explains that this is important because it will change the way law enforcement agencies, educators, and others plan for the future. Rehabilitation, preparation for students, and other things will be looked at from a different angle once it becomes accepted that nature and genetics, through an evolutionary process, provide the cornerstone for development in the shaping of people.
From the Paper
"Those who believe in the nurture theory argue that it is in the raising of the child and the lessons he or she is taught that ultimately shapes the end result. Those who favor the nature side of the argument disagree, and believe that the genetic component is much more important than anyone realizes when it comes to the eventual adult creation.
Two experts in the field of science when it comes to human nature believe that nature is the underlying driving force behind the design of people."
| |
|
Lifestyle of the Ichthyosaur, 2004.
An examination of the lifestyle of the ichthyosaur.
3,789 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at the habits and characteristics of the ichthyosaur, which is a family of marine reptiles that existed during the same era as the dinosaurs. The paper looks at the lifestyle of the species and focuses on various extinction theories.
Introduction
Well-Adapted to Ocean Life
Diet
Reproduction
Locomotion
Deep Divers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Ichthyosaur fossils were discovered in the late nineteenth century, before the first dinosaur fossils were discovered, and received little acclaim. It wasn?t until the recent discovery a few years ago of a small amount of new specimens in Japan and China that a wider interest in ichthyosaurs? was revived. The ichthyosaur is a fish-shaped tetrapod of the diapsid family. Tetrapod means four-limbed vertebrate. Diapsids are classified as having two openings in the skull and is a classification that encompasses reptiles and birds. There is much fossil evidence to support the conclusion that ichthyosaurs were descended from terrestrial, or land-dwelling, reptiles. One such example is that Ichthyosaurs were air-breathers like cetaceans."
| |
|
Business Ethics, 2004.
An analysis of the future of ethics in the business world.
1,939 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the ethical obligation of the business sector to society as a whole. The paper examines the business of cloning and presents the belief that the cloning industry will have some serious business ethics obligations to uphold for mankind. The paper outlines several theories on the origin and nature of the universe, the origin and nature of humankind, a diagnosis of what is wrong with humankind, and a prescription for putting it all right.
From the Paper
"The pre-modern-day American Indian is the solution to our species dilemma. Okay, don?t laugh. I understand the philosophy that now that farmer has seen New York and Paris it is much more difficult to get him back on the farm? I am sure the same thinking holds true for modern day mankind. Now that we have had the rush from the expulsion of vast amounts of energy, how can we possibly go back to living in teepees? The solution would have us live off the land and at the same time live with the land."
| |
|
Darwinism and Militarism, 2004.
Discusses the influence of Charles Darwin's theories on militant leaders such as Adolph Hitler.
2,427 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 74.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at the links between Darwinism and militarism. Charles Darwin's ideas are discussed. The implications of Darwin?s theories on society are then examined, particularly in terms of the development of eugenics, which was so influential for Hitler and his political and social aims. The paper then looks at how Hitler used his understanding of Darwinism and how this, in turn, led to increased militarism in the world.
From the Paper
"Darwin avoided discussing the theological and sociological aspects of his work, but other writers used his ideas in their own theories about society: the German philosopher Karl Marx compared the struggle for survival among organisms to the struggle for power among social classes; certain other writers referred to natural selection to justify the concept of the development of superior races of human beings, and scholars called social Darwinists used Darwin's ideas to promote the belief that people in a society - and societies themselves - must compete for survival (Coyne, 2003)."
| |
|
Darwinism, 2004.
An analysis of Darwinism and the "Standard Social Science Model" (SSSM), which claims that only genetically determined human behavior is natural or biological.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the SSSM and evaluates its statement that genes determine all human behavior. The paper presents arguments to support this statement and also to undermine it. The paper analyzes human altruism and cultural determinism.
From the Paper
"Let us consider another source of human nature, namely evolution. The statement becomes, ?If evolution is the underlying cause of human behavior then human beings have less concern for each other than they would if culture was the underlying cause of human behavior.? Richard Dawkins, the author of ?The Selfish Gene?, describes human beings as ?just gene machines? (Dawkins, 10). He means that organisms strive toward the Darwinian optimum at a cellular level. He states that genes program our behavior. When asked about free will he states, ?We can override biology with free will? (Dawkins, 1.) If one understands this idea, then one might assume that our superior genes enable us to choose not to obey them and choose a different course. Confusing as this might seem, he explains by stating that the individual genes are ?selfish?, yet the entire organism need not be. He cites animal groups in which attendance by the parents is a long- term commitment, if the young are to survive. He points out that the decision to be monogamous actually creates a better chance for the survival of the strongest genes, however goes against the instinctive behavior of most males to impregnate as many females as possible."
| |
|
Groundwater and Hydrology, 2004.
An analysis of groundwater and hydrology, with a focus on national water resources.
4,300 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the transformation of water that takes place through a continuation process referred to as a hydrological cycle, which derives its momentum from solar energy and gravity. The paper analyzes the various methods for maintaining an adequate water level. The paper contends that a comprehensive examination, analysis, and determination of the hydrologic and geological characteristics of a selected location are essential for the productive management of the water resource.
Outline
The Occurrence of Ground Water
Properties and Classification of Water-Bearing Formations
Darcy?s Law
Measures of Water Quantity
Utilization of Groundwater
Permeability
Water Level Measurements
From the Paper
"The groundwater is observed to rest on the empty spaces of the natural elements such as soils, unconsolidated settlings and rocks. Envisaging the level of underwater is quite a hard task. It is considered by some that the groundwater is reserved in the subversive lakes and flows in subversive rivers. The groundwater is the underlying water beneath the ground that is fully soaked through the small outlets of soils and rocks. The groundwater is refilled primarily by the downpour and determined totally by the local environment and geology, which causes its disproportionate distribution in both quantity and quality."
| |
|
Air Pollution, 2005.
A look at the complex problem of air pollution, its causes, and its effects.
2,944 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper makes a distinction between pollution caused by humans and pollution that is naturally occurring. The paper also traces the origins of man-made pollution to the beginnings of early man and talks about the increasing causes and increasing amount of pollution generated over time. The paper also discusses some of the more notorious and deadly air pollution incidents in history and concludes with a brief discussion on steps that can help alleviate the problem.
From the Paper
"Why is human pollution such an issue to environmentalists, then, if nature itself creates such pollution? One reason is that today, ?natural events like these only cause about ten percent of air pollution -- the rest is caused by human activities.? (Baines, 8) Natural pollution, if it were not for the pollution caused by humans, would not be a significant concern because it is part of the natural cycle of the world. In the natural cycle, ?nothing is wasted and nature produces relatively little pollution. The gases we use from the air are recycled. Animals breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, while plants use up carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis. So the gases in the air remain essentially in balance when left to nature. Human activity has disturbed these natural cycles." (Becklane, 5) The total production of the gasses and paticulates that are recognized as pollutants may actually be greater from natural sources than from human-created sources, however the atmosphere is able to disperse and lower these releases and recycle them into a form that is not harmful."
| |
|
Genetic Engineering, 2004.
An analysis of the ethical dilemma involved in genetic engineering, including a review of Darwin's perspective.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of genetic engineering. Darwin's perspective on the topic is explained as the next step in the evolution of the human capacity to ensure the survival of the species. The paper introduces the issue of cloning in order to debate in favor of genetic engineering. The paper emphasizes that the science of genetics should be applied with ethical responsibility.
From the Paper
"According to Darwin, the survival of a species is determined by the degree of strength of its members. Thus, the ?fittest? in terms of physical prowess as well as to a degree mental capacity survives. Human beings have long used their mental capacity to overcome the challenges of the physical environment. The very first discoveries of tools, fire and the wheel have set the species apart from the rest of life on earth. Human beings use their mental capacity to create tools in order to ensure and facilitate their survival in the face of challenges such as weather, predators and illness. From the Darwinian viewpoint, genetic engineering is simply the next step in the evolution of the human capacity to ensure the survival of their species."
|
|
|
