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Bioethics in Nursing, 2005.
Examines issues of confidentiality and patients' autonomy in the field of nursing.
1,259 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The American Nurses Association says that patients or individuals make decisions on how they act or want to be treated, based on their cultural beliefs and cultural values. This paper shows that nurses and other health workers need to draw their own ethical reactions or responses to patients' decisions on the principles of bioethics. The paper examines two of these principles which concern autonomy and confidentiality.
From the Paper
"But the individual and his preferences or rights do not occur all alone in all situations. Quite often, these rights or preferences coexist with the distinct rights of other individuals affected by them, wherein an individual's preference may override or be overriden by the rights of others in the same community (Schroeter). Examples include attacks of bioterrorism and epidemics, which can limit an individual's right to autonomy. In cases of epidemic, the individual may be subjected to isolation, which in turn restricts or limits the infected person's right to the freedom of movement."
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Ethics in Nursing.
This paper discuses various ethical codes and the concept of beneficence as applied to the nursing profession.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that traditional bioethics places its primary focus on respect for autonomy; but, on a broader perspective, traditional bioethics rejects extreme individualism and individual rights in fostering a healing environment. The author reviews the Ana Code, pointing out its statement of respecting persons as the fundamental ethical principle or value underlying nursing care: Respect for individual autonomy and self-determination and for individuals as interconnected members of the same human community. The paper relates that principle of beneficence simultaneously interplays with non-malfeasance in nursing care, coming out of preventing harm, removing harm or promoting good; but conflicts in values between nurse and patient do occur including financial reimbursement, approved services, laws covering the reporting of sexually transmitted diseases or abuse and protocols regarding the sources of orders or commands.
From the Paper
"This current state does not mean that quality services and access have become incongruent with managed care, but that the goals of cost containment and survival values in the competitive environment in the health care market have tipped the balance and outweighed values, which put fundamental emphasis on respect or individuals and fair access to care for all who needed it.Those who hold the reins today even refer to managed care as "managed utilization" or "managed cost"."
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Primate Conservation, 2004.
A comprehensive dissertation, identifying opportunities for improving success rates of reintroduced gorillas in Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
9,664 words (approx. 38.7 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 197.95
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Abstract
This scope of this dissertation extends to a critical review of past reintroduction efforts, with an emphasis on those involving primates. This includes a discussion of the species' value, as this is debated among scientists and provides a discussion concerning efficacious captive rearing techniques with a focus on what kind of training (via raising, handling, pre and post release training, acclimatization, predator recognition, etc) has been done and how successful each method has been. This paper includes discussions of natural behavior management, the ethics of predator introduction (i.e., is it ethical to put animals under risk of harm in order to increase their ultimate survival in nature). A critical review of the scholarly and relevant literature concerning endangered species conservation efforts in general and regarding gorillas in particular is followed by a recapitulation of the results of observations of six captive gorilla specimens by the author. An analysis of the findings is provided in the concluding chapter.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusions, Summary and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Close contact between animals and keepers at Howletts and Port Lympne Parks in England has resulted in a higher than usual success rate for breeding, including clouded leopards, lions, monkeys, rare small cats, and the world's largest captive breeding groups of gorillas, African elephants, tigers and black rhino. To date, the two Parks have been successful in returning Przewalski's horses, black rhino, Sumatran rhino, Cape buffalo, ocelots, pythons and nine gorillas to the wild (About Us, 2004). Not surprisingly, this conservational success has not gone unnoticed or unappreciated. The BBC has described the Parks as being "two of the best wild animal parks in the world" (About Us, 2004, p. 2). The two Parks are home to 70 of gorillas, which is the largest group of gorillas in human care in the world; the facilities have enjoyed over 80 births of gorillas to date."
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Nervous and Endocrine Systems, 2004.
An analysis of the nervous and endocrine systems.
926 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and explains the nervous and endocrine systems respectively. The paper examines the intricacies of each system, exploring how they each function. The paper illustrates what can happen when something goes wrong in each system.
From the Paper
"The endocrine system is a group of specialized organs and body tissues that produce, store, and secrete hormones. Acting as the body's chemical messengers, endocrine organs have great influence over the body as the hormones they produce send information and instructions from one set of cells to another (Kletter pp). Among their many functions are regulating growth and development of the body, controlling the functions of various tissues, supporting pregnancy and other reproductive functions, and regulating metabolism (Kletter pp)."
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Bio-Terrorism, 2005.
A look at the latest threat of terrorism known as bio-terrorism, including an examination of whether cities in America are ready to face such a threat.
3,451 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the threat of a terrorist attack using biological weapons has become a true threat. It looks at the history of the use of such agents and how they have developed. The writer analyzes how certain cities in the United States have begun preparing themselves to deal with this threat and discusses various prevention programs and procedures currently in place.
From the Paper
"Public health officials should first assemble a coalition of local leaders of church and civil organizations, saying: "You best know your own people and how to reach them; we may need your help in the event of a large epidemic. Let's work together to imagine ways of using your organizations to monitor disease, communicate information, distribute medicine, and organize volunteers." Second, there has to be a means for educating as many people in the community about the steps to take in case of disaster. As with myriad of other problems or potential problems in this country, the majority of people have high expectations on what their local, state and federal governments should do to be of help. Ways of responding to potential situations such as bioterrorism, although it is hoped they will be nonexistent, should be planned in advance. Because of the monumental impact that such an event would have, it will take as many people as possible and more to help. Citizens should volunteer their involvement and public agencies should be pleased to accept the help."
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Manuka Honey, 2004.
An examination of the benefits of using New Zealand produce, Manuka honey, as an antibiotic treatment.
2,988 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
In light of the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the ensuing difficulties of treatment for the medical community, patients are expanding their treatment options to include more nontraditional techniques. This paper examines how Manuka honey, a honey produced in New Zealand, offers the possibility of an effective alternative treatment for H. Pylori infection and wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The resistance of the traditional medical establishment to nontraditional treatment methods has meant that quantitative, evidence-based studies into the effectiveness of Manuka honey are not common. This paper presents a randomized, double-blind, controlled study that investigates the effectiveness of Manuka honey treatment for H. Pylori and antibiotic-resistant organisms such as MRSA and gram-negative bacteria.
From the Paper
"Not long after penicillin was introduced for the treatment of a variety of infections, the first strains of penicillin-resistant bacteria began to appear. The nature of the bacterial lifecycle made them more capable of rapid evolution to respond to antibiotics. Bacteria reproduce so quickly (usually on the order of a few hours) that any mutations introduced are rapidly propagated through the generations. When a chance mutation enables a bacterium to resist antibiotics, this bacterium survives and quickly replicates, passing this resistant mutation on to subsequent generations. The problem is made more severe when doctors prescribe antibiotics more as a treatment of psychological complaints than genuine bacterial infections. To further complicate the issue of antibiotic resistance, patients sometimes do not finish a course of antibiotics. Assuming they're well and the infection has been cured, patients may stop a course of treatment prematurely. This results in the less hardy bacteria being killed off, while the more resistant bacteria remain to reinfect, and reinfect more virulently."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2005.
An examination of genetically modified food.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at what is meant by the risk of GM foods. It looks at the pros and cons and the actual risks. It examines the advantages, how poor countries benefit, and the issue of crop resistance. It looks at the risk to health and crops, as well as cross-fertilization. It concludes that there is a need for a cautious approach.
From the Paper
"This is a topic that has raised some heated discussion in the media lately and in society at large and has many environmentalists up in arms. The problem with Genetically Modified (GM) foods is that on the one hand it is a new and different concept and therefore people are naturally cautious about the possibility of health risks to consumers. On the other hand, however, GM products offer a lifeline for poorer countries that are already struggling economically to sustain their people. They are faced with a dual dilemma of wanting to maintain a balance between preventing any possible health risks associated with GM foods while also taking up the challenge to grow a hardier type of food more cheaply to feed and nourish their populations."
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Anthrax, 2004.
An analysis of anthrax as a biological weapon.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the threat posed by anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper describes the use and manufacturing of anthrax as a biological weapon. The paper examines the physical properties of anthrax and describes the effects it has on human beings and animals. The available treatment for an anthrax infection is presented in the paper.
From the Paper
"The scientific name of anthrax, bacillus anthracis, is derived from anthrakis, the Greek word for coal. The reason for this is that the disease caused by the substance is associated with black, lesions that look like coal in some cases. The cellular appearance of anthrax can be identified with fair certainty by experienced microbiologists. The problem is however that few of these professionals not working in the veterinary community have had the opportunity to either work with or see the cellular or colonial appearance of anthrax. This makes it difficult to identify and prevent the effects of the weapon in practice."
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The Invader Within, 2004.
An analysis of the theories of the development of the cell's organelles.
709 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that eukaryotic organisms are defined by the existence of organelles within the cell format. Two of the most important of these organelles are chloroplasts and mitochondria. Both organelles serve to manufacture energy within the cell. Because of the unique structure and purpose of these organelles, several theories have arisen considering how they may have developed. The paper discusses these various theories.
From the Paper
"The endosymbiosis theory, on the other hand, seems to stand up to further research and experimentation. This theory points to the fact that bacteria are capable of entirely encompassing other bacteria, forming symbiotic relationships with them, and maintaining them alive within their own structures. This has been shown in laboratory tests, and witnessed in nature. In one laboratory experiment, bacteria exposed to high levels of pathogenic bacteria over several hundred generations eventually adapted "their progeny became dependent on having the formerly pathogenic bacteria in food vacuoles...(Jeon, 1991)" (Armstrong) There are several ways in which bacteria may subsume other bacteria, including ingesting them and maintaining them in food vacuoles as in the Jeon experiment, or they may become infected by bacteria that are acting as parasites."
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Bio-Engineered Crops, 2004.
An examination of the developing field of genetically modified crops.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses genetic modification (GM) farming and analyzes the problems associated with the use of genetically modified food crops by a study of some recent scientific articles, which espouse this viewpoint. The paper contends that the rapid advancements in genomic science have created new possibilities in the fields of agriculture and in the treatment and management of diseases. The biotech revolution characterized by genetically engineered food products is regarded as a boon to the human society, a life-saving solution to manage the food crisis of our globe.
From the Paper
"Altering specific sequences of DNA allows plants to develop resistance to pesticides, resulting in increased yield. Using genetic engineering methods such as electroporation, gene gun, gene silencing and vector mediated transfer, scientists are now able to insert a new gene or control the expression of an already present gene in a plant. [UCS] In a special report from the 'New scientist' the author discusses some of the possibilities of applying genomic science into farming practices. Using these biotech processes scientists have created disease and herbicide resistant crops promising huge increase in productivity. The result of this biotech revolution was amazing. Vitamin boosted rice, Onions without tears, potatoes enriched with proteins, Soya built resistant to pesticides, and even caffeine free coffee became a reality and bio-engineered products offered endless possibilities."
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Spaying and Neutering, 2004.
An examination of spaying and neutering animals as the least costly alternative for the pet owner, the pet, and society.
1,555 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of spaying and neutering pets as the best solution for the animal and the pet owner. The paper dispels common misconceptions regarding these procedures. The many benefits of spaying and neutering pets are outlined in the paper. These benefits are not only for the pet itself, but for society as a whole.
Outline
I. Introduction
A. Attention-Getter: Common Misconception
B. Subvert Common Misconceptions
II. Good for Society
A. Common Myths: Miracles of Birth, Purebred
B. Overpopulation: The Reality
III. Good for Pet
A. Reduces Cancer
B. Doesn't Hurt Animal
IV. Good for You
A. Reduces Behavior Problems
B. Improves Community
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"In societal terms, many new pet owners today will respond from their guts, rather than their heads. They want their children to see Fido or Fifi to give birth, to see the miracle of life. But it might be equally important, one might add, that the child see the miracle of death-namely the not-so miraculous but equally real termination of so many unwanted animals in shelters across the nation. And the problem has such a simple solution. The only surefire solution to pet overpopulation is spaying and neutering the currently existing population. To those who want their pet to have a litter just to let their children see the miracle of life, as well, one vet points out that there are better ways to teach children about reproduction and responsibility--in fact, teaching children to care responsibly for family pets, including taking steps to reduce the population of unwanted pets, could be an equally important, if not the most important lesson about life that they can learn from animals."
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Anti-Depressants, 2005.
An analysis of the effects of anti-depressants on the human brain.
1,251 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how anti-depressants affect brain chemistry by exploring the biology of depression itself. It shows how the biochemical systems within the human brain are extremely complex and how anti-depressants work by boosting and increasing parts of the monoamine system.
Outline
Introduction: The Biology of Depression
Anti-Depressants as Drugs
Anti-Depressant Medications and the Brain
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In recent times, numerous studies have shown that people who are depressed have abnormal amounts of certain hormones in their blood. Researchers believe that an increase or decrease in the production of specific hormones may interfere with the brain's natural chemistry which then leads to depression. With the exception of thyroid hormones, the levels of other hormones are not routinely measured when diagnosing or treating depression; thus, when a person is experiencing specific types of depression, it is advisable to check the levels of other hormones within the body. Thyroid glands, when not functioning properly, can result in the release of either too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) or too little (hypothyroidism)."
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"Dancing to Evolution?s Tune", 2004.
This paper reviews Robert Wright's "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," which examines the neurobiological concept of evolution.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in his book, "Dancing to Evolution's Tune," Robert Wright elucidates on the important role of motivation in evolution and how the genes are self-programmed to achieve this. The author points out Wright's concept that our genes have deliberately destined us to dabble in a world of pleasure and pain for evolutionary reasons, all the time keeping us well absorbed in the illusion because they cannot be satisfied. The paper relates that this evolutionary genetic scheme seems to confirm the truth in our spiritual doctrines because all the religions of the world have one thing in common; they all have propounded the futility of chasing after desires and fleeting pleasures.
From the Paper
"Nature has used happiness as a bait to motivate living beings and to propel them into action. Happiness is thus a reward that man receives when he carries on the duties of maintaining his bodily functions- nourishing himself, procreating and extending his heritage. The genes control the neurochemistry behind the feelings of happiness. On cogitation it is revealed that our basic impulses are meant to serve the main purpose of gene proliferation rather than for our psychological well being as it appears at the outset. Over the last decade scientists have found out the significant role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in giving the feeling of happiness and satisfaction."
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Mental Health in Children, 2004.
A discussion of whether genetics or environmental issues affect the mental health of children.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the development of a child's mental health. The paper examines the "nature versus nurture" debate, presenting various opinions on the topic. The paper contends that mental health cannot be attributed to either nature or nurture, claiming that genetics, as well as environmental effects, influence the development of one's mental health.
From the Paper
"The field of child psychiatry probably had its birth in 1899 Chicago, when social activists such as Jane Addams led the city to form the country's first juvenile court (Schowalter, 2003). Hull was dismayed by the juvenile delinquency she saw in the poor part of the city. The establishment of juvenile courts raised awareness regarding the number of youth with psychological problems, and experts started to study the issue in an attempt to determine its causes (Schowalter, 2003). Child guidance clinics opened across the country, with clinicians traveling to Europe to study with psychoanalysts such as Anna Freud and Melanie Klein (Schowalter, 2003). From the beginning, clinicians in this new field wondered whether nature, nurture, or some combination resulted in troubled youth. Skinner's behaviorism was popular for a while although it did not produce good results and faded in interest."
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Sickle Cell Anemia, 2004.
An analysis of sickle cell anemia, an inherited blood disorder of defective hemoglobin.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the inherited blood disorder of sickle cell anemia. The paper presents the statistics of the prevalence of this disorder in the United States and outlines the populations that are most affected by the disease. The paper examines the genotypic and phenotypic expressions of the sickle cell trait. The paper explores the belief that sickle hemoglobin evolved as a protection against malaria.
From the Paper
"Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin is defective (Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia). After hemoglobin molecules give up their oxygen, some cluster together and form long, rod-like structures. These structures cause red blood cells to become stiff and assume a sickle shape that makes it difficult for them to squeeze through small blood vessels. As a result, they stack up and cause blockages that deprive organs and tissues of oxygen-carrying blood. Sickle cell anemia affects millions world wide (Genetic disease profile: Sickle cell anemia). It is the most common among people whose ancestors come from sub-Saharan Africa; Spanish-speaking regions (South America, Cuba, Central America); Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy."
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Stem Cell Research.
This paper discusses the intense debate surrounding stem cell research.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that many people in America see stem cell research as a potentially life-saving technology but others suggest that the manipulation of the building blocks of life is immoral and perhaps even murderous. The author points out that, in the past, it was a commonly accepted scientific practice to experiment on asylum inmates and criminals; today, it is becoming difficult even to justify experimenting on animals. Therefore, because of this expansion of moral sentiment, many religious groups and other bioethicists tend to look with some suspicion of anything resembling human experimentation. The paper relates the evidence that stem cells might possibly provide miraculous cures is somewhat lacking because of the restrictions under which scientists must operate in the area of stem cell research.
From the Paper
"In heated public debates, both sides may loose track of the fact that not all stem cells are harvested in the same way, and there may be some way to resolve this conflict without jeopardizing scientific research. Stem cells, which are fully unspecialized and proliferate, may be harvested from blastocysts, but they can also be harvested from the cord-tissue of newborns, and possible harvested in smaller numbers from blastocysts without destroying those embryos. "All stem cells-regardless of their source-have three general properties: they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types.""
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Controversial Biological Issues.
This paper discusses four bio-ethical issues that have gripped the nation's headlines over the past ten years: stem cell research, cloning human embryos, surrogate motherhood, and animal experimentation.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the pace of human scientific progress proceeds faster than the ability of medical ethicists to cope rationally with scientific developments. The author points out that, while issues of controversy are often framed in 'rights based' or legal terms, medical science must provide some answers as to how to cope ethically with these issues, just as lawyers wrestle with issues of civil rights. The paper states that, even though there is not an issue of genetic connection between the carrying surrogate mother and child, the author believes the problems of the mother's feelings seem to promote more social harm than good and potentially put the child produced from the union at psychological risk.
From the Paper
"However, of all of these bioethical controversies, none of them is as old nor strikes as vitally at the question of what has the right to live and die, as the controversy of using animal life to prolong the life of humans. People have experimented with animals for hundreds of years, but the practice did not become widespread until the late 1800's. While animal experimentation has produced considerable benefits to people, it often results in the suffering and death of animals. Often, scientists justify experimentation because animals lack certain attributes compared to humans, such as intelligence, family structure, social bonding, communication skills, and altruism. However, numerous nonhuman animals-among them rats, pigs, dogs, monkeys, and great apes-reason and/or display altruism. There is accumulating evidence that many animals experience the same range of emotions as humans."
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Stem Cell Biology, 2005.
A political, ethical, and moral discussion of stem cell research.
4,441 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 50 sources, MLA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This work addresses the issues of stem cell research by briefly describing the research itself and the expert opinions of its potential as a way to develop cures or diseases that have previously confounded many medical scientists. The paper then goes on to thoroughly discuss the stem cell research issue as a political/ethical/moral issue, tracing the evolution of the issue through the various legislative processes and through the various bioethics groups who both support and oppose the research. The work also shows the overall evolution of stem cell research as an issue facing the American people, and the medical world specifically, as one that may severely challenge the culture of the United States as it continues to define its recognized major role in the development of disease treatment and cure.
Introduction
Stem Cell Research Explored
Stem Cell Biology, a Political Issue
Stem Cell Legislation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most foundationally promising research discoveries of the twentieth century is Stem Cell Biology. Only announced as a possible scientific breakthrough in late 1998, significant research has begun on stem cells, yet even the announcement of the potential benefits by the National Academy of Science that comes with the then recent isolation of human stem cells did little to curb potential controversy and conflict. (Shannon 9) Within the recent elections the issue of stem cell research has come to the forefront of consideration by voters, experts, opponent groups and proponent groups. The most substantial challenge to the recent federal rulings against stem cell research, by the Bush administration, is the passing of proposition 71 in California, which will create, and fund a 3 billion dollar stem cell research institute in the state of California.
Advocates of stem cell research are overjoyed at the collective snubbing of what some consider the dogmatic and conservative approach that the Bush administration and the current congress have taken to outlaw the use of new stem cell lines, therefore severely limiting the ability of scientists to conduct research in a productive manner. With the passing of this bill proponents expect to see other states follow suit to create a network of "legitimate" scientific resources, all in opposition of the federal stance on stem cell research, thought by many to be a pure and simple attempt to legislate morality."
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