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Insect Camouflage, 2005.
A look at the ability of some insects to use camouflage or mimicry to avoid detection or consumption by predators.
1,902 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper describes several different methods of camouflage and mimicry that some insects use. The paper then examines a group of species found in Saudi Arabia to better illustrate the diversity and behavior of camouflage and mimic insects.
From the Paper
"Another example of an insect using camouflage is the moth. Although they do not rely as much on their camouflage ability to acquire prey as do the mantis?, they possess an uncanny ability to use color as a technique to ?disappear? into their surroundings, as well as an ability to use their shape to merge into the texture of whatever surface on which they alight."
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Organ Transplants: An Ethical Analysis, 2005.
This paper addresses ethical questions surrounding the issue of organ transplants, which face the medical profession today.
3,120 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the following two questions. Should a significantly health-compromised patient be granted a second set of organs if there is a significant and statistically abnormal chance of death during or following surgery? And should the fact that a gross medical error during transplantation is the cause of the patient?s compromised condition be an influencing factor in regard to the aggressiveness with which an assignment of future organs is pursued?
From the Paper
"The first issue at hand, namely if a health compromised patients, at significantly greater risk for an unsuccessful outcome be granted transplant organs is an old one. Of course, it is based on the fact that there are simply not enough organs to go around. In fact, according to current estimates, it is estimated that among the 80,000 patients awaiting transplants, an average of seventeen die every day in the United States alone simply because an organ never becomes available (IHI). Given this reality, many have proposed that the method by which transplant candidates are ranked on the national transplant lists depends not only on the severity of the need, but also on other factors relating to overall health, lifestyle, as well as age."
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Coastal Animals, 2004.
An overview of sea turtles and a variety of dolphins and seals.
2,590 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at different coastal animals and examines their physical makeup and natural habitats as well as their mating and breeding habits.
Outline
Sea Turtles
Bottlenose Dolphins
Speckled Dolphins
Elephant Seals
Leopard Seal
From the Paper
"Speckled Dolphins are also called Indo-Pacific Humpbacked dolphins. The former have the binomial name Sousa chinensis. The latter are called Sousa plumbea. Both species are the same; the name difference depends on location. Smaller than the bottlenose dolphins they are typically about seven to nine feet in length and weight just over 280 kilograms. They have a well-developed long beak. Their color is brown-gray, pale-gray and pink-white. They have a lighter underside and the skin has a mottled or speckled appearance, hence the name. The name is given because the dorsal fin is less pronounced and is situated on a hump. The dorsal fin is triangular. The flippers are well rounded. Another reason for the pronounced hump is the way these animals surface. The snout appears first and then the rest of the body curves accentuating the hump before the dolphin submerge."
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Human Cloning: The Ethical Debate, 2005.
A look at the moral and ethical issues surrounding the scientific process of human cloning.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to dissect the current ethical argument over human cloning with the intention of proving why this type of research should go forward. The paper includes an explanation of the cloning process preceding the discussion of the controversy surrounding the process.
From the Paper
"A "human clone" is a scientific replication of another person (Jones, 1998). A clone is not actually an exact replica of the original, but rather a younger identical twin. As with identical twins, the clone and the original person have different fingerprints. They are also likely to have different personalities."
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Evolution and Genetic Drift, 2004.
An analysis of how genetic drift is a critical component of evolution.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how genetic drift occurs when a subset of a population contains different gene frequencies than the larger population because it is a small sample. Over time, evolution and natural selection will work together to make the gene pool of a smaller population different from that of the greater allele distribution. It attempts to show how genetic drift is an important component of evolution and how, together with natural selection, it works to ensure genetic variety in all species.
From the Paper
"The Old Order Amish of Pennsylvania mate within their own community, and seldom involve the outside community. This loss of genetic diversity has led to a higher incidence of certain inherited diseases within Amish communities. For example, the founder effect in the Amish settlement has caused a variety of conditions, such as dwarfism and Crigler-Najjar syndrome, where the body can?t break down bilirubin. Maple Syrup Urine Disease is much more common in the Amish, as is Homocystinuria, where an individual?s blood vessels are damaged. In the case of polydactyly, where a person has extra digits, the prevalence among the Amish is much higher. ?Today, thanks to large families and restricted marriages, the number of cases of polydactyly among the Amish exceeds the total number in the rest of the world.? (Lewis, 246)."
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Blood Substitutes, 2004.
An analysis of blood substitutes.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the search for the perfect substitute for human blood. The paper presents various products developed as blood substitutes and explores their effectiveness. The products discussed are Fluosol-DA, Oxygent, Hemopure, Polyheme, and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG).
From the Paper
"The search for the perfect substitute for human blood began as early as the 17th century, when water, oil, milk and animal blood were used for transfusion until the first human-to-human transfusion in Philadelphia in 1795 (McCarthy 2003). Successes were, however, inconstant since then, as patients died due to injuries or from reactions to foreign blood, so that it was only a last resort during emergencies. Early in the 20th century, the cataloguing of blood types enabled the matching of blood types between donors and recipients, despite the risk of blood infected with HIV and other viruses, drugs and toxins (McCarthy). Even then, there have been too few donors in proportion to a large number who require it. In 2000, for example, eight million donated 13 million liters and 4.5 received the donated blood. Supply has not only remained short of the need, the shelf life is also short. The shelf life of red blood cells, for example, is 42 days and given this shelf life, 3 to 8% of donated units are soon disposed into the incinerator (McCarthy)."
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The Ethics of Human Cloning, 2005.
Looks at developing technology in human cloning and the ethical concerns surrounding this technology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper provides background information on genetic engineering and then delves into a consideration of the ethical and moral issues concerning this technology. Next, the paper describes some of the benefits of potential applications of genetic engineering and refutes the main arguments presented by those who oppose genetic engineering.
From the Paper
"Genetic engineering and cloning have played important roles in agriculture for many generations. Bananas and seedless grapes, for example, are, quite literally, living genetic clones (Krock, 2001). Prior to the last decade of the 20th Century, human cloning was purely a subject of science fiction, but by the dawn of the 21st Century,
researchers had already cloned several mammals successfully."
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Canine Operant Conditioning and Behaviorism, 2004.
An examination of canine behavior, focusing on the issue of genetics versus environment.
4,335 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the relevant and scholarly literature concerning operant conditioning, in general, and the extent to which it works with dogs, in particular. The paper presents the "nature versus nurture" debate and explores whether canine behaviour is determined by genetics or environmental influences.
From the Paper
"The debate over nature versus nurture as it applies to learning dates back over a hundred years. Certainly, during much of the 20th century, the distinction between learned and inherited behavior appeared much clearer than it does today. The concept that any type of behavior was either learned or merely developed without learning seemed a rationale and straightforward belief. Research based on these expectations caused some scientists to conclude that rat-killing behavior among cats, for example, is a learned behavior rather than an instinctive one, that human fears are all acquired, or that intelligence is completely the result of experience. Learning theorists were arguing at this point that most behavior is learned and that biological factors are of little or no importance."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses the ethical controversy over stem cell research.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the principal ethical issue underlying objections to the medical use of stem cells has its roots in the Christian religious belief that human life begins at conception. Scientists absolutely reject this belief and consider all biological life, including human life, to be fundamentally the same, different only in degrees rather than in kind. The author states that the argument against stem cell research is based on the specious ?slippery slope? argument, according to which producing embryos for medical research would necessarily lead to human cloning. he paper concludes that there is no basis in objective ethical principles to prohibit the medical profession from pursuing all avenues likely to improve human life by eliminating as many debilitating diseases as possible.
From the Paper
"Human stem cells exist in four varieties, with different relative therapeutic medical potential. Stem cells derived from early human embryos have the greatest medical potential and likely hold the key to curing victims of traumatic spinal paralysis and organ tissue regeneration instead of reliance on donor tissue transplantation. Embryonic stem cell tissues are referred to as totipotent, because they seem to posses the unique potential to grow into virtually any human tissue or even complete human organs."
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Peptides, 2004.
An examination of the importance of amidation of peptides in humans.
5,530 words (approx. 22.1 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of peptides and their role in biological processes, how amidation of peptides works and its importance, and a description of the two functional domains of the PAM enzyme (PHM and PAL) and the roles they play in amidation. An assessment of whether amidation prevents C-terminal degradation is followed by a discussion of which peptides/proteins are susceptible to C-terminal degradation by carboxypeptidase. An analysis of whether E. coli can be modified to perform amidation is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Further, there are currently methods to determine peptide binding to some HLA class II-DR and -DQ molecules; some of these methods measure the relative strength of the peptide -HLA interaction using isolated class II molecules and purified peptides. Other methods are used to predict peptide binding to HLA using computer algorithms (Harding, Mucha, Power & Stickler, 2003). The number of amino-acid molecules present in a peptide is indicated by a prefix: a dipeptide contains two amino acids; an octapeptide, eight; an oligopeptide, a few; a polypeptide, many (Conley, Schwartz & Desforges, 2004). The distinction between a polypeptide and a protein is imprecise and is regarded as being largely academic; some authorities have adopted, as an upper limit on the molecular weight of a polypeptide, 10,000 (that of a peptide that is composed of about 100 amino acids) (Conley, Schwartz & Desforges, 2004)."
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Genetic Engineering, 2004.
An analysis of the ethical considerations implicit in genetic engineering technology.
1,537 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the case of a child born as a clone of the father from the perspective of Lee M. Silver, author of "Remaking Eden". Similarly, the case of a child cloned to provide bone marrow for a sibling is discussed through the perspective of Dr. Leon R. Kass, author of "Life, Liberty and the Defense of Dignity". These two cases reveal a great deal about the differing perspectives of the authors and the polarization of the debate that surrounds the future of genetic engineering.
From the Paper
"In the case of Repete, on interesting issue may be the potential difficulty for the clone in developing a separate identity from the father. Critics could argue that it may be difficult for the son (Repete) to create an identity that is different from his father, who is virtually genetically identical. Further, the father and mother may psychologically expect the child to be virtually identical to the father, thus pressuring the child not to create a separate identity, and to keep many of the father?s characteristics."
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Minks in Virginia, 2004.
An analysis of the carnivorous mammal, the American mink, in the state of Virginia.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life history of the American mink, Mustela Vison. The paper explores the distribution of the mink within the state of Virginia. The ecological relationships are described. The paper assesses the conservation efforts taken, since mink populations have been reported as declining in Virginia.
From the Paper
"Adult male minks have an overall length of 16 to 26 inches and weigh on average between 1.5 to 5 pounds, making them much larger than their European counterpart. Female adult minks are smaller than the males. The coloring of minks can vary naturally from deep brown to almost black, with a lighter abdomen, which may have white spotting. (?Mink ? Encyclopedia Americana?, 2004) They are primarily solitary animals, except during mating season, and are quite shy. The American mink are expert swimmers and divers, reportedly reaching 20 feet in dive depths, and have the ability to swim underwater for nearly 100 feet before having to come up for air. As twilight and nocturnal animals, they are mainly active from dusk to the early morning hours of dawn, however they can occasionally be seen active in the daytime."
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Entropy, 2004.
An analysis of entropy, the spontaneous dispersal of energy.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of entropy, describing how it governs every physical, chemical, and biological aspect of life. The paper explores two different perspectives to view entropy: that it is essentially dispersive in nature and that it is constructive in nature. The paper provides examples to illustrate entropy.
From the Paper
"Entropy effects are seen in almost every instance of life. At an atomic and molecular level, the energy of substances is associated with their motion. A more energetic compound has greater motion. This atomic and molecular motion can be translational, vibrational and/or rotational, in decreasing order of energy. Each of these motions is associated with energy levels that are discrete. Atoms and, in turn, molecules cannot have randomly assigned energies. This means that substances can possess only discrete quanta or packets of energy."
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Embryonic Stem Cell Research, 2005.
An overview of stem cell research and the controversy surrounding the subject.
4,533 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion of the trade-offs that technological advances bring between advantages and disadvantages and how the greater the complexity of the technology the greater the complexity of the trade-offs. The paper then points out how this is particularly true when it comes to technology involved with stem cell research and explains the main ethical concerns associated with this research. Next, the paper presents background information and a history of stem cell research and takes a deeper look at ethical, moral, and legal issues on both sides of the stem cell research debate. Finally, the paper concludes with the author asserting that, after thorough examination and consideration of the information gathered, he believes that the advantages of stem cell research will far outweigh the disadvantages.
From the Paper
"Technology: Love it. Hate it. Who would give up their cars, especially those living in the suburbs? However, thousands of people mourn the tragedies that occur on the roads every year. How many individuals can go without all the time-saving unrecyclables they use every day? Yet no one wants landfills in their location. Patients laud technological innovations in healthcare for early diagnosis. But they get very concerned when hearing about some of the possible side effects from medical advances. People have trouble accepting that technology, like everything else, presents a tradeoff. As technological advances become increasingly complex, so do the tradeoffs involved. This is especially true when ethical considerations arise such as with the embryonic stem cell debate. The number of people who could benefit from stem cell development is infinite. Yet many people, in particular those with moral and religious concerns, highly question the use of embryos and biological modification. This is not a dilemma that will be quickly resolved, especially since no one knows all the future ramifications. The hope is that on the bottom line, the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages."
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Desiccation Tolerance in Prokaryotes, 2005.
A research paper about water stress or dehydration at the cellular level.
4,645 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
This research paper takes a look at a special type of dehydration known as dessication, where drying takes place in air. The paper is concerned with responses to water stress at a cellular level and is dedicated to exploring the current research being done in explicating the idea of desiccation tolerance in prokaryotes, namely, bacteria and archaea.
From the Paper
"Bacteria are critical to most molecular biology research. If a DNA sample is to be studied or created in large quantities for expression purposes for (for instance) protein synthesis, researchers make use of Escherichia coli. The DNA is inserted into the E. coli chromosomal plasmid. The bacteria are then spotted on a plate that contains nutrients and moisture that allows the bacteria to grow and reproduce. Each spot is then allowed to multiply (almost exponentially) in a medium rich for bacterial growth. This medium is aqueous. It is kept at a temperature of 37 ?C?the ideal temperature for bacterial growth. E. coli then multiplies by the typical bacterial reproductive process of geometric cell division, thus creating large quantities of the DNA to be studied. The point for using, what is called as recombinant DNA techniques, is not only to illustrate that bacteria drive research, but that bacteria thrive under moist conditions at the right (and mild) temperature. The operative terms being?moist and mild. As such, E. coli, despite its abundance is not a good candidate for desiccation tolerance and research has shown that this is indeed true."
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Hybrid Vehicles Are the Only Way to Go, 2005.
Argues that, for ecological purposes, we should only be selling and using hybrid vehicles.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of hybrid vehicles. Specifically, it argues that, since it has been proven that the technology for hybrid vehicles works, we should only build and sell hybrid vehicles so that we can help reduce the damage done to the nation's air quality.
From the Paper
"Hybrid electric vehicles have been talked about for many years. It is only in the last decade that they have been made both affordable and applicable to the daily lives and commutes of millions of Americans. Dictionary.com defines the word "hybrid" as: "Something of mixed origin or composition." Indeed, these vehicles, produced primarily by Japanese manufacturers Toyota and Honda at the present, combine the best of two fuel sources ? gasoline and electric. This technology uses the best of each type of fuel, and can save drivers at least 50 percent at the fuel pumps (Editors). In addition to being less costly to drive, HEVs are much cleaner than conventional gas and diesel engines. They do not pollute as much, and this is a vital consideration for the air quality in America, and in the world. Our air quality is suffering dramatically, and automobile emissions are one of the leading causes in the depletion of our overall air quality."
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Nature vs. Nurture, 2004.
This paper presents an examination of the "nature versus nurture" theory.
1,879 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The debate about nature vs. nurture has raged on for many years. This paper discusses how, the more society learns about science, the more it learns that nature has a significant impact on the shaping and development of a person. It explains that this is important because it will change the way law enforcement agencies, educators, and others plan for the future. Rehabilitation, preparation for students, and other things will be looked at from a different angle once it becomes accepted that nature and genetics, through an evolutionary process, provide the cornerstone for development in the shaping of people.
From the Paper
"Those who believe in the nurture theory argue that it is in the raising of the child and the lessons he or she is taught that ultimately shapes the end result. Those who favor the nature side of the argument disagree, and believe that the genetic component is much more important than anyone realizes when it comes to the eventual adult creation.
Two experts in the field of science when it comes to human nature believe that nature is the underlying driving force behind the design of people."
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Lifestyle of the Ichthyosaur, 2004.
An examination of the lifestyle of the ichthyosaur.
3,789 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the habits and characteristics of the ichthyosaur, which is a family of marine reptiles that existed during the same era as the dinosaurs. The paper looks at the lifestyle of the species and focuses on various extinction theories.
Introduction
Well-Adapted to Ocean Life
Diet
Reproduction
Locomotion
Deep Divers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Ichthyosaur fossils were discovered in the late nineteenth century, before the first dinosaur fossils were discovered, and received little acclaim. It wasn?t until the recent discovery a few years ago of a small amount of new specimens in Japan and China that a wider interest in ichthyosaurs? was revived. The ichthyosaur is a fish-shaped tetrapod of the diapsid family. Tetrapod means four-limbed vertebrate. Diapsids are classified as having two openings in the skull and is a classification that encompasses reptiles and birds. There is much fossil evidence to support the conclusion that ichthyosaurs were descended from terrestrial, or land-dwelling, reptiles. One such example is that Ichthyosaurs were air-breathers like cetaceans."
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