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Ford O'Niell, 1994.
Reviews the life & work of architect O'Neill Ford, whose total design & vernacular style did not give him an international reputation, but who nonetheless has had a major impact on American architecture.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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From the Paper
"Architect O'Neil Ford lived from 1905 through 1982, and is considered one of the best known architects in the nation. He created designs in a vernacular style, and because they lacked a certain cutting-edge innovation, they did not give him the international reputation achieved by others. However, his unpretentious style and desire to achieve the best total design gave him a following and a good reputation in America.
Ford was born in Pink Hill, Texas. He studied at the North Texas State University in Denton, then worked as a draftsman for David Williams in Dallas. He entered into private practice in 1934 and worked with a series of partners within the state of Texas from 1936. His principal building materials have been bricks, glass, wood, and stone, and most of his designs were governed by the climatic conditions in the area. Preservation would.."
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Cathedrals in French Middle Ages, 1994.
Examines Romanesque & Gothic religious architecture (styles, techniques, materials, themes) as expressions of Roman Catholic beliefs in monotheistic God & role of humans in universe.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 14 sources, $ 119.95
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"The word "cathedral" comes from the Latin root "cathedra," literally, a bishop's throne (King 105-107). The Middle Ages in France, particularly the latter days of the medieval era, were virtually rife with cathedrals and religious architecture. This was the era of the Roman Catholic Church, a time when God was with mankind everywhere; when king and peasant alike acknowledged the religious authority of the Pope (albeit sometimes grudgingly); when "the history of the world is the history of the Lord extended through the lengthy annals of human life" (Focillon, Gothic 75). Miracles, angels and saints were a literal part of a medieval Frenchman's worldview. So were demons, devils, Apocalypse and Last Judgement. The cathedral, the bishop's "throne," in its art and architecture was the "encyclopedia in stone" of that worldview (Mirsky 140). More.."
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Im Pei & National Gallery, 1994.
Role of this architect in creating the east wing of Washington, D.C. art gallery. Discusses the history of the gallery, selection of Pei, style, design and criticism.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 33 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this research is to examine the east wing of the National Gallery in Washington, D.C., designed by architect I.M. Pei in the late 1970s. The plan of the research will be to set forth a description of the life and career of Pei and of the National Gallery itself, and then to discuss reasons for the new addition, how the commission to design the east wing of the structure came about, and details of the project itself, from an architectural standpoint. As well, reference will be made to the relationship between the "container," or structure, and the "contents," or works of art that it houses.
To discuss a principal work of Ieoh Ming Pei, usually referred to as I.M. Pei, it is useful to place that work in the context of life. Pei was born into a financier's family in 1917 in Canton, China, and stayed in the United States from 1935.."
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Charles W Moore & Klotz House, 1994.
Style, design & theory of postmodernist American architect in construction of a private Rhode Island home.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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"This paper is a study of a house designed by one of the leading postmodernist architects in America, Charles W. Moore. Moore established his reputation with striking and fanciful designs that both blend his constructions into the landscape and separate them out in astonishing ways. His designs for the Sea Ranch condominium remain among the most interesting uses of space and structure, but his conception for a single-family dwelling best personifies Moore's contributions to the direction of American architecture in the latter half of the 20th century. With the Klotz House, designed and built between 1967 and 1970 in Westerley, Rhode Island, Moore offered his own distinctively arresting answers to some of modern architecture's most intriguing questions. The Klotz House stands as a fascinating example of late 1960s postmodernist architectural thinking, yet.."
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Charles Rennie Mackintosh, 1993.
Life & career of early 20th Cent. Scottish architect.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 63.95
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" Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Charles Rennie Mackintosh was the second son in a family of eleven children. His father was William Mackintosh, a superintendent of police in the city of Glasgow. The elder Mackintosh loved to garden, and Charles was greatly influenced by the presence of flowers in his environment. He acquired a profound regard for growing, living things which endured throughout his life and found expression in much of his artistic work (Howarth 2).
Charles decided at a young age that he wanted to be an architect. His father attempted to dissuade him, but Charles' strong personality prevailed. The Mackintosh household took numerous family holidays, and during these adventuresome trips.."
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Mosque of Baybars, 1993.
A look at the 13th Cent. royal building in Egypt. Examined in terms of the site, material, features, impact on history and role of sultan Baybars. Includes illustrations.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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" The Great Mosque of Baybars
The mosque of Baybars is the earliest remaining royal mosque of the Mamluks near Cairo, Egypt. It is situated outside the gates of Fatimid city, which was a suburb of Cairo. This mosque was commissioned by Baybars I, the fourth Mamluk sultan of the Bahrid dynasty. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the building and to place the structure and its creation within a historical context.
Baybars is said to have been born in 1233, one of a group of Turk slaves who were purchased by a sultan, Malik Salih. He became active in military conquests and gained the throne in 1260, apparently after murdering at least two political figures who were obstacles to his ambition.. He reigned for seventeen.."
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Modernism and Postmodernism, 1993.
A look at the definitions, the effects of each on public space, social functions, nostalgia and politics.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The readings under discussion concern the issues of modernism and postmodernism and the manner in which each has been manifested in terms of the shaping of urban space. Modernism is, after all, part of an effort to create a new environment to replace the old around the turn of the century, following in the wake of similar changes in political, social, literary, and other spheres of society. The application of these ideas to public space extends their meaning directly to society as a whole, attempting to alter the way we think of ourselves in relation to our external, public environment in keeping with the other changes taking place in human thought and attitude. Postmodernity was similarly a reaction to modernity and again a new way of viewing the world and our relationship to it. Each successive movement seems to build on the last either by..."
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Pantheon, 1993.
A history, description and the role of Emperor Hadrian.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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"The Pantheon
Hadrian's Pantheon is one of the grand architectural creations of all time: original, utterly bold, many-layered in associations and meaning, the container of a kind of immanent universality..
The Pantheon was built by an unknown architect under the supervision of the Emperor Hadrian. It is the most significant representation of imperial Roman architecture of the Hadrian period. Although there have been some alterations through the years, both the exterior and the interior are preserved in nearly their original form of 18 centuries ago.. The big-span dome and the materials used reveal details of the building technology of that time. The Pantheon became an inspiration for scholars and..."
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Trinity Church of Boston, 1993.
An examination of the church by the architect, H.H. Richardson, constructed in 1874-77, including an overview of materials, colors, site, design and philosophy.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Trinity Church of Boston: A Richardson Masterpiece
Trinity Church of Copley Square in the Back Bay area of Boston was designed by architect H. H. Richardson and built between the years of 1874 and 1877 (Freeman 21). Richardson had been educated at Harvard, and after the Boston fire, he found that his Harvard connections brought him opportunities for architectural commissions. He had previously designed the New Brattle Square Church (now called First Baptist Church) in which he exercised a Romanesque Revival vocabulary into a personal design mode which was admired and imitated by contemporaries of Richardson (Miller & Morgan 36).
Granite was chosen for the major building material because of its strength. It was quarried from Dedham, Quincy, Westerly, Rhode Island, and the Maine coast (Southworth & Southworth 220)."
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The Alhambra and the Kinkakuji, 1993.
A description and comparison of the Spanish palace and Japanese temple built in the late 14th century, including an overview of styles, decorations, designs and the impact of religions and cultures.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 18 sources, $ 135.95
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"The Alhambra is the name of a palace located in Granada, Spain. It was built in the late fourteenth century by Islamic Moors who were occupying the country at the time. The Kinkakuji (or "Golden Temple") in Kyoto, Japan, was also built during the late fourteenth century. It was commissioned to be built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, a Samurai Shogun leader. Both of these works are notable for their merging of architectural structures with garden landscapes. Both buildings are also notable because their unique characteristics were influenced by the religious philosophies and cultural beliefs of their builders. However, many differences can also be seen in comparing these two works. These differences are largely due to the fact that the Spanish Moors were influenced by the expansive beliefs of Islam whereas the Japanese Shoguns were influenced by the calm, meditative..."
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Frank Lloyd Wright, 1993.
The life and career of the American architect including style, innovations, theory and major works.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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"Frank Lloyd Wright's work was always unique and focused on achieving practical and functional aims. Early in his career, Wright conceived of the idea of "organic architecture." Using this idea, he "adapted his creations to their environments as well as to the special needs of their inhabitants, using open planning, natural colors, forms, and textures in his designs" (Smith 241). Wright's development as an architect was consistent in terms of his efforts to merge each building with its surroundings. In addition, his work showed consistency in the use of open space and the employment of unified themes. At the same time, there were certain innovations in Wright's development which appeared as abrupt changes in style or content. This paper will examine Wright's life and career, making note of both the consistencies and innovations that were exhibited in his work."
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"The Gothic Cathedral" by Otto Von Simson, 1993.
A summary and critical review of the 1956 work on 12th century architectural style and religious significance.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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"The Gothic Cathedral by Otto von Simson
In the introduction to his book, The Gothic Cathedral, author Otto von Simson explains his purposes and interest in writing the essay, as he terms it. The book, which was published in 1956, is von Simson's effort to explain the relationship between Gothic architecture and the place of such a work in the religious experiences of the architect. Of course, it is not possible to know precisely what was in the mind of the creator of the Church at Saint-Denis, Abbot Sugar, because he lived in the twelfth century, but von Simson and other art historians are fascinated with the relationship between Medieval religious thought and aesthetic expression. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the sections of The Gothic Cathedral leading up to and including von Simson's discussion of Suger of..."
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Arts and Crafts Movement, 1993.
A look at the philosophy of the architectural school of the late 19th century and the views of the proponents John Ruskin, Louis Sullivan and Augustus Welby Pugin.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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"Architecture and Morality
Architects Auguste Welby Pugin, John Ruskin, Louis Sullivan, and the protagonists of the Arts and Crafts Movement would have disagreed with the statement, "Architecture and morality have nothing in common." It is the purpose of this paper to explore the philosophies associated with these architects and the Arts and Crafts Movement and their relationship to the above statement.
The Arts and Crafts movement began as a mid-Victorian reaction to the ugliness and inequality caused by industrialization. It was a sacred search, a quest for a return to quiet beauty, simplicity, and honest craftsmanship (Anscombe, 1981, p. 7). Architecture was seen as a reflection of the health of the society. In the 1880s the designers who chose to..."
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Church Decorations in European Areas Beyond Byzantine Control, 1993.
A look at examples, styles and themes.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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"Byzantine Influences: Church Decorations in Areas Outside Byzantine Control
Among the churches outside the territories of Byzantine political control, many show some degree of the Byzantine style of church decoration, as well as some alterations due to local influence. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss in detail six works of art from outside of the areas of Byzantine rule and the degree of Byzantine influence and departure from it.
St. Mark's in Venice dates from the years of 1063 to 1095. Its architectural plan is that of the cruciform--one dome at the crossing and one on each of the arms of the cross, one of the most important plans for churches developed by the architects of Justinian (Rice 98). The St. Mark's is the most important surviving example of this cruciform type of architectural design."
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Medieval Dome, 1992.
Discusses the evolution of structure from the 6th Cent. A.D. in the Byzantine Empire, focusing on the Hagia Sophia dome and examining innovations, design, materials, styles and examples.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 13 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the evolution of the dome in the medieval period. The medieval dome first rose to prominence during the sixth century A.D. in the Byzantine Empire. At that time, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian ordered the construction of Hagia Sophia. Domes had existed before that time, as can be seen in the second-century design of the Pantheon in Rome (Janson 258). With Hagia Sophia, however, the dome was given greater importance than ever before. The dome of Hagia Sophia was certainly the largest and most impressive one yet. Its architects, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, achieved a remarkable effect through their innovative use of structure and space. As claimed by the Byzantine historian Procopius, the structure of Hagia Sophia "seems not to rest upon solid masonry, but to cover the space with its golden dome ..."
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Trinity College Dublin, 1992.
An architectural study, examining style, structure, design, site, organization and aesthetics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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"A present Fellow of Trinity once observed that the architecture of the College reminded him of the music of Handel. One sees this at once .. the beautiful West Front, the porticos of Sir William Chambers in the Front Square, the gracious lines of classical architecture (Maxwell, 1956, p. 1).
Professor Constantia Maxwell, professor at and historian of Trinity College Dublin, chose to begin her history of the College with a reference to its stately architecture, with its eighteenth.century neoclassical restraint, which she goes on to contrast to the turbulent late sixteenth century, in which the College was founded.
Indeed, the architecture of the College is what first and most directly impresses the visitor. Its academic tradition is ..."
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Islam and Art, 1992.
Discusses the impact of the Islamic religion on its architecture, calligraphy and images.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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"This study will examine the ways in which the religion of Islam is clearly reflected in its arts.
At the heart of Islam is the same monotheism which marks Judaism, and it is no surprise to discover that, as Pal writes, there are important parallels between Islam and Judaism with respect to their views on art. Pal writes that "As a religion Islam did not develop an artistic or iconographic tradition as Christianity or Buddhism did, but rather remained closer to Judaism in its emphasis upon the abstract" (Pal, 1973, p. 9).
There has been some misunderstanding with respect to the Islamic attitude toward imagery in art. Richardson writes that "Decorations in mosques such as the Islamic Center are confined to calligraphy and geometric designs. Islam forbids any art that depicts the human figure including that of Prophet Muhammad. Any ..."
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Greek Temples, 1992.
Examines the development of Greek architecture and influences of Egypt, Persia and Crete.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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"The purpose of this research is to examine the Oriental influences on the development of Greek temple architecture. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which Greek temple architecture attained its highest form, and then to explore the scholarly debate on the origins of such architecture in a manner that has the effect of showing the extent and kind of influence upon the perfection of geometric and monumental structures that may have come from more archaic civilizations in Persia and Crete, but especially from Egypt.
To understand the extent of Oriental influences on the emergence of Greek temple architecture, it is important to realize what any such influences might have wrought. In this connection, an important term that is used repeatedly throughout the literature of classical Greek architecture is Doric Order. An ..."
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