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Japanese-American Internment, 2007.
An ethnographic survey of Japanese-American internment during the Second World War.
4,400 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II by comparing this action with the freedom experienced by German-Americans during the same period. The author questions the inherent racism of Americans that enabled such an occurrence to be legally sanctioned, while German-Americans lived their lives freely, although Hitler and Germany were also enemies of America during World War II. The paper then presents a detailed background of the Japanese immigrant experience in America, contrasting this with the American ideal of freedom and the reality of racism. The experiences of African and Native-Americans are also considered. The paper then describes the actual Japanese internment, which was unprecedented event in American history. The paper further states how the Internment still has an effect on the psyche of the Japanese-American population today. The author concludes that the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War was one of the great tragedies of American history.
Outline:
Introduction
Background: The Japanese Experience in America
Prejudice Unleashed: The Internment Experience
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Naturally, the situation was worse the further removed from the Anglo-Saxon ideal a group might chance to be. After the Civil War, the newly reunited nation demanded a huge supply of cheap labor to build its rapidly expanding railroad network. In the West, this labor was provided, to a large extent, by settlers from Japan and China. Labor Contractors, generally Japanese or Chinese themselves actively recruited these workers and brought them to America. They helped to lay the foundations of America's industrial prosperity. White American racial attitudes combined with a nationwide railroad strike in 1877 to create the necessary conditions for a crackdown on Asian immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was soon followed by other, stricter acts, in 1892, 1902, and 1904. And as White America saw little, if any difference, between Japanese and any other Asians, the anti-Chinese immigration laws were followed by a Japanese Exclusion Act in 1907. By 1924, the United States had imposed an almost total ban on all immigration from East Asia, ..."
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Meiji Restoration and the Charter Oath, 2007.
An analysis of the success of the Meiji Restoration in Japan in relation to the Charter Oath of 1868.
1,437 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Meiji Restoration in Japan, from 1868 to 1912. It describes the events leading to the Meiji Restoration, the events themselves and the changes that happened during the period. It discusses them with relation to the Charter Oath of 1868 and analyzes whether the restoration was a success or not. It looks at the success in terms of the establishment of a democratically-elected government, the elimination of discriminatory class status, disparaging customs and traditions and the establishment of a universal education system.
From the Paper
"The waning days of the Tokugawa reign was witnessed by the clan's inability to implement reforms needed to face the requirements of the industrial and the overwhelming pressure of Western nations to open up the country to international trade and industry. Aside from the aforementioned problems, the Tokugawa clan was also being challenged by various other clans and a coup was the final straw that broke the Tokugawa's back. "The Satcho-Dohi coalition of the 1860s carried out this supposed feudal coup from below. The coalition was between the four tozama fiefs of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen, the four strongest principalities of the southwest. (The Meiji Restoration, 1999)" Eventually, the last shogun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, capitulated in the late 1800s and handed over the rule of the country to a young emperor of the Meiji clan, Mutsuhito. Mutsuhito took over as emperor upon his father's death in 1867 - Emperor Komei left a troubled nation needing reforms to his then 15 year-old son."
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Americans of African and Asian Decent, 2007.
A comparison and contrast of the immigrant experiences of African-Americans and Asian-Americans.
895 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the commonalities and differences in the immigration and integration process of African and Asian-Americans. The focus is on the hardships endured by both groups. The author points out how both groups endured difficult voyages to reach America, although the Chinese paid a fee to come while the blacks were brought against their will. Also illustrated is the racism both groups endured upon their arrival to America, which often included violence. The author concludes that although both groups have gained freedom and rights in modern America, they still face prejudice and racism in various parts of their lives.
From the Paper
"Asian Americans and African Americans both had to immigrate to the United States, they were not native to the area. African Americans were some of the first immigrants to arrive; most of them were initially brought here against their will to serve as slaves in both the North and South of the eastern United States. There are records of slaves and free blacks living in the U.S. in the 1700s and by the early1800s, there were thousands of blacks working as slaves on the great plantations of the South."
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'Farming the Home Place', 2006.
A discussion regarding the Japanese immigrants who were tilling the American land, before and after internment in the US.
947 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the immigrant Japanese population within the United States who worked in agriculture in 1909. The paper discusses the discrimination and hardships these Japanese farmers faced in the USA. The paper also takes a look at the book 'Farming the Home Place' by Valerie Matsumoto which talks about the life of the immigrant Japanese farmer pre, post and during their internment.
From the Paper
"The key to the community' survival during the leanest years of early economic development, a time of toil, lean meals of miso soup, and constant anxiety about economic survival was a strong sense of community involvement and common ethnic solidarity in an otherwise hostile land. The land was harsh in terms of its arid ecology and also in terms of how other Americans regarded these farmers as outsiders and interlopers. The Cortez Growers Association (CGA) provided some community structure and cohesion to the life of the farmers. Membership in the organization was contingent upon board approval and the payment of fifty dollars. From its origins, it evolved into a diversified structure, encompassing the marketing of produce, the shipping of goods, the purchase of farm supplies on a collective basis, even the drying of fruit. (Matsumoto, p.49; 53) However, far beyond a purely business related collective of farmers, the CGA created an important cultural institution. It staged traditional Noh plays for the community and provided English language and Sunday school instruction, although some members of the community retained their devout Buddhism, despite the efforts of Christian missionaries. The CGA showed how these farmers could retain their Japanese culture and still function as loyal Americans."
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Angkor, 2006.
A look at one of the world's largest religious monuments, Angkor.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Angkor, said to be the largest religious monument in the world. According to the paper, Angkor is located in Cambodia, a land beset by typhoons and rain, heat, huge rivers and deltas, mountains and jungles. The paper reviews the history of the area and the monument.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, there were significant problems that the architects were not able to overcome when designing the great pyramids of Angkor Wat and Bayon. Sandstone may fit together very well, but vertical joints, running on top of one another, makes a wall very unstable. A whole wall would fall down if one stone near the base became dislodged. Since no mortar was used, weight and gravity were the only things holding the walls together. They never were able to create an arch, as the Europeans learned to do, nor use cement or mortar. Instead, they used the corbelled arch, where large stones were piled on top of one another, leaning toward the center, until they touched at the top. These walls and arches were not as stable as a true arch and often collapsed after Angkor was abandoned."
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"The Accidental Asian", 2007.
This paper reviews "The Accidental Asian" by Eric Liu.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses "The Accidental Asian," a collection of autobiographical essays describing the author's experience as an Asian- American and his views regarding cultural identity. The paper shows Liu's belief that although cultural identity does exist, the connection between race or cultural belonging and the individual is not altogether definite. The paper discusses how, although Liu looks Chinese and shares a cultural background with his people, he does not feel that this makes him any less American.
From the Paper
"Both the hints to political issues and the vivid portraits of his family members, like his father or his grandmother are musings on the theme of identity and its exact nature. Whether Liu speaks about such scandals as the "Asian Money" scandal involving president Bill Clinton, for whom Liu had written many speeches, or the Chinatown in which he and his family accidentally encounter his grandmother among other Chinese people, or about his father's life and character, all the scenes that make up the book revolve around the same idea- Liu's feeling that race and identity are almost impossible to define."
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Vietnam Economics, 2007.
An examination of the macroeconomic effects on the Vietnamese economy of foreign currency being sent into Vietnam.
1,499 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the phenomenon of foreign currency being sent into Vietnam by Vietnamese individuals living and working in other countries. The paper analyzes the currency/foreign exchange and the production output in Vietnam and shows how the incoming foreign currency impacts almost all macroeconomic sectors, from inflation to interest rates and from consumption levels to the general trend of the economy and the GDP. The paper points out that the Vietnamese currency, however, was more or less unaffected by the practice of sending money into Vietnam.
From the Paper
"A global economic business environment means, among other things, a certain liberalization in terms of the workforce availability in the world. In other words, a more permissive approach towards workforce migration meant that this enabled people to work in different locations other than their national ones. Quite often, the trend reflects a migration from the third world and less developed countries to developed ones, as these are the types of economies that require cheaper labor in an ever more competitive business environment."
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"Who's Irish?" and "Grass Roof", 2007.
Comparison and contrast essay of the short story "Who's Irish" by Gish Jen and the novel "Grass Roof" by Dao Strom.
1,649 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts Gish Jen's short story "Who's Irish?" with Dao Strom's novel "Grass Roof." The reviewer describes how both works investigate the complex problems that arise from the clash between the Asian and Western cultures. The paper further discusses the authors' styles and also the conflicts found in both works. The reviewer concludes that both stories give a painful and complex account of identity loss, displacement and racial discrimination in the lives of their characters.
From the Paper
"Gish Jen's short story is narrated in broken English by a Chinese grandmother living with her daughter's family in the Unites States. Jen uses a multiple ethnic context, emphasizing the problems arising from the many cultural differences. The title of the short story, Who's Irish? directly questions identity and ethnicity. First of all, the story is about a Chinese American family who is now at the third generation of immigrants in the United States. Moreover, the family itself is a blend of ethnicities: the Chinese American daughter, Natalie is married to an Irish man, John Shea. The conflict in the story is thus a multiple one: there is an inner conflict between the Irish and the Chinese influences, repeatedly voiced in the Chinese grandmother's discourse. Sophie, Natalie and John's little girl, is obviously at the center of this conflict."
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Taoism, 2007.
A look at how the Taoism of Zhuang and Laozi influenced the polity of the Song Dynasty.
1,704 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, instead of dictating right from wrong, Taoism emphasizes the ideal of so-called pure talk, stressing that people should only talk about the good side of everything, to create a sense of positive energy and harmony between the spirit and the universe. The paper looks at how the epoch of Taoism came in the form of the Song Dynasty, which many historians consider the first modern era of Chinese history. The paper further explains that during this Dynasty the leadership and the emerging commercial classes embraced, for the first time, the spirit of the Tao to an imperial level, because of the economic and social changes gripping China at the time.
From the Paper
"For most of early Chinese history, Taoism was often "the philosophy and consolation of the gentleman in retirement, of the political failure." (DeBarry, Chan & Bloom, p.50) It was a religious philosophy distanced from the political administration of China, rather than embraced by the rulers of the empire, unlike Confucianism or even Buddhism. Taoism was a religion of "seclusion and cultivation," that seemed alien to the demands of the workaday world, much less the ways of rulers. (DeBarry, Chan & Bloom, p.50) Taoism stood in marked contrast to Confucianism's advocacy of n rigidly hierarchical to life that seemed to ideally suit the ways of an emperor operating under a mandate of heaven. However, the epoch of Taoism would come in the form of the Song Dynasty, which many historians consider the first modern era of Chinese history. "
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"Superfluous Things", 2006.
A review of the book "Superfluous Things: Social Status and Material Culture in Early Modern China" by Craig Clunas.
1,497 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Craig Clunas' historical book, "Superfluous Things: Social Status and Material Culture in Early Modern China". According to the paper, Clunas' book is less a historiography with a clear thesis than it is a biography and translation of particular persons of interest to the era who wrote about a diversity of subjects from health to art to tea making.
From the Paper
"Clunas' extended translation of Zhenheng's different expressions of the various progressions of modern Chinese men of his day through different stages of life show the Chinese writer's attention both to superfluity and detail, and how such details outline a general, far-reaching aesthetic, even though they apparently focus on minutia. Consider the guide provided by Chapter 23, Article 12, where Zhenheng writes in detail about how he believes that a person retired from office should build a small hut near a hill by his home, which must be furnished with teawares. The author dictates that this ideal retired man must also hire a boy as a tea servant to take care of his errands so he can entertain his guests and chat or sit in solitary confinement. "
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Japanese Culture, 2007.
This paper discusses Japanese culture in the past and present.
1,469 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the post-modern Japanese cultural society and its effects. The paper focuses on cultural deviations that did not exist in the past. The paper examines Japanese youth culture, women's role in Japanese culture as well as Japanese pop culture.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Youth Culture
Role of women
Popular Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The youth culture in Japan has evolved a lot since the last fifty years. Youth culture was quite restricted due to the strong influence of the military. The Japanese defeat during World War II badly affected the Japanese society. Japan did make a lot of progress through industrialization and urbanization, which brought an increase to the middle class. The youth culture was disillusioned with life there and this sparked a lot of protests against the political structure. The youth community was looking to implement communal values originating from the rural communities and not urban values."
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India-U.S. Relations, 2007.
Discussion of the developing political and economic relationship between the United States and India.
2,693 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the historic relationship between the United States and India, from its fragile beginnings to the current strengthening of ties. Several issues are addressed that have contributed to the relationship between the two nations. These include the Cold War, economic cooperation between the US and India, and India's security issues. The author believes that India and the United States are still in the early stages of what will hopefully be a strong and prosperous friendship. The writer concludes that decades of mistrust and friction must be resolved if relations are to fully flourish.
Outline
A History of Wariness
Economic Cooperation Between the US and India
Security Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The United States was frustrated by its inability to win influence in this strategic nation that serves as a jumping point to Asia and the Middle East. Even after the Cold War, the United States' relationship with India remained rocky over issues such as nuclear proliferation, India's conflict with Pakistan, and high trade tariffs. However, a new era seems to be dawning in U.S-Indian relations. Both sides have begun to look past historically divisive issues and to focus on natural synergies between the nations, particularly in the area of economic cooperation. Despite growing economic ties between the nations and increased understanding over India's nuclear status, significant issues still remain in the development of a solid partnership between India and the United States."
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Confucian Values and Jen, 2007.
Description of the value known as "Jen" and its role in Confucian thought.
1,079 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the evolution and importance of the Confucian value known as "jen." First, the author defines this term, and how its meaning has changed over the centuries. Then concrete examples from diverse historic events are used to illustrate this concept. The author concludes with an example of how one behaves using the character trait of "jen" in today's society.
From the Paper
"And moreover, Ssu-ma Niu inquired about Goodness; and the Master explained that the jen (the Good) man is "chary of speech" (chary also embraces the concept of jen), but Ssu-ma Niu wasn't doing well at understanding that reference. So the Master, and all readers of Confucian thought now know what the Master means, right? Not completely. The Master is somewhat mysterious about the meaning, and he is not trying to be rude by his evasiveness, and yet he uses humor. "Seeing that the doing of it is so difficult, how can one be otherwise than chary of talking about it." He is making a pun by saying the Good man is chary of speech and secondly, he is simply implying that his mysterious response is due to the fact that Ssu-ma Niu is not yet qualified to learn the true meaning; it will not be revealed at this time."
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Japan's Political Economy, 2007.
An analysis of the changing nature of the Japanese political economy due to globalization.
2,525 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the changes in the Japanese political economy that have been caused by globalization and other changes in the domestic and international economies. It examines whether Japan's changes are similar to those of other industrial countries that are also subject to the same systematic pressures. The paper then analyzes whether Japan's political economy is converging with other industrial economies or if Japans' changes are different from others'.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
History of Japan's Economy
Japan's Economy In Times Of War
Features Of The Current Economy
Changes In The Japanese Economy And The Factors That Generated Them
Demographic Factor
Privatization of Japan
Globalization
Other Changes
Statistics
From the Paper
"What is interesting about this certain period in the Japanese economy is the fact that the state used to trade the rice even before it was harvested. They would acquire several goods and products from international commerce partners, and promise to pay the counter value in rice once it was harvested. Today, we refer to these specific business making techniques as futures trade contracts."
"In the nineteenth century, the ruling power of Japan became the Tokugwana government. For the first time in the Japanese political economic history, the Tokugwana government officially liberalized trade relationships. Not only that, but the leading power also "first opened the country to Western commerce and influence." In this order of ideas, the Japanese government encouraged and supported young students to continue and specialize their studies abroad and, for those remaining in the country, brought Western professors to teach them the secrets of mathematics, physics, logistics and economics."
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'Book of Tea', 2006.
Reflections on 'The Book of Tea' by Kakuzo Okakura.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Kakuzo Okakura's 'Book of Tea'. According to the paper, 'Book of Tea' provides a potent and stimulating introduction to Japanese culture. The paper then takes a look at the idea of Teaism, a cult founded on the adoration of the beautiful among the sordid facts of everyday existence. The paper explains that by focusing on the possibilities of perfecting something small, like brewing and serving a perfect cup of tea, with all the correct ceremony, a sense of harmony and control is attained, even in light of the imperfections of a confusing world.
From the Paper
"Okakura's own prose, with its attitude of whimsy rather than worshipfulness: "What a tempest in a tea cup...Perhaps I betray my own ignorance of the Tea Cult by being so outspoken," is in keeping with the principles of Teaism that he outlines. He makes delightful use of the religious nature of tea, poking fun at Westerners who dislike tea, who call drinking tea a filthy custom as heretics. This lack of reverence towards tea is a key, ironic part of Japanese religiosity, he implies. By not taking things too seriously, the true ethos of tea is manifest. Tea is served with deliberation, but ultimately the pourer knows that it does not matter very much in the grand scheme of things."
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"A Passage to India", 2006.
A review of the book, "A Passage to India" by E.M. Foster.
2,344 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at E.M. Foster's book, "A Passage to India". According to the paper, the British occupation of India was the showcase of modern imperialism and the conflicts that result when two such cultures clash. The paper further discusses how this book provides the reader with a holistic picture of how Muslims and Indians lived under British rule.
From the Paper
"The loyalist mentality was especially strong in the historical context of British rule among Muslims and Indians. Throughout the early 20th century, the Indian empire was primarily ruled by a small class of British citizens and the majority was Indian governors. However, these Indian magistrates went through the British school system, many of them raised in primarily British areas or in England itself. As a result, the subjugation of the population occurred not through the dichotomy of British vs. Indians, but an internal struggle. In analyzing the British strategy for colonialism, this is one of the principle devices used to stave off revolution and rebellion. Precisely because the front of governance rests within the native population, internal conflict rather than external conflict is the focus within India in the early 20th century. The conflict between loyalists and revolutionists ensured that the country as a whole was split as to which path to pursue. The inevitable result is inaction. "
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"History in Three Keys", 2007.
A review of Paul A. Cohen's "History in Three Keys" about the Boxer Rebellion.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the Boxer Rebellion took place from 1898-1900, in Northern China and was waged between ordinary, lower class native Chinese peasants against the foreign missionaries. The paper explains that Cohen's book is more of a history as to how the rebellion has been interpreted, than it is of the immediate implications of the event itself and its aftermath. The paper discusses how Cohen's ideas are useful in terms of how to approach history, particularly historical events that have become especially fraught with meaning in modern culture, way beyond their immediate impact.
From the Paper
"Paul Cohen is a professor of East Asian history with an openly postmodern orientation. The title of the book refers to Cohen's understanding of the rebellion as an event that can be viewed with a series of lenses, rather than a singular historian's lens. The rebellion is an event, experience and also a myth. Significantly, Cohen does not refer to any specific detail about the rebellion in his title; he is more concerned with describing his three-keyed approach to understanding the Boxers, rather than referring to the Boxers themselves. Even the name, the Boxer rebellion, is polluted to some extent in Cohen's eyes, because the idea of the Boxers has become so subject to political influences of people with agendas beyond mere understanding."
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Globalization and Culture, 2007.
This paper explores the impact of globalization on culture assimilation.
2,734 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
The paper attempts to analyze the implications of the Internet on the individual lives of people globally and the resulting impact on corporations. The paper explains that since businesses of all sizes and from all industries are striving to be more global than ever, this pushes individuals and cultures together in the pursuit of business strategies and initiatives. The paper explores globalization in Indian call centers and how the culture of the Schindler Elevator Company from Switzerland clashes with Indian ideas. The paper shows how westernization influences widely divergent cultures just as much as westernized nations fail in their attempts to accomplish business strategies in widely divergent cultures.
Outline:
Summary
Globalization of Business Forces an Entirely New Relationship Dynamic
Globalization in Indian Call Centers: Training to Talk Like a Westerner
Schindler's Swiss Precision Meets Indian Chaos: Exploring Cultural Bias
Key Findings on Globalization and Culture
Summary
From the Paper
"The impact of the Internet on globalization is visible from the pervasiveness and visibility of brands globally to changes in the everyday lives of members of different cultures around the world. Globalization, while discussed as a business strategy, actually affects individuals far more often and with greater consequences than corporations. It could also be said that the collective experiences of individuals are what a corporation experiences from the context of globalization at a more macro socioeconomic level."
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