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Human Sperm Competition, 2006.
Examines male and female subconscious manipulation of the ejaculate.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Sperm competition is a subconscious force at work during copulation which affects the amount of sperm inseminated and influences the chance of pregnancy. The paper shows that females affect sperm levels through flowback and sperm retention. Males affect sperm levels by inseminating different amounts of sperm due to the time interval between copulatory behavior. The paper examines current theory which states that males subconsciously desire to fertilize a female, while females subconsciously do not want to become pregnant.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background: Animal Sperm Competition
Experiment #1: Sand Lizards
Experiment #2: Chaffinches
Human Sperm Competition
Experiment #3: Human Females
Experiment #4: Human Males
Works Cited
From the Paper
"One of the aspects of copulatory behavior studied by Baker and Bellis (1993b) was the manipulation of ejaculation by females during in-pair copulation. To do so, they examined the flowback discharged by females after copulation. Flowback comprises vaginal fluid, female tissue, sperm and up to 3ml of seminal fluid (Baker and Bellis, 1993b). Flowback occurs directly after copulation when the female gets up, or most frequently, during the first urination after copulatory behavior. No previous study had been done in regard to the quantity of sperm expelled from possible impregnation by this means."
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Cruelty to Animals, 2006.
An assessment of organizational and governmental efforts to protect animals.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the organizations, governmental agencies and courtrooms acting to protect animals from cruelty. The paper begins with a review of the laws against cruelty to animals. Next, the paper explores the mission and success of some of the most well-known non-profit organizations working to protect animals. Included are the Humane Society and American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as well as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). The paper also briefly discusses smaller, grassroots organizations, like Animal Cruelty Actionline. The paper then turns to the laws against animal cruelty and their application in several rather disturbing courtroom cases.
From the Paper
"There are currently hundreds of organizations around to prevent and stop cruelty to animals. The most widely recognized organizations are the American Humane Society and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The ASPCA since its inception has become a role model for other similar organizations to follow. The organization has a legislative action center in which volunteers are asked to write their legislatures in order to rally for stricter penalties against animal cruelty. Volunteers are kept abreast on current issues related to animal cruelty. The society also keeps a listing of animal humane law enforcement officials and animal control agencies throughout the United States."
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Migration of Canadian Goose and Arctic Tern, 2006.
A look at the migratory habits of the Canadian Goose and the Arctic Tern.
1,459 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the migratory patterns of the Arctic Tern and the Canadian Goose. The Canadian Goose is a wetlands-dwelling species inhabiting regions of arctic Canada, Alaska, Siberia and, more recently, continental Europe. The Arctic Tern migrates from nesting grounds in the Arctic south to the Antarctic and back. The paper also explores aspects of the life cycle of the Canadian Goose within five areas of habitat, and the remarkable migration pattern of the Arctic Tern.
From the Paper
"The Canada Geese forage in flocks and feed on plant material, seeds, berries and aquatic plants. They primarily inhabit wooded lakes and ponds, bays and marshes but have recently begun to adapt to urban sites such as golf courses and parks that offer a similar ecology. Since the geese exploit areas of low and tender vegetation, their migratory habits are largely influenced by the short summer season in their northernmost regions. In addition, the breeding period extends for more than two months, making the high-arctic breeding areas unsuitable. In addition, the geese rely on the accumulation of fat reserves during the winter season for their long migration flights."
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Ambiguous Genitalia, 2006.
This paper explores cases when gender is unclear at birth.
1,451 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author explores the incidents of birth where gender is unclear. He looks at how the sex of a child at birth moulds the child for future life from the color of the blanket he or she is given to the type of toys they play with. The paper cites examples of children born in South East Asia who are neither male or female that are disowned by general society and often turn to prostitution in later years if they are not accepted as performers. They are considered to be neither man nor woman and are often considered freaks. Finally the paper concludes that, with the advancement of modern medicine, there is hope that operations can be performed to give these people a true gender identity.
From the Paper
"Early in fetal development, males and females are indistinguishable. Male fetuses have primitive male and female sex organs; female fetuses have primitive male and female sex organs. It's the body's hormones that determine which organs develop further and which disappear. The hormones get their 'messages' from the sex chromosomes. So you can begin to understand how if a problem arises anywhere along these lines of 'communication', a baby could be born with ambiguous genitalia or organs of the opposite gender."
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Acid Rain and Freshwater Fish, 2006.
This informative paper examines the disastrous effects of acidic precipitation and aluminum toxicity on freshwater fish populations around the world.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This well-researched and detailed paper explores the effects of acidic precipitation (acid rain) which has been a major factor in fish kills throughout countries in the northern hemisphere. The writer of this paper cites numerous studies which have linked aluminum toxicity along with acid rain as the main cause of fish extinction. This paper stresses the urgency in developing a successful management tool in determining the viability of fish populations in various natural settings. This paper also contains detailed information and results of various case studies as well as two graphs that support the author's claims in this report.
From the Paper
"The fish used in this experiment were obtained from a trout farm which ensures the relative similarity of the fishes used in the experiment. They were acclimated to artificial soft water for 2 weeks before they were used in the experiment. They were then transferred to flux chambers for the experiment and given 24 to 48 hours to recover from the handling stress before they were exposed for 24 hours to low-pH water (pH 4.4, 4.8, or 5.2) A control group (N=36) for each of these pHs was left in these conditions for 10 days. The experimental group after this 24 hour exposure to low pH levels were exposed to concentrations of Al of 111, 333, or 1000 ug/L at the same pH (N=72)."
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Monsanto, Genetic Engineering and Indonesia, 2006.
Examines how the agricultural company, Monsanto, introduced genetic engineering (GE) to Indonesia.
3,857 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
Monsanto is a leading provider of agricultural products to farmers. This paper analyzes the company and then presents a definition of GE. The paper then discusses why and how genetic engineering was introduced to Indonesia by Monsanto.
Paper Outline:
What is Monsanto?
What is GE? What is GE Seed?
What is Monsanto's Background of Internationally Traded Genetically Engineered (GE) Seed?
What are the Regulations of GE Products in USA?
What are the Regulations and Laws of GE Products in Indonesia?
What is the Jurisdiction of US Law in International Trade?
What Does it Take to put a Product on the Market in Indonesia?
What did Monsanto do to put GE seed in Indonesia?
Did Monsanto Follow the Regulations?
What was the Response in Indonesia?
What was the Outcome of the Legal Process in the USA?
What are the Implications of this Case on the International GE Trade?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In recent years, Indonesia has liberalized its trade regime and taken a number of important steps to reduce protection. Since 1996, the Indonesian Government has issued deregulation packages that have reduced overall tariff levels, simplified the tariff structure, removed restrictions, replaced non-tariff barriers with more transparent tariffs, and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment. The GOI issued a deregulation package in July 1997, which introduced additional tariff reductions."
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The American Alligator, 2006.
An overview of the American alligator including its habitat, mating and eating habits.
1,394 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various aspects of the American alligator including the regions it inhabits, the type of climate it favors, its primary habitat and its origins. It also looks discusses the threat posed to alligators by humans and what the government has done to try to protect them from extinction.
From the Paper
"The American alligator is a cold-blooded member of the reptile family. The American alligator got its name from Spanish explorers who named it "el largarto," which means "the lizard." Since the body temperature of the alligator is the same as the temperature around it, the American alligator lives only in the southeastern states of America. Since that's in the vicinity of the Mississippi, the American alligator's scientific name is alligator mississippiensis, although the highest populations of alligators are found in Florida and Louisiana. In Florida, alligators are found in almost every body of water, with the highest concentrations being in the Central and South regions. Prime alligator habitats are swamps, marshes, lakes, and drainage canals. Alligators prefer a climate that is warm, wet, light and cool, and always stay near their body of water. The American alligator prefers fresh water to salt water."
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Soil Erosion, 2006.
Examines the effects of marginal land and deforestation on soil erosion.
1,322 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Never before in the history of mankind have we faced an environmental dilemma with the worldwide effects of soil erosion. The problem is so severe, that many experts fear the land will not be able to produce enough food to feed the world's population in the next century. The paper discusses the problem as two fold - marginal land and deforestation. Much of the world's land is marginal sandy desert and sub-desert. In order to feed and house their growing populations many countries in South America, Asia, and Africa clear the world's forests to create more grazing land. The paper shows that, although much of this land has rich soil, the effect of deforestation is an increase in soil erosion. Once the trees are removed, the soil erodes and soon becomes marginal. Combined this with the problem of acid rain, other forms of pollution, and over population, and it is obvious we are entering a time of intense food scarcity.
From the Paper
"In order to preserve life for future generations, we must preserve the soil. Conservation and research are the keys to the future. Conservation and improving soil quality will prevent food shortages in the future. The quality of food today has decreased to dangerously low levels. In spite of increased knowledge about nutrition and advancements in medicine, people today are not as healthy as previous generations. We suffer from nutrient deficiencies related to the poor quality of soil."
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The African Hunting Dog, 2006.
An overview of the characteristics of the Cape hunting dog, also known as the African hunting dog.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The hunting strategies of the African wild dog were behavior once shrouded in inaccurate myth. The dogs were formerly considered among the roughest and meanest species on the African savanna and bushland. The paper shows that they were noted for driving out all other species in their regions, for mutilating their victims beyond recognition, as well as for consuming their own kind who had fallen prey to illness or exhaustion. The paper shows, however, that researchers have recently taken a closer look at the animals' morphological, physiological and adaptive characteristics, their methods of locating prey, as well as their prey-capture techniques and food allocation practices. New studies have presented a wildly different version of the African wild dog.
From the Paper
"According to recent research, the prime habitat for wild dogs is not the open, grassy plains but rather the woodland-savanna areas which support larger populations of prey due to the interspersion of seasonally-flooded grasslands in these areas. The animals' diet consists largely of impala (80-85%), with the remaining percentage distributed among red lechwe, reedbuck, steenbok (antelope types), and the juveniles of kudu, buffalo, tsessebe, zebra and wildebeest. Most of these animals are nearly ten times the weight of the average hunting dog. They are also common in the regions where wild dogs exist, so that locating their prey is not often difficult."
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Will to Survive, 2005.
Argues that a human's will to survive is instinctive.
2,841 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
One of the most valuable human qualities is the will to survive. Case histories of life-threatening situations have demonstrated that stubborn, strong will power is often the key to conquering dangerous conditions. The paper shows, however, that the will to survive also manifests in the human physiology. Hunger, sweating and panic are good examples of anatomical responses to danger. These actions are largely uncontrolled. The paper argues, therefore, that the will to survive is not simply a human trait, it is also an instinct.
From the Paper
"However, by stopping the sweating mechanism, the body is making a drastic attempt to prevent further water loss by initiating absolute conservation of water. This physiologically-initiated method of survival actually prolongs the person's ability to survive in that it allows him extra time to replenish his fluids. If the body continued sweating, the fluid loss level would reach 15 percent, the blood volume would fall below sustainable levels and the organs would simply die."
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Opportunities in the Biotechnology Industry, 2006.
This brief paper examines the impending opportunities for smaller biotech companies to crack open the door and compete against the global pharmaceutical giants that are currently the major players in the industry.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the biotech industry which is currently controlled by several big global companies and the fact that this is about to change. Patents on nearly $40 billion in drugs manufactured by the large pharmaceutical companies are set to expire which should open the door for smaller companies to help medicate the world. The writer's vision is for smaller companies to secure a place in an international growth market, to receive approval by various government agencies, to prove the efficacy of innovations and more importantly to solve some of the world's ills which can be alleviated by biotechnological products. This paper includes a statistical graph detailing biotech industry threats and opportunities.
Topics covered in this report include:
Vision Statement
Mission Statement
Competition
Political
Ecological
Energy
Economic
Spirit/Ethics
International
Technology
Social
Conclusions and Statistics About Threats and Opportunities for a New Venture
Citations
From the Paper
"As long as there is no human genome project underway, there is little government interference. However, the American companies claim that the FDA is much too slow, compared to overseas regulatory agencies, to approve new drugs. For this reason, many of the companies are either buying, being bought by, or creating partnerships with overseas companies in order to sell their drugs where restrictions are not as tight as in the U.S. One major problem that the industry faces is the high cost to the consumer. Congress has a number of bills about medical costs."
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Human Cloning, 2002.
This paper deals with the controversial human cloning debate.
1,905 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper opens with a detailed and scientific explanation of how cloning is achieved via genetically identical cells. The writer of this paper also examines and debates the controversial issue of animal and human cloning.
Topics covered in this report include:
What is the Meaning of the term 'Cloning'?
Human Cloning
World's First Cloned Baby is Due
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The world's first cloned baby is due to be borne in early January, 2003. This has been claimed by controversial Italian doctor Severino Antinori. According to him two more women are carrying cloned fetus and are in an advanced stage of pregnancy. Many scientists agree that human reproductive cloning would become possible but they feel that such an experiment would be a grossly irresponsible act which could lead to high risk of premature death and birth defects in clones. According to some scientists they feel that attempting to clone humans would be an irresponsible and repugnant act which according to them would ignore the overwhelming scientific evidence received from seven mammalian species cloned so far."
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PET Imaging, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to reduce the need for exploratory surgery and other invasive techniques and to target better radiation therapy in cancer patients.
3,785 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is an advanced imaging technique that can differentiate between malignant lesions and benign lesions in almost every process in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment because PET is more sensitive than CT scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The author explains that for PET scanning, the patient is injected with positron emitting radionuclides and placed in a tube and surrounded by a ring of detectors; when one of these high-energy photon rays is detected, the source location can be determined and mapped by a specialized software package. The paper relates that, after radiation and surgery there is considerable damage to surrounding tissue; therefore, it is often difficult to distinguish living cancer cells from morphological changes caused by surgery or tissue death caused by radiation; however, because dead tissue and cancer cells have different glucose metabolism rates, they are easy to distinguish by PET imaging.
Table of Contents
Improving Outcomes for Radiation Therapy
How PET Scanning Works
Radiation Therapy
Using PET to Analyze the Effectiveness of Radiation Treatments
From the Paper
"Because PET scanning is based on glucose levels, it is important that these be controlled prior to the scan. Patients are usually told to fast for 4-6 hours prior to the test. However, they can drink water and take any medications that they are on. The goal is to get the base glucose level lower than 160 mg/dL before administering the FDG or other isotope. Patients with diabetes should continue their routine of eating small meals and taking their insulin. Then these small inconveniences, PET imaging is non-invasive and causes little discomfort to the patient."
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Viruses, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the discovery of the relationship of viruses to disease and the exploration of the use of viruses also to fight disease.
3,510 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike bacteria, viruses do not simply 'graze' on the body but rather invade it, commandeering the cells and turning them into factories for virus production. The author describes the work of Sir Anthony Epstein, a virologist, who discovered that only when cells grow outside the body and away from immune systems can the whole virus particles be seen. The paper relates that, today, in a new technique called viro-therapy, scientists are genetically engineering viruses, which will actually hunt down cancer cells and destroy them.
From the Paper
"Until 1903, heated debates raged over these 'invisible microbes. Then a scientist named Pierre Roux described these microbes as 'filterable viruses' that could not be seen under a light microscope and would not grow on bacterial culture plates. For the next three decades, these viruses were thought of as small bacteria. By 1930, scientists began to gain an understanding of viruses. But, scientists were still puzzled by the viruses' methods of infection and their process of reproduction. In 1938, with the invention of the electron microscope viruses could finally be seen. Finally, the structures and symmetries of viruses could be studied in great detail."
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The Promise of DNA Vaccines, 2006.
A review of recent work on DNA vaccines.
1,076 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper examines recent developments in the field of DNA vaccines. It discusses progress in vaccines against rabies, cancer and HIV / AIDS, as well as the role of the United Nations' Joint Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in current medical studies.
From the Paper
"Areas where the development of the DNA vaccine is concentrated are rabies, cancer and HIV. A DNA vaccine has been developed that protects monkeys from becoming infected with rabies. "DNA encodes for the surface glycoprotein of the rabies virus that induces high level of neutralizing antibodies." This is promising, since the DNA vaccine is less expensive, easy to use, and does not require refrigeration. As a result, the vaccine could be supplied worldwide, especially in areas where rabies is an epidemic."
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The Rare Giant Panda, 2005.
This paper discusses the rare giant panda of China and the research that is being done for its preservation.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that once the geographic range of the Giant Panda extended throughout Burma, Vietnam and particularly southern and eastern China as far north as Beijing; today the remaining tatters of China's bamboo forests support only about 1,000 wild pandas in the mountains of central China's Sichuan Province, high in the mountains, shrouded in heavy clouds with torrential rains or dense mist throughout the year. The author points out that scientists have debated for more than a century whether giant pandas belong to the bear family, the raccoon family or a separate family of their own; recent DNA analysis indicates that giant pandas are more closely related to bears. The paper relates that scientists are conducting research in order to preserve the panda through the study of infant development and mating behaviors such as the importance of urine scents similar to dog mating.
From the Paper
"The newborn panda weighs barely a quarter of a pound, even though the mother weighs typically two hundred pounds. Most mammals, with which we are familiar when born find their way to the nipple to nurse. The panda mother cradles her baby against her body "so it can snuggle into her warm fur and feed" much like an ape. Immediately upon giving birth, the mother panda fasts for days, devoting all her time to the newborn. An interesting fact about the birth of twins, which happens about fifty percent of the time, is that the mother chooses one and lets the other die. Scientists believe that is due to the care the frail infant requires and the mother can only provide for one."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
A look at some of the issues and dilemmas involved with stem cell research.
1,415 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ongoing debate over stem cell research and examines the controversial issues associated with the technology. The paper addresses three fundamental questions concerning stem cell research which deal with whether or not stem cell research can deliver what it promises in terms of cures and fixes, whether an alternative and better medical technology for cures can be found and when it is that life actually begins.
From the Paper
"Even more promising are cord blood cells, which are usually taken from a placenta after birth. These cells, which are much more common and less ethically questionable than embryonic cells, already have many advocates and success stories to their name. A University of Pittsburgh
research team hails these cells' abilities to produce different types of tissues (Price, "Advance Made"). And ordinary citizens such as Adam Susser and Hwang Mi-Soon provide the most compelling evidence of all: themselves. Adam, born with cerebral palsy, spent his entire youth
imprisoned by blindness and an inability to speak. Halfway across the world, South Korean Hwang lived in a similar prison. For twenty years, she lived the physical and emotional entrapment of paralysis. Now, these two individuals are now living the life they always imagined but never dared to dream. Adam is seeing the world for the first time. Hwang does not have to rely on physical herapy for exercise anymore-she can just walk around her neighborhood. What unites these two very different people?...."
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The Salivary Glands, 2006.
A look at the role that the salivary glands play in the human body.
2,624 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the major functions of the salivary glands, explaining that they play a major role in helping us to maintain good oral health, enjoy our food and keep our mouth moist and comfortable.
From the Paper
"The salivary glands are compound exocrine glands that secrete a digestive fluid (saliva) into the oral cavity. These glands are distributed in two different sets, major and minor. The major or larger salivary glands come in three pairs: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. The parotid glands are the largest and located in front of the ears. The submandibular glands are located below the jaw and the sublingual glands are located underneath the tongue. There are between 600-1000 minor or smaller salivary glands are located all throughout the mouth-in the tongue, the palate, and linings of the inner lip and cheek areas. Each gland produces one of three different types of secretions."
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