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Comparative Evolution of the Globulin Genes, 2007.
An analysis of the evolution of the globulin genes, focusing on the gamma globulin.
1,933 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This study provides relevant background on the various globulin genes in general and the gamma globulin gene in particular. The paper aims to determine how this family of globulin genes has changed over time in various organisms, as well as describe where the globulin genes can be found and their functions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Globulin Gene Evolution
Evolution of Globulin Genes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since the pioneering work of Cohn and others, researchers have since shown that globulins represent an important source of protein in seed plants and they are found in relatively small amounts in various cereals; in addition, globulins are also found in animal fluids are enzymes, antibodies, and fibrous and contractile proteins typically contained in the blood plasma (Haurowitz, 2006). As noted above, to date, three types of globulin have been identified--alpha, beta, and gamma; alpha and beta globulins are transport proteins, serve as substrates upon which other substances are formed, and perform other diverse functions. In addition, the gamma globulins play a vital role in natural and acquired immunity to infection (Haurowitz, 2006)."
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Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection, 2006.
A review of the events in the life of Charles Darwin that led up to his theory of natural selection.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the life of Charles Darwin, focusing primarily on the events that influenced his theory of natural selection. The paper discusses how his arrival in South America, virtually unknown and unexplored at the time, opened his eyes to various natural occurrences that led to his theory of natural selection.
From the Paper
"Darwin also observed that a woodpecker is different from other birds due to its claws being directed backward which helps it to maintain a firm grasp on a tree limb; its stiff tail feathers aids in this support while its stout beak allows for holes to be drilled into the tree bark; its long tongue helps the bird to extract insects from these holes. Thus, the woodpecker must have evolved these adaptations via the process of natural selection, a term which Charles Adami defines as "the process which results in the survival of individuals or groups best adjusted to the conditions under which they live and for the perpetuation of desirable genetic qualities and the elimination of undesirable traits via mutation" (4464).
While Darwin was considering exactly how evolution might have come about, he noticed that some species are better adapted than their counterparts to living in a specific environment and thus are more likely to cultivate more descendants while the less well-adapted species may become lessened or even extinct. Obviously, this thought prompted Darwin to fully grasp his idea of natural selection, even before he understood how it functioned in nature. As Thomas Huxley once remarked, "How extremely stupid it was for my colleagues not to have thought of it earlier" (Barlow, 178)."
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In-Vitro Fertilization, 2006.
A defensive examination of in-vitro fertilization (IVF).
1,256 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the technique of in-vitro fertilization, discusses basic reproductive science and describes all of the alternatives for increasing the chances of conception. The paper also discusses the conditions which cause infertility, the various infertility tests and conventional fertility treatments.. The paper then takes a look at the pros and cons of IVF, along with its successes and failures.
Outline
I. Introduction:
A. Infertility Definition.
B. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
C. Ethical Bombshells and Pertinent Statistics on IVF.
II. The Process of In-Vitro Fertilization:
A. Suppression and Developing Eggs.
B. Retrieving Eggs.
C. Developing Embryos.
D. Transferring Embryos.
E. Preparing the Uterus.
F. Pregnancy Tests.
III. Fertility Options:
A. Fertility Drugs.
B. Intrauterine Insemination.
C. Microsurgery.
IV. Two Case Studies:
A. The Case of Charlie Whitaker--the decision to create human life to save another human life.
B. Aaron Zitner and questions on this case.
C. The Case of Joshua--using IVF to obtain bone marrow.
D. Questions on this case.
V. Conclusion:
A. The Present and Future State of IVF.
B. A Final Defense of IVF.
From the Paper
"Generally speaking, there exists four specific options which an individual/couple may use instead of in-vitro fertilization. First of all, some may opt for fertility drugs which affect the ovulation cycle and bring it up to par with normal processes. These drugs are usually superovulatory, such as Gonal F or Follistim which are given by injection and often require close monitoring. As a supportive note, this approach has succeeded in getting millions of women pregnant who otherwise never would have conceived in a natural way. Second, intrauterine insemination has been used for many years and is usually done by injecting semen directly into the uterus prior to ovulation. This is often done in tandem with superovulatory drugs in order to increase the rate of success.Third, for women with endometriosis or blocked fallopian tubes, microsurgery can often clear up the problem for a healthy pregnancy. However, the success rate is around fifty percent and even when successful, the fallopian tubes can at times become re-blocked which would require more surgery. Fourth, men who are found to be infertile due to blockages can receive microsurgery on the transport tube found in the penis. The effectiveness with this technique is also around fifty percent (Elder, 215).
Obviously, after all of this discussion, it is abundantly clear that in-vitro fertilization deserves to be considered by those individuals/couples who have experienced much difficulty in conceiving a child. "
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Sex Education, 2007.
This paper discusses the reproductive system and the dangers of casual sex.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the reproductive process and examines the risks involved in casual sex. This paper is written in an informal tone and the writer looks at the subject of sex among adolescents. The writer concludes that the reproductive story is an amazing, wonderful part of the human experience, but that the teenage years are not the right time to be weighted down with the obligations and responsibilities of childbirth. The writer maintains that the more children and parents know, and the deeper the level of sincerity that is embraced while parents counsel them about the dangers, the better the chances that they will be smart enough to avoid the tragedy and pain that is out there waiting.
From the Paper
"Actually, there are some species on the planet that would probably be glad if humans were no longer around to threaten them and pollute their habitat - like endangered whales, for example - but that's an issue to be discussed at another time.
On a serious note, let's talk about the female reproductive process first. You may already know a lot of this information, but maybe your little brother or sister doesn't, so let's go through it step-by-step to be sure we understand. We know that after teens have gone through puberty, reproductive processes are possible - that is, girls can get pregnant once they begin menstruating and boys can get them pregnant once they start producing semen, or sperm."
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Emotions and Learning, 2006.
A discussion regarding the influence emotion has on our ability to learn and remember.
816 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how neurobiological researchers have shown that emotions such as fear, stress, arousal and valance (positivity and negativity) all play a role in stimulating the brain in such a way that learning and memory occur. This paper focuses on the effect these emotions have on the learning process.
From the Paper
"Stress is another emotion that plays a vital role in learning and memory. Stress is actually the heightened awareness that one experiences in a situation where the outcome or consequences may be higher than normal. Everyone experiences stress to some degree on a daily basis; however, it is the most stressful situations that arouse the brain triggering the release of stress hormones. Within milliseconds of the stressful situation, epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted. Seconds later, the secretion of cortisol follows. Research has shown that these stress hormones act on the brain and thereby modulate cognition, learning and memory. Therefore, a person who is under a lot of stress will be more likely to learn and recall information than someone who is not under a lot of stress."
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Digestive System, 2006.
An overview and explanation of the digestive system and the process of digestion.
2,002 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough explanation of the human digestive system and the process by which we digest our food. The paper discusses how the human digestive system is an intriguing mechanism involving different organs and enzymes in a complex mechanical and biochemical processes. The paper goes on to name and explain each process.
Outline:
Thesis
Introduction
The Saliva
The Stomach (Chemical and mechanical Breakdown)
The Small Intestine (Enzymatic Breakdown and Absorption)
Absorption of Nutrients
Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A brief description of the structure of the stomach would help in gaining a better understanding of this important organ. The stomach is divided into four regions namely the Cardia, fundus, the body, and the pylorus. The stomach has two openings namely the cardiac orifice, which connects with the esophagus, and the pyloric orifice on its lower end, which leads to the duodenum. The fundus is the curved up area that extends above the cardiac orifice. The body or the intermediate region is the largest part of the stomach, which gradually leads to the pyloric portion that connects to the small intestine via the pyloric aperture. The stomach wall is composed of four different layers. The innermost layer is the mucosa. The mucosa is made up of gastric glands and gastric pits and secretes around 2 litres of gastric juice per day. This gastric juice is made up of HCL, protease (pepsin) and lipase. Parietal cells of the mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid. The goblet cells in the gastric pits that line the mucosa secrete mucus, producing the mucosal barrier that prevents the strong digestive acid from corroding the mucosa. [MSU]"
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Ecosystems, 2007.
An overview of the formation and protection of ecological systems.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the world's ecological systems. It begins by defining ecosystems and describing what makes them up. It then describes the formation of different ecosystems. The paper then looks at what is being done to protect and promote the ecological systems in the world and if these measures are effective.
From the Paper
"The Endangered Species Act of 1973, often referred to as 'nature's safety net,' was passed to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems upon which they depend (Endangered). In other words, when management practices and other conservation laws fail to maintain healthy animal and plant populations, the ESA acts as a last barrier to a species' extinction (Endangered). When a species becomes listed on the ESA list, it stands a good chance of survival, yet then the more difficult, time consuming, and expensive task of reversing the decline, restoring the species to a secure status, and removing it from the list begins (Endangered)."
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Modality-Specific Encoding of Spatial Information, 2006.
A review of the article "Viewing a Map versus Reading as Description of a Map: Modality-Specific Encoding of Spatial Information" by Michael Tlauka, Hannah Keage and C. Richard Clark.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the article "Viewing a Map versus Reading as Description of a Map: Modality-Specific Encoding of Spatial Information" written by Tlauka, Keage and Clark. According to the paper, the article reports results of a study that was conducted in order to determine if neural activity within the human brain, that had accompanied processing of previously-learned information, about positions and locations of various places on a map, was measurably influenced by the particular modality in which spatial parameters of the maps themselves had been learned originally.
From the Paper
"In the learning phase, the study participants either looked at a map, or read a written description of a map. Next, study participants' comparative abilities to use the spatial knowledge they had learned earlier, either visuospatially [sic] or verbally, was measured, by having each of the participants then perform a spatial orientation task, during which EEG activity was measured. According to the authors, brain activity relative to processing spatial information was inferred from amplitude, latency, and topography of several spatiotemporal parts of the ERP. The authors found that overall performance was unaffected by previous map-learning modality (visuospatial [sic] or verbal), but that the neural activity underlying processing of stimuli was in fact influenced by previous map-learning modality (e.g., visuospatial [sic] or verbal). Based on this result, the authors concluded that conflicting results derived from the behavioral and Neurophysiological measures suggest that adopting particular orientations in imagined space can involve different patterns of brain activation."
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Agroterrorism, 2006.
An in-depth discussion regarding the threat of agroterrorism.
3,430 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
According to this paper, agroterrorism is a particularly dangerous form of terrorism that has the potential to destroy many lives and disrupt economies throughout the world. The paper reviews and discusses the many factors that contribute to the motivations for Agroterrorism. The paper further reviews the possibilities available to protect against the threat posed by agroterrorism including security and additional surveillance.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
-What is Agroterrorism?
-Motivations for Agroterrorism
-Protecting against Agroterrorism
Methodology
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to chalk (2005) Agroterrorism is defined as "the deliberate introduction of a disease agent, either against livestock or into the food chain, for purposes of undermining socioeconomic stability and/or generating fear. Depending on the disease agent and pathogenic vector chosen, Agroterrorism is a tactic that can be used either to cause mass socioeconomic disruption or as a form of direct human aggression (Chalk 2004, vi)." Kohnen (2000) asserts that threat of an agroterrorist event could be contingent upon the following three factors: (1) a terrorist or terrorist group must posses the technical ability to get hold of and deploy the weapon (Kohnen 2000). (2) the terrorist or terrorist group must be attracted to sickening or killing animals or crops as a part of its goal (Kohnen 2000). (3) the terrorist or terrorist group must have the desire to carry out their goal through the use of a Biological Weapon (Kohnen 2000)."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over the medical advancement issues versus the ethical issues of stem cell research.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the debate of the advantages and disadvantages of stem cell research. It then suggests, though an overview of the debate, that while stem cell technology and research offers the potential for medical advancements, at the same time it poses many ethical and practical problems which could have a potentially negative effect on modern society and culture.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Stem Cell Research Overview
The Negative Side Of Stem Cell Research.
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"The views expressed above epitomize the central concerns that surround the future implications of stem cell research for society. Many thinkers realize that the underlying danger inherent in cloning is that the act of reproduction and human creation will become a 'production of a product', which will exclude human nature and active creation and deprive culture of a necessary sense of awe and mystery at life. This fear is described by Rifkin and in clear and alarming way. He sees a situation developing where the eventual results of stem cell research will result in a situation where the "gift of life" "...is steadily marginalized and eventually abandoned all together. In its place the new progeny becomes the ultimate shopping experience--designed in advance, produced to specification, and purchased in the biological marketplace. " (Rifkin)"
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The B Vitamins and Mental Health, 2007.
An examination of the effects of vitamin B deficiencies, particularly with regards to mental health.
9,536 words (approx. 38.1 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 195.95
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Abstract
This study aims to identify the specific constituents of the vitamin B complexes in general and then goes on to describe how deficiencies of these vitamins adversely affect human health. The paper discusses which aspects of the population are at higher risk of vitamin B deficiencies and what can be done to remedy the problem. The paper specifically talks about the relationship between mental health issues and vitamin B deficiencies.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Conclusion
From the Paper
"Given the above, it is clear that people can experience essential nutrient deficiencies even when they are consuming the recommended daily allowances. While it remains vitally important to prevent such vitamin deficiency syndromes, there is a paucity of scientific evidence that additional intake levels that exceed the recommendations set out in Table 3 above of protein or micronutrients in supplement form is able to enhance athletic performance, notwithstanding the claims of manufacturers to the contrary (Chee et al., 2001). These authors caution that these supplements can actually interfere with the metabolism of the vitamin B complexes, thereby making matters worse instead of better. "In fact, isolated amino acid supplements may impair the uptake and utilization of other essential amino acids from diet, and vitamins and minerals (particularly fat soluble vitamins) may be toxic in high doses. The most common deficiency states in elderly persons related to exercise and functional capacity are energy, protein, potassium, magnesium, vitamin B12, and vitamin D" (Chee et al., 2001, p. 194)."
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The Arabian Horse Breed, 2007.
A discussion on whether the Arabian horse breed is superior to other horse breeds.
1,678 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines whether the fact that Arabian horses have fewer bones means that they are superior horses. The writer proposes that their superiority is subjective. The paper explains how the Arabian has fewer bones, with many horse experts and breeders preferring the Arabian. The paper analyzes whether the fewer-boned horse has advantages over the other horses in the field.
From the Paper
"One of the things that allows the Arabian to be very good at endurance riding is the fact that the hind legs are "remarkably free" in their ability to move and be limber, Edwards explains in the book. The tail of the Arabian is set very high in the croup, and while moving, the tail of the Arabian "is carried arched and well up," a point horse experts notice when discussing the style which the horse shows while running."
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Environmental Stresses, 2007.
An overview of environmental stresses in mangrove swamps and coral reefs.
1,016 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts some of the environmental stresses faced by two marine ecosystems: the coral reefs and the mangrove swamps. It attempts to show that despite differences in types of ecosystem stressors, both share common anthropogenic stresses. The paper begins by describing the coral reefs and mangrove swamps and then describes the threats to them, environmentally.
From the Paper
"Despite the vast amount of coral, that can seem mind-boggling at times, the specific environmental conditions required by coral means that it can be very susceptible to environmental changes. For examples, relatively minor surface water temperature increases can kill, or bleach, coral reefs. In Hawaii Jokiel and Brown (2004) found that sea surface temperature increases of just more than 1 degree C caused significant coral bleaching in both 1996 and 2002. They observed that the overall trend of oceanic warming is causative for increases in the frequency and severity of coral bleaching worldwide. While global warming has been pointed to as the reason for this increase, there are more direct ways that man is placing new environmental stresses on coral reefs. "
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Exploding the Myth of Race, 2007.
This paper examines the ideas presented in "The Emperor's New Clothes" by Joseph L. Graves.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the biological anthropologist Joseph L. Graves' suggestion that race is a culturally and socially constructed idea, not a biological fact. The paper identifies how he takes contention with many of the assumptions of the modern scientific community in the fields of medicine and anthropology; he maintains that blood groups or genetic diseases are not exclusive to confined racial groups. Graves makes a persuasive case that human beings must look beyond artificially constructed racial barriers - both laypersons and traditional medical researchers. The paper concludes that culture is a more powerful influence upon individual human health than the genetic and biological legacy that we all, as members of homo sapiens, commonly share.
From the Paper
"Sickle cell anemia, a disease associated with African Americans, is actually a genetic mutation that protects against malaria found primarily in individuals of West African ancestry. The supposed 'Black' race does not manifest the genetic trait of sickle cell across the entire African continent sparing the geographical expanse from Ethiopia to Cape Town. To further confuse racial categories of Blackness, sickle cell anemia is present in European Mediterranean ethnic groups, in a slightly different form, even though these persons might not share such conventional physical markers of race in terms of their physical appearance."
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The Dangers of Anthrax, 2007.
Questions whether anthrax is a dangerous weapon.
1,682 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
In the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, anthrax, a deadly chemical agent, began showing up in many areas of the East Coast. The nation came to fear anthrax, but was that fear justified? The paper argues that while the anthrax outbreaks caused relatively few deaths, the use of anthrax as a weapon of bioterrorism should be anticipated with fear and dread. The agent is deadly and the vaccines against it are controversial at best. The paper shows that anthrax is indeed a weapon of mass destruction if it falls into the wrong hands.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of anthrax is its longevity. The spores can lie dormant for literally years, but they can still infect a person after years of exposure to the elements. Researchers know this because of past studies conducted on the disease and the spores that cause it. For example, British researchers studied the disease and its affect on animals for about a year in an isolated Scottish bog during World War II. During their studies, they exposed sheep to various types of weapons containing anthrax spores, including bombs, bullets, and other dispersants."
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Pharmacogenomics, 2007.
A look at the human genome project with respect to gene expression profiling.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at gene expression profiling which is defined as a basic research method that effectively measures messenger RNA that has been made up of many different genes belonging to many different cell types. It discusses how this technology is being widely accepted and used as a diagnostic test to help the technician to easily identify the various subgroups of tumor types and to help predict which patients would better respond to treatment, and also which patients may be at an increased risk of a relapse of cancer.
From the Paper
"Any cells, within an organism, like for example, within a human being, works especially in order to increase the basic functioning and efficiency of that organism. For example, Nerve cells, or in other words, neurons, are capable of expressing neuron specific proteins, and this would allow it to perform neuron duties more efficiently. Similarly, skin or epithelial cells have their very own and specific proteins, and this enables them to work better. It must be noted that both neurons as well as epithelial cells possess the genes-encoding for neural and epithelial-specific proteins, and this makes sure of their effective and efficient and protective functioning. However, each cell can only express that particular gene that it may require, and not any other tissue specific genes. What this may be taken to mean is that a given DNA sequence can only provide specific information about what 'could be', and not what actually 'is'."
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Genetic Nightmares, 2007.
An examination of the film "Gattaca" by A. Niccol, 1997.
896 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the film "Gattaca" is a look into a possible future based on the concerns people have today about DNA testing, genetic engineering, privacy and similar issues. The paper discusses how the film raises a number of questions about what these trends might lead to in the near future and the film plays directly on fears that have been expressed by many people today. The world depicted in the film is centered on a huge corporation that monitors its employees closely and that makes decisions on the basis of genetics. The paper highlights the danger that a few scientific facts can become an excuse for unlimited social control.
From the Paper
"The main character is Vincent, who has found a way around the system and is passing as a man named Jerome. Every morning, he goes through a ritual to install the hair, skin cells, and urine of a crippled man named Jerome, a man who would have had a bright future if he had not been crippled in an accident. Jerome dreams of going into space, which is the business of Gattaca, and he is about to fulfill that dream unless he is uncovered and his true genetic make-up discovered. This might happen because the director of the project has been murdered, and the police investigation could discover the truth about Vincent's DNA."
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Genetically Modified Food, 2007.
A metadata analysis of the capacity of intensification of agricultural production via genetic engineering to feed a growing population.
16,724 words (approx. 66.9 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the assumption that the gene revolution--represented by the integration of genetic engineering techniques into the field of agriculture--is capable of positively affecting the current human population crisis. The study examines this very ideological assumption that has not largely been challenged in the popular or critical literature on the subject. It then attacks that assumption and illustrates its erroneous base.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One: Introduction and Statement of Problem
1.1 Statement of Problem
1.2 Purpose of the Study
1.3 Importance of the Study
1.4 Scope of the Study
1.5 Rationale of the Study
1.6 Definition of Terms
1.7 Overview of the Study
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Scope of the Literature Review
2.2 Intensification of Production is Favourable
2.3 Intensification of Production is Unfavourable
Chapter Three: Methodology
3.1 Approach
3.2 Data Gathering Method
3.3 Database of Study
3.4 Validity of Study
3.5 Originality and Limitations
Chapter Four: Data Analysis
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
From the Paper
"In order to fully examine that relationship, it was necessary to critically examine literature, statistics, and historical examples that might shed some light on the relationship that exist between food production and population growth. Additionally, studies were consulted that spoke to the capacity for genetically modified foods to increase agricultural production. In all, the range of information required for this study was significant and at times may have appeared to stray beyond the limited scope of genetically modified food. However, in order to demonstrate the manner by which genetically modified food would have its greatest negative impact upon human societies, it was essential to take a broader look at the role that genetically modified foods have played in the intense push to intensify agricultural production year after year in order to presumably keep up with geometric population growth by always generating more food than is needed."
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