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Digestive System, 2006.
An overview and explanation of the digestive system and the process of digestion.
2,002 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough explanation of the human digestive system and the process by which we digest our food. The paper discusses how the human digestive system is an intriguing mechanism involving different organs and enzymes in a complex mechanical and biochemical processes. The paper goes on to name and explain each process.
Outline:
Thesis
Introduction
The Saliva
The Stomach (Chemical and mechanical Breakdown)
The Small Intestine (Enzymatic Breakdown and Absorption)
Absorption of Nutrients
Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A brief description of the structure of the stomach would help in gaining a better understanding of this important organ. The stomach is divided into four regions namely the Cardia, fundus, the body, and the pylorus. The stomach has two openings namely the cardiac orifice, which connects with the esophagus, and the pyloric orifice on its lower end, which leads to the duodenum. The fundus is the curved up area that extends above the cardiac orifice. The body or the intermediate region is the largest part of the stomach, which gradually leads to the pyloric portion that connects to the small intestine via the pyloric aperture. The stomach wall is composed of four different layers. The innermost layer is the mucosa. The mucosa is made up of gastric glands and gastric pits and secretes around 2 litres of gastric juice per day. This gastric juice is made up of HCL, protease (pepsin) and lipase. Parietal cells of the mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid. The goblet cells in the gastric pits that line the mucosa secrete mucus, producing the mucosal barrier that prevents the strong digestive acid from corroding the mucosa. [MSU]"
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Ecosystems, 2007.
An overview of the formation and protection of ecological systems.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the world's ecological systems. It begins by defining ecosystems and describing what makes them up. It then describes the formation of different ecosystems. The paper then looks at what is being done to protect and promote the ecological systems in the world and if these measures are effective.
From the Paper
"The Endangered Species Act of 1973, often referred to as 'nature's safety net,' was passed to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend (Endangered). In other words, when management practices and other conservation laws fail to maintain healthy animal and plant populations, the ESA acts as a last barrier to a species' extinction (Endangered). When a species becomes listed on the ESA list, it stands a good chance of survival, yet then the more difficult, time consuming, and expensive task of reversing the decline, restoring the species to a secure status, and removing it from the list begins (Endangered)."
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Modality-Specific Encoding of Spatial Information, 2006.
A review of the article "Viewing a Map versus Reading as Description of a Map: Modality-Specific Encoding of Spatial Information" by Michael Tlauka, Hannah Keage and C. Richard Clark.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the article "Viewing a Map versus Reading as Description of a Map: Modality-Specific Encoding of Spatial Information" written by Tlauka, Keage and Clark. According to the paper, the article reports results of a study that was conducted in order to determine if neural activity within the human brain, that had accompanied processing of previously-learned information, about positions and locations of various places on a map, was measurably influenced by the particular modality in which spatial parameters of the maps themselves had been learned originally.
From the Paper
"In the learning phase, the study participants either looked at a map, or read a written description of a map. Next, study participants' comparative abilities to use the spatial knowledge they had learned earlier, either visuospatially [sic] or verbally, was measured, by having each of the participants then perform a spatial orientation task, during which EEG activity was measured. According to the authors, brain activity relative to processing spatial information was inferred from amplitude, latency, and topography of several spatiotemporal parts of the ERP. The authors found that overall performance was unaffected by previous map-learning modality (visuospatial [sic] or verbal), but that the neural activity underlying processing of stimuli was in fact influenced by previous map-learning modality (e.g., visuospatial [sic] or verbal). Based on this result, the authors concluded that conflicting results derived from the behavioral and Neurophysiological measures suggest that adopting particular orientations in imagined space can involve different patterns of brain activation."
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Agroterrorism, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the threat of agroterrorism.
3,430 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
According to this paper, agroterrorism is a particularly dangerous form of terrorism that has the potential to destroy many lives and disrupt economies throughout the world. The paper reviews and discusses the many factors that contribute to the motivations for Agroterrorism. The paper further reviews the possibilities available to protect against the threat posed by agroterrorism including security and additional surveillance.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
-What is Agroterrorism?
-Motivations for Agroterrorism
-Protecting against Agroterrorism
Methodology
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to chalk (2005) Agroterrorism is defined as "the deliberate introduction of a disease agent, either against livestock or into the food chain, for purposes of undermining socioeconomic stability and/or generating fear. Depending on the disease agent and pathogenic vector chosen, Agroterrorism is a tactic that can be used either to cause mass socioeconomic disruption or as a form of direct human aggression (Chalk 2004, vi)." Kohnen (2000) asserts that threat of an agroterrorist event could be contingent upon the following three factors: (1) a terrorist or terrorist group must posses the technical ability to get hold of and deploy the weapon (Kohnen 2000). (2) the terrorist or terrorist group must be attracted to sickening or killing animals or crops as a part of its goal (Kohnen 2000). (3) the terrorist or terrorist group must have the desire to carry out their goal through the use of a Biological Weapon (Kohnen 2000)."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over the medical advancement issues versus the ethical issues of stem cell research.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the debate of the advantages and disadvantages of stem cell research. It then suggests, though an overview of the debate, that while stem cell technology and research offers the potential for medical advancements, at the same time it poses many ethical and practical problems which could have a potentially negative effect on modern society and culture.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Stem Cell Research Overview
The Negative Side Of Stem Cell Research.
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"The views expressed above epitomize the central concerns that surround the future implications of stem cell research for society. Many thinkers realize that the underlying danger inherent in cloning is that the act of reproduction and human creation will become a 'production of a product', which will exclude human nature and active creation and deprive culture of a necessary sense of awe and mystery at life. This fear is described by Rifkin and in clear and alarming way. He sees a situation developing where the eventual results of stem cell research will result in a situation where the "gift of life" "...is steadily marginalized and eventually abandoned all together. In its place the new progeny becomes the ultimate shopping experience--designed in advance, produced to specification, and purchased in the biological marketplace. " (Rifkin)"
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The B Vitamins and Mental Health, 2007.
An examination of the effects of vitamin B deficiencies, particularly with regards to mental health.
9,536 words (approx. 38.1 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 195.95
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Abstract
This study aims to identify the specific constituents of the vitamin B complexes in general and then goes on to describe how deficiencies of these vitamins adversely affect human health. The paper discusses which aspects of the population are at higher risk of vitamin B deficiencies and what can be done to remedy the problem. The paper specifically talks about the relationship between mental health issues and vitamin B deficiencies.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Conclusion
From the Paper
"Given the above, it is clear that people can experience essential nutrient deficiencies even when they are consuming the recommended daily allowances. While it remains vitally important to prevent such vitamin deficiency syndromes, there is a paucity of scientific evidence that additional intake levels that exceed the recommendations set out in Table 3 above of protein or micronutrients in supplement form is able to enhance athletic performance, notwithstanding the claims of manufacturers to the contrary (Chee et al., 2001). These authors caution that these supplements can actually interfere with the metabolism of the vitamin B complexes, thereby making matters worse instead of better. "In fact, isolated amino acid supplements may impair the uptake and utilization of other essential amino acids from diet, and vitamins and minerals (particularly fat soluble vitamins) may be toxic in high doses. The most common deficiency states in elderly persons related to exercise and functional capacity are energy, protein, potassium, magnesium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D" (Chee et al., 2001, p. 194)."
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The Arabian Horse Breed, 2007.
A discussion on whether the Arabian horse breed is superior to other horse breeds.
1,678 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines whether the fact that Arabian horses have fewer bones means that they are superior horses. The writer proposes that their superiority is subjective. The paper explains how the Arabian has fewer bones, with many horse experts and breeders preferring the Arabian. The paper analyzes whether the fewer-boned horse has advantages over the other horses in the field.
From the Paper
"One of the things that allows the Arabian to be very good at endurance riding is the fact that the hind legs are "remarkably free" in their ability to move and be limber, Edwards explains in the book. The tail of the Arabian is set very high in the croup, and while moving, the tail of the Arabian "is carried arched and well up," a point horse experts notice when discussing the style which the horse shows while running."
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Environmental Stresses, 2007.
An overview of environmental stresses in mangrove swamps and coral reefs.
1,016 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts some of the environmental stresses faced by two marine ecosystems: the coral reefs and the mangrove swamps. It attempts to show that despite differences in types of ecosystem stressors, both share common anthropogenic stresses. The paper begins by describing the coral reefs and mangrove swamps and then describes the threats to them, environmentally.
From the Paper
"Despite the vast amount of coral, that can seem mind-boggling at times, the specific environmental conditions required by coral means that it can be very susceptible to environmental changes. For examples, relatively minor surface water temperature increases can kill, or bleach, coral reefs. In Hawaii Jokiel and Brown (2004) found that sea surface temperature increases of just more than 1 degree C caused significant coral bleaching in both 1996 and 2002. They observed that the overall trend of oceanic warming is causative for increases in the frequency and severity of coral bleaching worldwide. While global warming has been pointed to as the reason for this increase, there are more direct ways that man is placing new environmental stresses on coral reefs. "
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Exploding the Myth of Race, 2007.
This paper examines the ideas presented in "The Emperor's New Clothes" by Joseph L. Graves.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the biological anthropologist Joseph L. Graves' suggestion that race is a culturally and socially constructed idea, not a biological fact. The paper identifies how he takes contention with many of the assumptions of the modern scientific community in the fields of medicine and anthropology; he maintains that blood groups or genetic diseases are not exclusive to confined racial groups. Graves makes a persuasive case that human beings must look beyond artificially constructed racial barriers - both laypersons and traditional medical researchers. The paper concludes that culture is a more powerful influence upon individual human health than the genetic and biological legacy that we all, as members of homo sapiens, commonly share.
From the Paper
"Sickle cell anemia, a disease associated with African Americans, is actually a genetic mutation that protects against malaria found primarily in individuals of West African ancestry. The supposed 'Black' race does not manifest the genetic trait of sickle cell across the entire African continent sparing the geographical expanse from Ethiopia to Cape Town. To further confuse racial categories of Blackness, sickle cell anemia is present in European Mediterranean ethnic groups, in a slightly different form, even though these persons might not share such conventional physical markers of race in terms of their physical appearance."
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The Dangers of Anthrax, 2007.
Questions whether anthrax is a dangerous weapon.
1,682 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, anthrax, a deadly chemical agent, began showing up in many areas of the East Coast. The nation came to fear anthrax, but was that fear justified? The paper argues that while the anthrax outbreaks caused relatively few deaths, the use of anthrax as a weapon of bioterrorism should be anticipated with fear and dread. The agent is deadly and the vaccines against it are controversial at best. The paper shows that anthrax is indeed a weapon of mass destruction if it falls into the wrong hands.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of anthrax is its longevity. The spores can lie dormant for literally years, but they can still infect a person after years of exposure to the elements. Researchers know this because of past studies conducted on the disease and the spores that cause it. For example, British researchers studied the disease and its affect on animals for about a year in an isolated Scottish bog during World War II. During their studies, they exposed sheep to various types of weapons containing anthrax spores, including bombs, bullets, and other dispersants."
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Pharmacogenomics, 2007.
A look at the human genome project with respect to gene expression profiling.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at gene expression profiling which is defined as a basic research method that effectively measures messenger RNA that has been made up of many different genes belonging to many different cell types. It discusses how this technology is being widely accepted and used as a diagnostic test to help the technician to easily identify the various subgroups of tumor types and to help predict which patients would better respond to treatment, and also which patients may be at an increased risk of a relapse of cancer.
From the Paper
"Any cells, within an organism, like for example, within a human being, works especially in order to increase the basic functioning and efficiency of that organism. For example, Nerve cells, or in other words, neurons, are capable of expressing neuron specific proteins, and this would allow it to perform neuron duties more efficiently. Similarly, skin or epithelial cells have their very own and specific proteins, and this enables them to work better. It must be noted that both neurons as well as epithelial cells possess the genes-encoding for neural and epithelial-specific proteins, and this makes sure of their effective and efficient and protective functioning. However, each cell can only express that particular gene that it may require, and not any other tissue specific genes. What this may be taken to mean is that a given DNA sequence can only provide specific information about what 'could be', and not what actually 'is'."
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Genetic Nightmares, 2007.
An examination of the film "Gattaca" by A. Niccol, 1997.
896 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the film "Gattaca" is a look into a possible future based on the concerns people have today about DNA testing, genetic engineering, privacy and similar issues. The paper discusses how the film raises a number of questions about what these trends might lead to in the near future and the film plays directly on fears that have been expressed by many people today. The world depicted in the film is centered on a huge corporation that monitors its employees closely and that makes decisions on the basis of genetics. The paper highlights the danger that a few scientific facts can become an excuse for unlimited social control.
From the Paper
"The main character is Vincent, who has found a way around the system and is passing as a man named Jerome. Every morning, he goes through a ritual to install the hair, skin cells, and urine of a crippled man named Jerome, a man who would have had a bright future if he had not been crippled in an accident. Jerome dreams of going into space, which is the business of Gattaca, and he is about to fulfill that dream unless he is uncovered and his true genetic make-up discovered. This might happen because the director of the project has been murdered, and the police investigation could discover the truth about Vincent's DNA."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2007.
A metadata analysis of the capacity of intensification of agricultural production via genetic engineering to feed a growing population.
16,724 words (approx. 66.9 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the assumption that the gene revolution--represented by the integration of genetic engineering techniques into the field of agriculture--is capable of positively affecting the current human population crisis. The study examines this very ideological assumption that has not largely been challenged in the popular or critical literature on the subject. It then attacks that assumption and illustrates its erroneous base.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One: Introduction and Statement of Problem
1.1 Statement of Problem
1.2 Purpose of the Study
1.3 Importance of the Study
1.4 Scope of the Study
1.5 Rationale of the Study
1.6 Definition of Terms
1.7 Overview of the Study
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Scope of the Literature Review
2.2 Intensification of Production is Favourable
2.3 Intensification of Production is Unfavourable
Chapter Three: Methodology
3.1 Approach
3.2 Data Gathering Method
3.3 Database of Study
3.4 Validity of Study
3.5 Originality and Limitations
Chapter Four: Data Analysis
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
From the Paper
"In order to fully examine that relationship, it was necessary to critically examine literature, statistics, and historical examples that might shed some light on the relationship that exist between food production and population growth. Additionally, studies were consulted that spoke to the capacity for genetically modified foods to increase agricultural production. In all, the range of information required for this study was significant and at times may have appeared to stray beyond the limited scope of genetically modified food. However, in order to demonstrate the manner by which genetically modified food would have its greatest negative impact upon human societies, it was essential to take a broader look at the role that genetically modified foods have played in the intense push to intensify agricultural production year after year in order to presumably keep up with geometric population growth by always generating more food than is needed."
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Toxicology, 2006.
This paper discusses the science of toxicology or the science of poisoning.
1,102 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The writer begins this essay with a discussion of the metabolism of toxic substances. The writer explains that the rate of metabolism in effect defines the concentration of the toxic substance. The slower the metabolic rate the more easily the toxic substance enters systemic circulation. Further, in this paper the writer discusses possible poisoning from chemicals such as aspartame or aspirin. The writer concludes this study with a look at the Bhopal carbide plant disaster in 1984.
From the Paper
"The human liver plays an important role in metabolizing and breaking down food material, (including toxic substances) before it can reach the circulatory system and affect the entire body. Nature has defined the liver as a first line defense mechanism against food materials and toxic substances that we may consume unknowingly. The metabolizing enzymes in the hepatocytes are very efficient and this defense mechanism is known as 'first pass effect'. Typically, Phase one reactions are mainly oxidative, reductive or hydrolytic processes and form substrates for phase two conjugations. The cytochrome p450 enzymes are mainly responsible for the Oxidative phase one reactions. These are a group of enzymes that are actually a family of proteins that can act upon a wide range of substrates. Lipophilic chemicals are oxidated to yield water-soluble chemicals. These enzymes also perform heterocyclic hydroxylations and analkylation reactions. The end products of the phase one reactions are ready for conjugation with glycine, glucuronic acid, etc and are easily excreted from the body via urine."
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Medical Technology, 2006.
A discussion on the pros and cons of medical advancements in nanotechnology and therapies.
860 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses new medical technology and advancement, from the approach of Bill McKibben, in his book "Enough". The paper discusses nanotechnology and its uses and well as various types of therapies, particularly germ-line therapy. The paper describes the pros and cons of these medical advancements and whether we may achieve more in the future.
From the Paper
"McKibben actually sees a number of bad outcomes to the use of this technology, from the end of much of the existing economy to a possibility of the technology getting out of hand and reproducing itself to the detriment of all life. He sees an imbalance between technology and humanity that is the real threat."
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Drilling in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 2006.
The paper examines the debate regarding drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
2,563 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the most promising onshore area for oil exploration and one of the wildest areas remaining in the United States. Therefore, the conflict between the need to develop energy resources and the desire to preserve wild areas has led to the prolonged debate over the merits of programs to lease the region for oil exploration and development. According to the paper, drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would cause environmental costs that include some elements that are essentially certain, as well as elements that are uncertain, such as the unpredictable effects on the number and health of certain important species. The paper concludes that development is environmentally damaging no matter the cautions, because it alters the wild state of the region forever.
From the Paper
"When Alaska entered the Union in 1958, Congress transferred an exceptionally large amount of land to the new state, and at the same time, the Department of the Interior used its authority to administratively reserve land for federal use, resulting to decades of controversy and disputes (Grover). Since 1957, the United States Department of the Interior has exercised primary administrative authority over most of the land comprising modern-day ANWR Grover). This fact has meant that a great deal to people who care about the Refuge (Grover). Federal management has produced a land that is valued as much for its unique wilderness character as it is prized for its suspected mineral wealth, and in particular, it has precluded significant petroleum exploration and development of the Refuge (Grover)."
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Animal Testing, 2006.
An argument against laboratory testing of animals.
1,396 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper holds the view that animal testing cannot provide firm evidence that a new product is safe and effective. The paper goes on to suggest that the testing methods used are immoral, and violate an animal's rights and that scientists should attempt to use alternative methods, and stop their cruel animal testing.
From the Paper
"Laboratory animals and humans are different. Laboratories use primates such as monkeys and chimpanzees for modeling human diseases related to the brain and the nervous system because these animals are the most closely related to humans. However, human's and primate's brains are not same. "The primate brain is not a scaled-down version of human's brain. Chimpanzee's brains and human's are similar in structure, but that does not mean they perform the same functions."(Coghlan) Therefore, scientists cannot acquire human medical insights accurately from the studies of primates. "Scientists have learned a lot about human's physiology through comparisons in animals. But they argue that the quest for drugs that modify human behavior and brain function requires a subtlety not available through the study of primate brain."(Coghlan) In addition, other animals used for testing drugs, chemicals, and cosmetics are also not identical to humans and cannot form some of the same health problems even though these animals are biologically similar to humans. In spite of this fact, many laboratories still continue animal experiments on new products, producing unreliable results. Although the scientists prove the safety of the products on animals, the products may be harmful to humans."
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Fossils, 2006.
A discussion on fossils from the Pre-Cambrian period.
794 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This study discusses the Pre-Cambrian Period, roughly some two billion years ago, and in particular, fossils that have been found from that time period. The paper discusses three types of fossils that have been left behind -- body, trace and chemical and that these can be readily found within rocks formed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Periods.
From the Paper
"During this time, a number of life forms emerged and left behind three types of fossils--body, trace and chemical, which can be readily found within rocks formed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Periods. Some of these fossils are actual cellular remains, something which Donovan admits is extremely rare in rocks of this age. The oldest have been dated as about 3.5 billion years and can be found in cherts from the Warrawoona Group near the North Pole, being northwest of Australia, and in the Onverwacht Group in eastern Transvaal (South Africa)."
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